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two conjectures, which it will not be impossible to reconcile; but my sixth experiment would appear to show results having a wider base, and in contradiction to the received system. In this experiment (spoken of in an early part of this work) I have obtained a change in the nature of the ovary of an orange flower by means of the forced and multiplied action of the pollen of a lemon. This result seemed to indicate that the masculine element did something more than giv ing motion to the embryo, and the vitality necessary to its development. It would teach also that these principles acted together by their mingling or combination in forming the fruit which resulted from the experiment in question. I dare not enter upon the discussion of this delicate problem. 1 limit myself for the present to an account of observations made by myself in this matter, and I desire that physiologists better qualified would examine them, following the experiments which I have but begun, with the patience, care, and exactness that they seem to demand.

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The description which we are about to write is doubtless sufficient for cultivators, but will be considered imperfect for botanists.

The Citrus of Europe is, perhaps, the single, isolated genus of which all the species are known to us; but, for some time, it has been confounded with analogous genera belonging, without doubt, to the same family with ours, yet, in my opinion, forming special branches of it; it it is therefore necessary to take cognizance of all those individuals.

India produces a great number of plants bearing close analogy to our Agrumi, chiefly in respect to the form and acidity of their fruit. Their characteristics vary to infinity, extending gradually to species which belong, without doubt, to very different genera. Yet the likeness which they have preserved to our agrumi, appears to have formed, chiefly among the natives, a point of comparison, and they have added, nearly everywhere, to their particular and distinctive names the generic names of lemon or naregam. Thus they call at Amboyna (one of the Moluccas) the bilocus taurinus of Rumphius, lemon gala; as at Malabar, one knows under the names of isjeroa-katou-naregam, of katou-naregam, and of mal-naregam, three plants called by Europeans limon, and classed by Linnæus in the genus limonia. All these species, however, form genera approaching our European species, and which might, perhaps, be united in the same family under the common name of Agrumi.

In general they resemble ours in the activity of uninterrupted vegetation, which shows at all times flowers and fruit in the midst of foliage always green; in a sharp aroma spread over all the parts of the plant; in the whiteness of the flower, which is odorous, and in the nature of the fruit, which is always a round berry (a berry among botanists is "a succulent, pulpy pericarp, containing naked seeds. The orange and lemon are berries with a thick coat." Lincoln's Bot.), hav

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ing a yellowish, aromatic skin, and containing a certain number of sections, and a juice sometimes sweet, sometimes bitter, and nearly always acidulated. But these plauts usually grow only to the size of shrubs; their branches are crooked, knotty, and often mutilated; their leaves are frequently divided into two by the wings of the petiole, and are, at times, discolored; their thorns, sometimes double, often lacking, are frequently longer on the old branches than on the young, and arrange themselves, nearly always, in some peculiar way. Their flowers, now of four, now of five petals, are sometimes axillary and solitary, and very often terminals; and, in place of bouquets, like our orange blossoms, they show themselves in bunches like the olive. We know very little of their fructifying parts. Rumphius rarely describes them. The fruit is a berry, but this berry is now round, now oblong, at times angulate; it is often covered by tubercles of a fixed form, and disposed with a certain regularity. Its color, though at times green, usually resembles that of the lemon or orange; and its pulp, enclosed in numerous sections, is now sweet and vinous-now disagreeable and glutinous.

decidedly that they do not belong, for the most Finally, their traits, taken as a whole, announce part, to the genus Citrus.

There are among them, doubtless, several not far removed from, and having traits of, our hybrids, but there are also many presenting traits which place them nearer to some species of cratera, to the limonia, and other plants of India.

One may see in the Citrus trifoliata, in the limon angulatus, and in the limonellus madurensis, much to connect them with the bilacus thaurinus of Rumphius, which, from its likeness to the lemon, is called at Amboyna lemon gala.

These appear to be links by which nature passes gradually from one genus to another, and forming what a great botanist has aptly called familles par enchainement.

We have not thought it possible to dispense with giving an idea of all these species. Beginning with those which seem to belong to our agrumi, and which might be varieties of them, we pass on to those decidedly removed by their traits, and shall finally say a word concerning species which touch them in analogous genera. We will designate them by the general name of agrumi.

NO. I.

Acrumen nobilis Chinense.

Citrus nobilis. (Lour. Fl. Coc. Sp.. 3.) A Camxsanh, B. Tsem can: Citrus inermis, ramis fascendentibus, petiolis strictis, fructu tuberculoso, sub-compresso, (t. 2, p. 166.)

The Citrus nobilis, rare in China, but abundant in Cochin China, is a tree of medium size, distinguishing itself particularly by the upward growth of its branches, which are thornless. Its leaves, scattering, lanceolated, quite sound and lustrous, are of a dark green, and have a strong odor. They have linear petioles. The flowers, arranged in terminal bunches, are white, having five petals and a very pleasant perfume. The fruit is a round berry, a little compressed; it usually has nine sections, red inside as well as out. The skin is thick, juicy, sweet, and covered by unequal tubercles (warts.)

This is twice as large as the Chinese orange, and is the most agreeable of all.

Acrumen Margarita.

NO. II. Citrus Margarita: Chu tsu a Chan fri: Citrus ramis ascen dentibus, aculeatis, petiolis linearibus: baccis 5 locularibus, oblongis. (Lour. Fl. Coch. t. 2, p. 469.)

The Citrus margarita resembles a little the Citrus japonica, but it differs in many traits, which make it another species. It is a shrub whose branches are straight and thorny; its leaves, lanceolate and scattered, are based upon linear petioles; its odoriferous flowers having five white petals are joined in small numbers upon peduncles scattered along the branches.

Its fruit (small, oblong, and of a red-yellow) contains but five sections under a very thin skin; the pulp is sweet and agreeable.

It comes from China, above all from the neighborhood of Canton, and is never found in CochinChina.

The Citrus of Thumberg, on the contrary, has a winged petiole, and the fruit has thick skin, containing nine cells.

NO. III.

Acrumen Amboinicum caule anguloso, folio maximo, petiolo alato, flore magno, fructu spherico, compresso, foveolis notato, cortice croceo, medulla adho-rente, succo viscoso et acidulo.

Agrume rouge d'Amboine.

Aurantia acida, vulgo Lemoen Itan. Rum. Citrus fusca.* (Lour. Fl. Coc, Sp. 6.-a Cay Baong; Chi xac B chi ken.

The red agrume of Amboyna, as well as other varieties of this island, and of Japan, offers characteristics which merit notice. We will copy what Rumphius says of it in his herbarium of Amboyna.

The sour-fruited orange is a tree growing at Amboyna to a very great height. Its stem is angulous and as if furrowed; its winged leaf is nearly as large as that of the pumpelmoes, and has a very strong odor; the thorn is long and sharp; the flower, large and white, having five petals.

the third, a low shrub, gives a small fruit, whose skin is very thin and agreeable. The first, that he calls durantium verrucosum, lemon manis besaar, appears to belong to our oranges. The second, called at Banda lemon pouleron, seems to approach the lemon centricosus, of which we shall speak farther on.

maturense malaice lemon suassi, and lemon colte, The third, which he calls aurantium pumilum seems related to the Citrus japonica of Thumberg.

NO. V.

Acrumen Amboinicum caule fruticoso, folio petiolo lineari, flore axillari, Agrume d'Amboine. Agrume d'Amboina.

Malum citrium: Lemon sussu: Limo mammosus, etc. (Rumph.)

The lemon sussu offers many varieties differing a little in size and form of fruit, and these all appear to be related to the citron, but they differ from it in the flowers, which are axillary, and which grow beside the thorn, often singly, sometimes to the number of two or three, but never on a common peduncle. Its fruit is oblong, and forms a kind of cone: the uneven skin yellowish and insipid, encloses a whitish and acidulated pith.

Rumphius says that the citron tree, or limo mammosus, is not indigenous at Amboyna or at Banda; that be has never seen it grow to the size of a tree, but rather to a bush, and that it grows no taller in India.

He also remarks that wild lemons are found in Java, where they are thought to be indigenous, and which are called lemon Jara; also, that all these Indian oranges have peculiar traits, making them differ from European Citrus.

This remark is strengthened by his descriptions, always telling us of new beings that we cannot associate with our Citrus.

NO. VI.

Aerumen Amboinicum folio maculato, petiolo alato, flore racemoso et terminali, fructu flavo minutissimo, medulla

Agrume d'Amboine a feuilles panachecs,
Agrume a folie machiate.

The fruit, round and a little flattened, is marked by many small spots, and does not take its color entirely until its full maturity. The skin ad-acidissima, Amboinis Aurarius dicto. heres to the pulp, and the sections adhere among themselves as in the lemons. The pulp is full of a gelatinous and acidulated juice. This species resembles the Citrus fusca of Loureiro, of which it is perhaps but a variety.

NO, IV.

Limonellus Aurarius: Lemon Maas.

The limonellus aurarius has the physiognomy of a lemon mixed with orange, but it has, also, peculiar traits.

Its stem is tall, its leaf, deeply colored and vaAcrumen Sinense fructu ex viridi nigricanti, medullariegated, is upon a petiole, whose wings are very

subdulci.

Agrume de la Chine.

Agrume Chinese.

Aurantium Sinense: Lemon manis Tsjina. (Rumph. Herb. Amb., part 3, cap. 41.)

The aurantium sinense which Rumphius saw in the islands of Amboyna and Banda, appears not to differ from our orange.

It forms a fine tree, which grows larger than the sour orange; its straight branches give to it a head, rounded and high; the leaf, long, smooth, with a twisted petiole, has a lateral thorn. The fruit, large and round, has a skin of a blackish green color, which does not adhere at all to the pulp; its juice is a little vinous and sweetish.

Rumphius observes that there is also a species of it whose fruit is smaller and much sweeter; and three others, of which the first makes a very large tree, and bears a large, sweet fruit; the second produces a fruit covered by tubercles, and of which the pulp is scarcely sweetish; and

nearly as large as the leaf.

The fruit, the size of a musket-ball, is round, mamelone (nippled), yellowish, and is formed of a skin so thin that it seems rather a pellicle than a skin, and which has not the lemon aroma; the pulp is full of an acid juice.

The flowers are very small and terminal, growing at the end of the boughs, in bunches, like the

olive.

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The greenish agrume, called by Rumphius limon ventricosus, has characteristics peculiarly its own, making it to differ essentially from our agrumi. Its leaf seems as though cut in the middle, it has so large a wing. Its flower, extremely small, has but four petals, and grows only at the very end of the bough, in form of a bunch of grapes.

The fruit is nearly green, just a little shaded with yellow; its skin, which is odorous, is cov ered at regular intervals by small buttons, all of one shape and size. Its pulp is granulous, green, and very sour. There is nothing said of its sexual system. We may connect to this species the limon tuberosus, the lemon curamus, the lemon agrestis or papeda, the limo ferus or sirangi, that Rumphius found at Amboyna, and which have very nearly the same characteristics.

NO. VIII.

Acumen Japonicum caule angulato, flore axillari, fructu minutissimo, pulpa dulci et eduli.

Agrume nain du Japon.

Agrume nano del Giapone.

Citrus Japonica. (Windeln, in Spec. Plant.)

Citrus petiolis alatis, foliis acutis, caule fruticoso. (Thumb. Jap., 292.)

Kin kan. (Kampf. Amoen., 801.)

The dwarf agrume of Japan has been considered by Windelnow as a species of Citrus, but the description of it by Thumberg in his Flora Japonica, presents traits making it to differ from European oranges.

these two genera, or it may be a product of their mingling. The stem is not more than two feet high; the branches, having no thorn, are angulous, crowded, and striped; the simple and solitary leaf is but an inch in length. Its fruit is a slightly flattened spheroid, always green, and the size of a bullet. It is covered by a thin skin, like a pellicle.

This trait it has in common with many other species, especially the limonellus aurarius. Enclosed within this skin are numerous sections, containing an aromatic, sourish pulp, and one seed, always small and always solitary.

Rumphius says nothing of its organs of reproduction.

Loureiro, who gives a description of it under the name of Citrus madurensis, or Citrus inermis, ramis diffusis, angulatis, petiolis linearibus, fructu globoso lari, says its flowers are white, five-petalled, small, and odorous, and united in small number upon one peduncle or footstalk. He says nothing of the number or position of its stamens; but as he places this in the genus Citrus, we may presume that it is also of the class Polyadelphia, order Icosandria.

VARIETIES-NO. X,

Acrumen Indicum caule spinoso, pumilo, ramis in aculeo, desinentibus, folio alato, lore axillari, solitario, albo et odoroso, fructu minimo acutissime papillato, cortice flavo tenuissimo, odore jucundo, carne alba succosa et grate acida.

Agrume Nipis.

Limonellus: Lemon Nipis. (Rumph.)

The agrume nipis appears to represent both the orange and the lemon, yet differs by many traits wholly its own.

The most marked and at the same time most Its stem is very small, its branches end in a singular points of difference, are the angulous sharp point like a thorn, its leaf is winged. The stem and axillary flowers. These traits would flowers, axillary and solitary, are entirely white seem to place it near the lemons of Amboyna and odorous. The fruit, yellowish like a lemon, which so closely resemble the limonia and the has the size and shape of an apricot, but is termibilacus. Thumberg also says that the Citrus ja-nated by a nipple very much elongated, and sinponica, which, in the parts of fructification, offers gularly pointed; its skin, which is very thin, has the same traits as the European Citrus, differs a pleasant odor, and covers a white pulp full of notwithstanding, in its shrub-like form which it acid juice. always takes, in the smallness of its fruit, and in many other ways. He adds that it can scarcely be ranked in the class of oranges, its flowers being axillary, solitary, or binate, and never in bouquets; that it is like the lemon in axillary thorns, yet differs from it by the winged petiole, and by the fruit, which has the shape and color of an orange.

The Citrus japonica is, perhaps, the same as the aurantium pumilum madurense, or the lemon snassi, and lemon colte, that Rumphius calls species limonum fructu dulci omnium minima cortice tenui It has also some likeness to the Citrus margarita of Loureiro, It would be necessary, however, to examine them in Nature, in order to see all their affinities.

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VARIETIES NO. IX.

Acrumen Indienm madurens, caule pumilo et angulato,
fructu minimo, cortice tenuissimo, medulla acida.
Agrume orange de Madure a tige anguleuse,
Agrume aranciato di Madura.

Limonellus Madurensis: Lemon Madura. (Rumph.) Citrus Madurensis; a k n kuit B k n; kuit xu; Citrus inermis ramis diffusis, angulatis, petiolis linearibus, fructu globoso levi. (Lour. Fl. Coch. t. 2, p. 467.)

The agrume of Madura is an extraordinary bush, appearing to hold to the Citrus and the bilacus. Perhaps it is one of the links attaching

John Burman, in his Thesaurus Zeylanicus, regards the limon nipis as the same plant as the limonia malus sylvestris zeylanica fructu pumilo, of Ceylon. He writes as synonymous the malus aurantia fructu limonis pusillo acidissimo, of Sloane, and the catu-isieru naregam of Malabar, of Recde; which is the limonia acidissima of Lin

næus.

Nicholas Burman, in the Flora indica (which he arranged according to the system of Linnæus), in connecting to the citron lemon the limonia malus sylvestris zeylanica, of the Thesaurus zeylanicus of Burman, regards it also as one with the lemons of Amboyna, of Rumphius, (limonellus cum varietatibus. RUMPII.)

It is easy to see by examining the descriptions and figures of these plants that they differ too much among themselves to be considered a single species. They really have some analogy connecting them, but even these likenesses cannot make them rank in the same genus.

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Limonellus angulosus, malaice.
Lemon utan Basagi. (Rump.)

The angulous agrume is still farther removed from the European Citrus, and appears to connect this genus with the limonia by the bilacus taurinus of Rumphius.

Its stem is not larger than one's arm; its branches are crooked and knotty; the leaf, resting upon a simple petiole, grows between two thorns, which form a sharp angle at the point where the bud appears, and the next leaf grows solitary by the side of the bud, with no trace of a thorn; this arrangement, in the old branches, alternates in such a way as to make a leaf without thorn succeed a leaf with two thorns, even to the last shoot, while the young and new branches bear solitary leaves, the double thorn developing only in old age, as already spoken of. The flowers are solitary and white, resembling those of the limon nipis, but are smaller, and have five petals. We know nothing of its fertilizing

organs.

The fruit is very small, and sometimes four, at times five-angled, and flattened upon the sides; of a greenish color while young, but occasionally growing yellow at maturity. A very thin skin encloses sections full of a glutinous juice, with odor like the limon nipis, but not edible. It contains four or five seeds.

Rumphius adds that this bush, found lately in the marshy woods of Mangee (India), near the sea, is almost unknown to the natives, and that it grows in the salt water which covers the soil at high tide.

It is easy to see the connection between the limonellus angulosus and the bilacus taurinus.

VARIETIES-NO. XII.

Acrumen Japonicum foliis ternatis, fructu tetrico, pulpa glutinosa.

Agrume du Japon a feuilles ternees.

Agrume Giaponico.

Citrus foliis ternatis. (Linn.)

Citrus trifolia: Oranger a feuilles ternees. (Desfont.) The Citrus trifoliata was the first to take a place among our Agrumi. Linnæus regarded it as a species of the Citrus, and named it in his Systema Plantarum, citrus foliis ternatis.

Three authors have given us its description. Kaempfer first, then Thumberg, and finally Loureiro.

Kaempfer paints it as a fruit whose branches are twisted, and leaves ternate (like clover). The flowers, resembling those of the medlar tree, are axillary, solitary, and formed of five oval petals, terminated by a sort of guard like a long fingernail, and enclosing twenty or twenty-five stamens, with free filaments surrounding a short and globulous pistil, which changes into a fruit looking like an orange, yet containing, within seven sections, a glutinous and disagreeable pulp.

Thumberg's description accords with that by Kaempfer, but he says nothing of the number and position of stamens. It appears, however, that he supposed them to be the same as in the Citrus trifoliata of Kaempfer, seeing that he ranges this that he describes in the class Polyadelphia, order Icosandria.

Loureiro reports as Citrus trifoliata, a plant resembling that of Kaempfer and Thumberg in many traits, yet of which the flower is totally different, and he, in consequence, makes it a separate genus, which he classes in the Pentandria |

Monogynia, under the name of triphasia aurantiola.

This discord, which does not escape his observation, leads him to think either that botanists preceding him have not closely observed, or that their Citrus trifoliata is a plant of dif ferent species from that which he is describing. I should think, with regard to the first opinion, that if Kaempfer's description were less detailed, one might supppose this author had not carefully observed this flower, to which, in his time, very little importance was attached; but the description is so precise, and agrees so well with the accompanying drawing, that we must believe his Citrus trifoliata, a different species from the triphasia aurantiola of Loureiro.

This belongs, doubtless, in the artificial system of Linnæus, to a different class, but in the natural system it ought to be connected to the same family, and should make a link of the great chain forming the family of Agrumi.

It is to be desired that individuals of all these species should be brought to Europe, for it is only by a thorough and careful examination of their characteristics that one can judge of their proper places in the natural system.

It is pretended that the Citrus trifoliata has already been cultivated in the orangery of the Botanical Garden at Paris, but one must believe it has also perished there, for I have sought for it in vain. They have shown me only a limonia trifoliata, which, as it has never blossomed, cannot be thoroughly known. We must then wait until enlightened botanists can observe them in their native countries with more attention.

CHAPTER IV.

HISTORY OF THE CITRUS.

ART. I.-Studies upon the citron tree-Indigenous in Media-Naturalized in Palestine, Grecce, and Italy-Date of its transmigration.

Centuries roll on before man gathers upon one soil the many plants scattered over the surface of the globe. He can for a long time content himself with the productions which Nature may have given abundantly in his own country; but, as civilization extends his needs, his knowledge and connections, he lays all climates under contribution to enrich his native soil, of which he multiplies the resources and means by a laborious industry.

It is thus that we see the fruits of Asia growing beside those of Europe and of Africa, and new trees, taken from distant regions, succeed to plants less useful. The citron, lemon, and orange trees are the last among exotic productions which have contributed to the embellishment of our gardens. Placed by Nature in various climates, they have become known to Europeans at different epochs, and as the result of very dissimilar events.

It seems that the citron first appeared. Indigenous in Media, it was soon propagated in many parts of Persia, where the Hebrews and the Greeks could easily learn of it. It is not possible, however, to fix the precise date when these two nations began its cultivation, nor by what steps this culture penetrated to the European

countries. As soon as the Hebrews were established in the Land of Promise, they began to have intercourse with the Assyrians and Persians, and it is reasonable to suppose that they would be the first to know of this beautiful plant, and to naturalize it in the fertile valleys of Palestine.

It is, however, astonishing that in all the Bible one meets not a single passage where this tree is mentioned.

I have thought, sometimes, with a crowd of interpreters and commentators upon this book, that the tree hadar, whose fruit the Hebrews carried at their Feast of Tabernacles, was no other than the citron tree.

That which gives probability to this opinion is the custom always maintained among the Jews, of presenting themselves in the synagogue on the day of tabernacles with a citron in hand. This usage, existing still to-day among them, and to which they attach great importance, dates, without doubt, from an epochi very remote, since there is mention of it in the Jewish antiquities of Josephus; and Samaritan medals have been found expressing on one side the loulave of the Jews, and upon the reverse of which one sees citrons fastened to a palm trec.

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All these data, however, do not prove that the tree hadar is the citron-it is necessary to examine the words in Leviticus and those of Josephus to discover what gave rise to this opinion. You shall take," said Moses to his people," You shall take, on the first day, fruits of the tree hadar, of palm branches, boughs of the thickest trees, and willows that cross the length of rapid waters, and rejoice before the Lord your God." (Levit., c. 23, 40.)

If this custom had not been consecrated since so many centuries in the religious rites of the Jews, no person could have supposed that Moses wished to speak of the citron under the name of hadar. This word, very far from being the proper name of a thing, signifies, according to the Seventy, only the fruit of the finest tree, and, according to our Latin version, fructus ligni speciosi.

Now, according to the acceptation given to this word, hadar, the command of Moses enjoined upon the people only a choice of the fruit of the finest tree, without determining the species to be preferred. They were masters of the choice, and there is little doubt that as soon as they knew the citron they would substitute it for the tree of which they had made use until then.

The precept was generic-it would always refer to the most beautiful tree of which they had knowledge; and the citron was, without doubt, for a long time, and is, perhaps, still the finest tree known.

The words of Josephus come to the help of my argument. This historian does not say that the law directed the Hebrews to carry in the Feast of Tabernacles fruits of the citron tree; he only says that the law prescribed to offer burnt offerings, and to render to God thanksgivings, by carrying in their hands myrtle and willow, with palm boughs to which Persian apples had been fastened. (Pommes de Perse.)

This expression shows that the apples had been attached to the palm tree by a sort of voluntary usage, and not in consequence of the precept.

The citron tree, then, was stili unknown in

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Palestinc in the time of Moses. At that period the Asiatics were not sufficiently civilized to think of transporting the plants of one country to another; neither their wants nor their habits of luxury had, as yet, made close ties between nations. But it is surprising that the Jews did not know of this tree after the Babylonish captivity; and we are still more astonished to find that they knew nothing of it at the commencement of the Christian era.

The Seventy, who translated the Scriptures into Greek two hundred and sixty-six years after the return of the Hebrews to Palestine, rendered the word hadar by the same paraphrase used in the Latin version-"the fruit of the finest tree." And the gospel, which contains so many allusions to the palm, the fig, and many other trees, says not a word of the citron.

This tree, however, was already known to the Greeks and Romans. Theophrastus gives a very truthful and exact description of it. This philos opher wrote after the death of Alexander, whose conquests had greatly extended the knowledge of the Greeks concerning the region of Asia, situated this side the Indus, where this plant was indigenous. These are his words on the matter:

"All the country situated east and south of us produces peculiar plants and animals. Thus one sees in Media and Persia, among many other productions, the tree called Persian or Median apple. This tree has a leaf as large as and resembling the pourpier; it has thorns like those of the pear tree and hawthorn, but which are more slender, pointed, and stubborn. Its fruit is not edible, but it has an exquisite odor, as also have the leaves, which are used as a protection from moths in clothing. A decoction of the pulp of this fruit is thought to be an antidote to poison, and will also sweeten the breath.

"They sow the seeds in the spring in furrows carefully prepared, and water it for four or five days after.

When the small plant has gotten a little strength, it is transplanted, always in the spring, into a moist and mellow soil, not too light.

"The citron bears fruit continuously; while some fruit is falling with ripeness other fruit is but just starting, and still other approaching maturity. Fruit is given only by the flowers which have in the middle a sort of straight spindle; those which do not have this fall off, producing nothing. They seed it also, as the palm, in per forated earthen vases. This tree, as we have said, is common in Persia and in Media."

Virgil is the first among Latin writers to speak of the citron, not, however, calling it by this name, but, like Theophrastus, giving it the appellation of Median apple.

He says it is a large tree resembling the laurel, whose leaves are odoriferous and never fall,. whose flower sets easily, and whose precious fruit, though its juice is sour and bitter, serves among the Medes as a cure for poison, and is also used to correct a fetid breath, and as a relief to asthmatic old men.

Pliny begins to give it several names; he calls it malus medica, malus assyria, and citrus. He says its leaf, which carries a thorn at its side, and is of an excellent odor, is used by the Medes to perfume clothes; that its branches are always covered with fruit; some green, others scarcely

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