say the least, in the Anglia Sacra, were certainly not transcribed from the manuscripts by Wharton himself, and some of them not even edited by him. Wharton's One verbal alteration in Wharton's text Capitulum. calls perhaps for some special notice. By reading capitulum1 instead of "capicium," he makes out that Giraldus says that St. Hugh built the chapterhouse, and that Giraldus says nothing as to his building the choir. Professor Willis, some 20 or more years ago, at a meeting of the Archæological Institute at Lincoln, explained the architectural impossibilities almost that the chapter-house could have been built by St. Hugh; and tried to make out that the capitulum of Giraldus, in Wharton's Anglia Sacra, must mean the choir, and not the chapter-house. He was wrong in supposing that "capitulum," in an English writer of that time, when applied to a part of the church, could possibly mean anything else but the chapter-house; 2 but the true reading of Giraldus, "capicium," proves how right he was-in his obstinate conclusion, against what Giraldus's history as he knew it told him—that St. Hugh, whilst he built the choir, did not build the from the manuscripts, but without expressing any doubt as to his having himself edited the works issued under his name. I now further have to express my belief that he sometimes must have edited as well by proxy. duced one or two instances from foreign writers, where capitulum seems to mean the choir or part of the choir; very possibly those writers may have blundered in the reading of their manuscripts, as well as Wharton's transcriber. But however this may be, all foreign evidence of use of the word is simply worthless. In every English writer, long before and long after Giraldus's time, the word capitulum, when used for a part of the fabric, is the regular word for the chapter-house, and can 2 I heard the lecture. Professor mean nothing else. About 1300, Willis has, I believe, never printed or soon afterwards, we find "Domus it. If I remember rightly, he pro- | " capitularis" instead. 1 There is no excuse for this blunder. Capicium" is written in full in the manuscript, as plainly and certainly as it could be in print in the largest and clearest and perfectest of Messrs. Spottiswoode's type. chapter-house. Other good authorities have since insisted that the chapter-house must have been built after St. Hugh's time,-Mr. Sharpe, for instance, very decidedly, at the diocesan architectural society's meeting at Lincoln in June 1868,-without attempting to reconcile their conclusions from its architectural details with the capitulum of Wharton's text of Giraldus. The true reading," capicium," instead of Wharton's capitulum, will, I trust, comfort the hearts of such expositors of the architectural history of Lincoln cathedral. know that I was greatly delighted, when "capicium first lighted on my eye in the manuscript. § 6. LIFE OF ST. HUGH. I "" The Vita S. Hugonis, the second of Giraldus's treatises of this volume, is now for the first time printed, excepting, however, the few lines incorporated by Supra, Wharton into his edition of the Life of Remigius,-from xliv., &c. the same C.C.C. No. 425 manuscript, which gives the latter Life. The two Lives are in the hand of the same excellent and accurate scribe. This the only edition of this Life, circa 1213. if There is every reason for supposing that this Life, as we here have it, is the only edition of it ever issued by Giraldus. And So, it was not issued before 1210, because he speaks The only history, so far as I know, of the chapter-house, is given by the Metrical Life of St. Hugh, written perhaps in 1220 or soon afterwards, certainly before 1235, which is printed infra, in an appendix to this Preface. The author's very poetical description of the chapter-house will be found in 11. 956-961. He is prosaic enough to mention the "quadra porticus" of entrance, and its own "spatium or "biculare." What he says proves of St. Hugh as Hugo primus," which proves certainly that he was writing after the consecration of Hugh de Wells, the second bishop of the name, December 20, 1209. As we have already seen, the volume containing these two Lives was presented to archbishop Langton, not later than the autumn of 1214: and this Life of St. Hugh cannot have been written long before this last limit; because, in the last chapter of Distinc. II., Giraldus says that he has been describing only miracles of St. Hugh which occurred before the interdict now Infra, 135. "tam diuturnum," and that he leaves to others to describe the miracles since the interdict commenced. Infra, 136. Moreover he says that Hugh de Wells will no doubt amply reward such writers of the later miracles. This he could not have said before Hugh de Wells's occupation of the bishopric in 1213.2 We may safely conclude that it was towards the end of the interdict when he wrote this Life, and probably circa A.D. 1213. The third Dis addition. This is true, however, only of the two tinction an after first Distinctions, which comprised the whole treatise as first written. The third Distinction, describing some miracles of St. Hugh during the Interdict, was an after addition, made by Giraldus at the request of his friend Roger, dean of Lincoln.3 Roger de Roldeston, a zealous believer in his friend and patron St. Hugh and his miracles, was dean until 1223. His name is the only clue given us, and it is in reality no clue whatever, as to the exact date of this addition. to the treatise. When this third Distinction was added it is therefore impossible exactly to say: it may have 1 Infra, 83, n. 1; 87, n. 1; 88, n. 1. 2 John's Letters Patent, rendering their bishoprics to Hugh de Wells and the other bishops in exile, are dated June 1, 1213. Rot. Lit. Pat., 99. They returned to England July 16. Wendover, iii., 260. The 3 Infra, 137, 135, cap. xiii., and 85, n. 6. been before the presentation to Langton, and it may not have been until one or two or more years afterwards. We may be sure, however, that it was added before 1219, when active measures were in fast forwardness for Hugh's canonization: had such been the case when Giraldus wrote this third Distinction, he would most certainly have somehow made mention of it. of information. 1. 18. Giraldus's means Giraldus, as we have already seen, was Supra, xi. residing at Lincoln during about three of the last years of Hugh's pontificate, 1196–1199. Somewhat therefore certainly, perhaps much, of what he tells us about him, in the first Distinction of this Life, as well as in the Life of Remigius issued before Hugh's death, is the record of his own personal knowledge of Hugh, and his virtues, and his doings. Once, in the case of Hugh's pet swan, he says that he himself was a Infra, 75, witness to what he describes. But whatever may have been his own direct acquaintance with St. Hugh himself, he must have been in continual intercourse, during his stay at Lincoln, with the dean and canons and other members of the church, and occasionally no doubt, if not often, with the immediate members of Hugh's household. He had, no doubt, most excellent means of information, as to the later years of Hugh when bishop of Lincoln. Of the earlier years of Hugh's life, in Burgundy or at Witham, he says very little. As to the account of Hugh's miracles in Distinctions II. and III., it is clear that he simply drew from the Register of Miracles kept by the custodians of Hugh's tomb, copying from it almost closely,-quite closely, we may believe, as to the facts stated, though with some improving embellishments of diction from his scholastic pen. We know almost nothing of how or where Giraldus's latter years were passed, after his retirement from the St. David's conflict in December 1203. This life of St. Hugh makes it very likely that he returned to Lincoln, and spent again some time amongst his old friends there However good his memory, and no doubt it was a very good one, of what he had heard and seen in his residence at Lincoln in 1196-99, yet he writes much that seems to speak of an after familiarity with Lincoln, especially as regards the miracles which he relates. Nowhere else could he have found the materials at his hand for these miracles. If he did not again visit Lincoln, and draw himself from what he found there recorded, he must have had a copy of the register of Hugh's tomb sent to him by Roger the dean, or by some other of his Lincoln friends. Marginal additions. Besides the addition of the third Distinction to the treatise as first issued, there are two marginal additions, each only of a single word, which are perhaps worth mention. The first is the addition of the name Auselmus to the archbishop of Ragusa, who was one of the archbishops present at Hugh's funeral. This addition seems wrong. Other contemporary authorities, so far as I know-and he is several times spoken of-all call him Bernardus when they mention his name (114, n. 4.) The second addition is of the word "primo" to the mention of John's expedition into Poitou in 1206 (137, n. 3). He made a second expedition into Poitou in February 1214, before which time his expedition of 1206 would not be called his first. This addition therefore was not made before the spring of 1214. It is an additional proof that the treatise was first issued circa 1213. Value of this treatise. No doubt there is much that is valuable and interesting in the ancedotes of St. Hugh that Giraldus gives us in this treatise first Distinction. Many of them are not to be found elsewhere, except in the Metrical Life which only closely follows him. Where he is in common with independent authorities, it is plain that he is telling us sober truth, according to his best information; and what he tells us, that |