History of Semiconductor Engineeringperforming ?rms were curtailed following the stock market decline and the subsequent economic slowdown of 2001 and 2002. The Federal Government was once the main source of the nation’s R&D funds, funding as much as 66. 7 percent of all U. S. R&D in 1964. The Federal share ?rst fell below 50 percent in 1979, and after 1987 it fell steadily, dr- ping from 46. 3 percent in that year to 25. 1 percent in 2000 (the lowest it has ever been since 1953). Adjusting for in?ation, Federal support decreased 18 percent from 1987 to 2000, although in nominal terms, Federal support grew from $58. 5 billion to $66. 4 billion during that period. Growth in industrial funding generally outpaced growth in Federal support, leading to the decline in Federal support as a proportion of the total. Fig. 2. Doctorates awarded in Engineering, Physics, and Mathematics: 1995–2002 [Source: National Science Foundation NSF 04–303 (October 2003)] Figure 1 explains the most signi?cant change in the industry which occurred in the early sixties. The industry, with pressure from Wall Street, could not ?nance long-range and risky basic research. The objective of basic research is to gain more comprehensive knowledge or understanding of the subject under study without speci?c applications in mind. Basic research advances scienti?c knowledge but does not have speci?c immediate commercial objectives. Basic research can fail and often will not bring results in a short period of time. |
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Índice
| 11 | |
| 41 | |
| 67 | |
| 103 | |
Driving the Company Out of Business | 155 |
Integrated Circuits outside Fairchild Semiconductor | 175 |
Linear Integrated Circuits PreWidlar Era Prior to 1963 | 228 |
Robert J Widlar The Genius The Legend The Bohemian | 247 |
National Semiconductor A New Type of Semiconductor Company | 291 |
The MOS Transistor | 317 |
Epilogue | 375 |
Name Index | 380 |
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Palavras e frases frequentes
alloy aluminum Amelco amplifier Autonetics Bardeen base became Beckman Bell Laboratories Bell Labs Bob Noyce Bob Widlar Brattain Cogar collector components creative crystal developed device diffusion diode Division Electronics emitter engineers equipment etch facility Fairchild Camera Fairchild Semiconductor Fujitsu gate germanium Gordon Moore Hogan idea integrated circuits Intel Intersil Jack Jay Last Jean Hoerni Jerry Sanders John junction transistor Kilby Kilby’s Kurt later layer Lehovec linear integrated circuits Longo manager manufacturing mask memory mesa transistor metal Micrologic Morgan Sparks MOS transistor Mostek Motorola Mountain View N-MOS Noyce’s operation oxide P-MOS P-N junction P-type patent application Physics planar process planar transistor problems production resistors Robert Noyce semiconductor business semiconductor industry Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory Shockley’s shown in Fig silicon Sporck Sprague surface Sylvania Talbert temperature Texas Instruments thickness tube U.S. Patent voltage wafer Wanlass wanted Western Electric Westinghouse
Passagens conhecidas
Página 2 - With the advent of the transistor and the work in semiconductors generally, it seems now possible to envisage electronic equipment in a solid block with no connecting wires. The block may consist of layers of insulating, conducting, rectifying and amplifying materials, the electrical functions being connected directly by cutting out areas of the various layers".
Página 11 - Our species is the only creative species, and it has only one creative instrument, the individual mind and spirit of a man. Nothing was ever created by two men. There are no good collaborations, whether in music, in art, in poetry, in mathematics, in philosophy. Once the miracle of creation has taken place, the group can build and extend it, but the group never invents anything. The preciousness lies in the lonely mind of a man.
Página 10 - The innovator makes enemies of all those who prospered under the old order, and only lukewarm support is forthcoming from those who would prosper under the new.
Página ix - Development is systematic use of the knowledge and understanding gained from research, directed toward the production of useful materials, devices, systems, or methods, including design and development of prototypes and processes.
Página 1 - Who controls the past controls the future; who controls the present controls the past/
Página ix - The objective of basic research is to gain more comprehensive knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, without specific applications in mind. Basic research is defined as research that advances scientific knowledge but does not have specific immediate commercial objectives, although it may be in fields of present or potential commercial interest.
Página 24 - In the shape of a small metal cylinder about a half-inch long, the transistor contains no vacuum, grid, plate or glass envelope to keep the air away.
Página 147 - Kilby had entered in his notebook six months before: ". . . it would be desirable to make multiple devices on a single piece of silicon, in order to be able to make interconnections between devices as part of the manufacturing process, and thus reduce size, weight, etc. as well as cost per active element.
Página 196 - Occupation of German scientific and industrial establishments has revealed the fact that we have been alarmingly backward in many fields of research. If we do not take this opportunity to seize the apparatus and the brains that developed it and put this combination back to work promptly, we will remain several years behind while we attempt to cover a field already exploited.
Página 175 - Advances in science when put to practical use mean more jobs, higher wages, shorter hours, more abundant crops, more leisure for recreation, for study, for learning how to live without the deadening drudgery which has been the burden of the common man for ages past.