The Achievement of the Middle Ages

accepted achieved amongst ancient Aquinas Arian artist Ataulf authority barbarians barons became bishops Canon Law Carolingian cathedral Catholic Church Charlemagne Christian Church Law citizens civilisation claim clergy clerical Cluniac common council courts craftsmen culture doctrine ecclesiastical economic eleventh century emperor empire England Europe example fact feudal hierarchy fifteenth France Gaul Germany House of Capet Hugh Capet human humanists independence insist justice kingdom kings labour land later learning logical lord maintained master material medieval society ment merchants merely Middle Ages military Mohammedan monarchy monasteries monks nature Norsemen organisation Otto pagan Papacy papal peace period philosophy Pope practice principle province quarrels Reccared recognised regulations reign Renaissance revolt Roman Law Rome rule scholasticism scholastics schools secular rulers secure seems sometimes Song of Roland Spain Suevi tenth century theology thirteenth century tion towns trade tradition true tury twelfth century vassals Visigothic wealth