arrangement is not exactly the same as the well known. arrangement by which so many great German churches have a capitular choir at one end and a parochial choir at the other. But they are analogous ways of compassing the same object. But I do not know any other instance in a strictly English cathedral church, unless we reckon the modern case of Manchester.1 We are not told how the several proprietary rights and duties of repair were settled between the chapter and the parish. But the biographer takes care to set forth most fully that the patronage and the ordinary jurisdiction of St. Mary Magdalen parish were in the chapter and not in the bishop; and he takes this occasion to assert those claims of the chapter over the prebendal churches which led to so much disputing in the days of Robert Grosseteste. On these points one would like to have a statement from Remigius.

Nationality of the bishops.

It marks the twelfth century the time when the Norman settlers, violent and

1 Of the four cathedral churches of Wales, three, St. Davids, Llandaff, and Bangor, are also parish churches. At Bangor some years ago the church was divided into two just after the ancient fashion in such cases, though the actual arrangements were modern. At St. Davids the parishioners formerly occupied the nave, and it is proposed to assign it to them again. But I believe that in none of these cases is there the same division of property between chapter and parish which existed when a church was divided between the parish and the monks. Manchester, since it has been raised to cathedral rank, is a nearer parallel to the state of things which Remigius brought about at Lincoln.

2 The priest of St. Mary Magdalen |

(p. 195) was "presbyter de eccle"sia cathedrali . . . ad hoc specia"liter deputatus per decanum et "capitulum dictæ ecclesiæ cathe"dralis." The record adds, "penes

quos proprietas jurisdictionis or"dinariæ, sede vacante, de jure, et "sede plena ipsius exercitium in "ecclesia, et ipsius præbendis ac "ecclesiis de communa, de intro"ducta consuetudine pertinebat. "Et iste presbiter per dictos deca"num et capitulum, et non per "episcopum, curæ hujusmodi de"putatus, jurisdictionem ordina"riam super dictos parochianos ex "commissione capituli exercebat." The parish priest was, as in some other cases, the official of the ordinary of the peculiar; but one would like to know whether this sort of thing was really as old as Remigius.

peaceful, were gradually taking root in England and turning into Englishmen, that throughout this time the nationality of the several bishops is recorded in a way which is instructive. Of the second bishop of Lincoln, Robert Bluet-he is spelled in many ways-it is remarked that he, like Remigius, was "natione Normannus." One who was One who was "natione Normannus" was pretty sure to be also "genere Normannus," while many a man of that day was "natione Anglicus" but " genere Normannus." Bishop Alexander he described as "de "Normannia similiter oriundus." This is less clear; the nephew of bishop Roger was undoubtedly of Norman descent; but he might possibly have been born in England. Robert of Chesney was "natione Anglicus, "sed cognatione Normannus.” Here we clearly get the son of Norman forefathers born in England. On the birth of king Henry's son Geoffrey it was not needful, nor altogether edifying, to enlarge; but in Walter of Coutances we have a further stage beyond that marked by Robert of Chesney. He is "Walterus de "Constantiis dictus, sed re vera de Cornubia natus. Here we not only have the man of Norman descent born in England, but the Norman place-name is passing from a personal description into a mere hereditary surname. Moreover the contemporary writer whom John of Schalby copied noted this fact as something new, just as the contemporaries of the first Earl of Shaftesbury noted the fact that he bore, what was then so rare, a double Christian name.1 Hugh of Avalon was of course "de Burgundia natus; as a man of the Empire, he stands altogether outside the relations of Normans and Englishmen. Then follow William of Blois (corruptly de Bleynis), and Hugh of Wells. By this time men had ceased to think about the Norman or English descent of any man. Genere" William was clearly French, or whatever we call a man of Blois; natione" he may

1 Christie's Life of Shaftesbury, i. 5.

ave been Norman or English. Hugh of Wells, brother of Jocelyn, was English "natione," and pretty certainly 'genere" also. But by this time the chroniclers had ceased to take notice of facts which were no longer of any importance.

We go back to Robert Bluet, whose character has been so Supra, zealously defended by Mr. Dimock against the scandals XXV. raised against him by William of Malmesbury. Of these the local chronicler makes no mention, and it is only quite incidentally that he brings in any evidence to the undoubted eminence of his own bishop in the general affairs of the kingdom.1 He deals only with Robert's local acts and benefactions, his increase in the number of prebends, his translation of the monks of Stow 2 to Eynsham, and the gifts to the king with which he burthened his The final settlement of the territorial dispute as to the jurisdiction over Lindesey is carefully recorded. And, as the addition or confirmation of Lindesey to the diocese is spoken of as a kind of conquest, so the separation of Ely from Lincoln is spoken of, not as the relief of the bishop of Lincoln from part of his heavy duties, but much as a temporal prince might speak of a province which he had been driven to cede against his will.3 It must never be forgotten in all these questions that jurisdiction implied revenue.

see.

Charters of Ro

bert of Chesney.

Relations between bishop and chap

ter.

Mr. Dimock has pointed out that the two charters which follow at pp. 196, 197, do not belong to Robert Bluet, but to Robert of Chesney. The difference is of some importance. The charters seem to imply a complete surrender of episcopal rights over the prebendal churches.2 The later such a document is, the more likely it is to be genuine; but it was the natural tendency of those to whom such a document was convenient to put it as early as possible. Without any intentional fraud, such a charter, bearing the name of a bishop Robert, would, without much examination, be assigned to the earliest Robert on the list. We may notice the appearance of the archdeacons, like the sheriffs in temporal matters, in that character of "exactores" their dealings in which way made some doubt whether any archdeacon could be saved. We may note also the phrase "universitas vestra" addressed to the archdeacons of Lincoln diocese, a somewhat numerous body, but who did not form a corporation apart from the rest of the chapter. So vague was the elder use of a word which has come to bear so special a meaning in modern times.

The chapter of Lincoln was founded by Remigius after the pattern of that of Rouen. The new privileges and exemptions now granted to the canons were to be the same as those which were enjoyed by the canons of Salisbury. It would be well for some one who has the opportunity to compare the constitutions of the three churches.

Bishop Alexander, who plays so great a part in the history of the time, appears here only in his local character. There is only a short allusion to his castle building.

4

3 P. 197. "Eandem omnino "habeant canonici libertatem in "prebendis suis."

4 P. 198. "Tria quoque erexit "castella in ecclesiæ suæ terris." Henry of Huntingdon (223) in describing the seizure of Alexander

Two of the three castles spoken of are Newark and Sleaford. His foundation at Dorchester is not mentioned; but his work in the minster, which, along with that of Remigius, may be seen in the west front, is duly entered. So also is the fact, on which Mr. Dimock has Supra, commented at length, that he was the first to vault any part of the main body of the church of Lincoln with stone.

Robert of Chesney, Bishop, 1148

1156.

Robert of Chesney is no favourite; he alienated lands from the see, and gave them away in marriage with his nieces. It was almost worse when he alienated four churches and a prebend to the order of Sempringham," in eccle"siæ Lincolniensis læsionem perpetuam." Moreover he pledged his church-that is, as we find in the next entry, the ornaments of his church-to Aaron the Jew for three hundred pounds. This Aaron is a notable person in local history, and his name has made its way into the general history of England.1 His house is still shown, one of the Romanesque remains in Lincoln, not the famous Jews' house, but another near the south gate of Lindum. On the other hand, bishop Robert acquired certain markets and fairs, which are noted as "perutiles," that is doubtless as bringing in valuable tolls, and certain other property for the advantage of the see.

Aaron the Jew.

The chronicler complains with reason, though in somewhat dark language, of the long holding of the episcopal property by the king after the death of Robert of Chesney.

ΧΧΧ.