Lift-off of Forest Firebrands

American sycamore average terminal velocity behavior of firebrands Blackjack oak Broadleaves Burning characteristics burning particles camera catwalk 25 feet chopper in front cones in flight cones of four drag coefficient drag force dropped falling body fire behavior fire management Fire research fire tower firebrand materials flaming and glowing flaming in flight forest firebrands found by equation four pine species free fall fuel gt/Vt landing lb/ft³ leaf leaves from 14 Lift-off of forest lifted by updrafts light chopper Loblolly pine locities Michx Mockernut hickory oak Quercus paper birch bark pine cones pine needles pine spe Ping-Pong balls Pinus taeda POTENTIAL FIREBRANDS produce more firebrands reindeer moss reported for cones reported for leaves samples of paper Sand pine saw-palmetto fronds Southern magnolia Southern red oak Spanish moss species in flight species of pine spot fires tical wind tunnel USDA velocities and burnout velocities are reported vertical wind tunnel Willow oak Yellow-poplar