the arts which characterize the Indians. In this situation he passes two or three years. In proportion as population increases around him, he becomes uneasy and dissatisfied. Formerly his cattle ranged at large, but now his neighbours call upon him to confine them within fences; to prevent their trespassing upon their fields of grain. Formerly he fed his family upon wild animals, but these, which fly from the face of man, now cease to afford him an easy subsistence; and he is compelled to raise domestic animals for the support of his family. Above all, he revolts against the operation of laws. He cannot bear to surrender up a single natural right for all the benefits of government; and therefore he abandons his little settlement, and seeks a retreat in the woods, where he again submits to all the toils which have been mentioned.

"There are instances of many men who have broken ground on bare creation, not less than four different times in this way. It has been remarked, that the flight of this class of people is always hastened by the preaching of the gospel. This will not surprise us, when we consider how opposite its precepts are to their licentious manner of liv ing. If our first settler was the owner of the spot of land which he began to cultivate, he sells it at a considerable profit to his successor; but if (as is oftner the case) he was a tenant to some rich landholder, he abandons it in debt; however, the small improvements he leaves behind him generally make it an object of immediate demand to a second species of settler.

"This description of settler is generally a man of some property; he pays one-third or one-fourth part in cash for his plantation, which consists of three or 400 acres, and the rest by instalments; that is, a certain sum yearly, without interest, till the whole is paid. The first object of this settler is to build an addition to his cabin; and as saw-mills generally follow settlements, his floors are made of boards, and his roof is made of what are called clapboards, which are a kind of coarse shingles, split out of short oak logs. This house is divided by two floors, on each of which are two rooms; under the whole is a cellar walled with stone: the cabin serves as a kitchen to his house. His next object is to clear a little meadow ground, and plant an orchard of two or 300 apple-trees. His sta-ble is likewise enlarged; and, in the course of a year or two, he builds a large log barn, the roof of which is commonly thatched with rye-straw. He moreover increases the quantity of his arable land; and, instead of cultivating Judian corn alone, he raises a quantity of wheat and rye;

the latter is raised chiefly for the purpose of being distilled into whisky.

"This species of settler by no means extracts all from the earth that it is able and willing to give. His fields yield but a scanty increase, owing to the ground not being sufficiently ploughed. The hopes of the year are often blasted by his cattle breaking through his half-made fences, and destroying his grain. His horses perform but half the labour that might be expected from them, if they were better fed; and his cattle often die in the spring for want of provisions, and the delay of grass. His house, as well as his farm, bears many marks of a weak tone of mind. His windows are unglazed, or, if they have had glass in them, the ruins of it are supplied with old hats or wooden pot-lids, This kind of settler is seldom a good member of civil or religious society; with a large portion of a hereditary mechanical kind of religion, he neglects to contribute sufficiently towards building a church, or maintaining a regular administration of the ordinances of the gospel; he is equally indisposed to support civil government, With high ideas of liberty, he refuses to bear his proportion of the debt contracted by its establishment in our country, He delights in company, sometimes drinks spirituous liquors to excess, will spend a day or two in every week in attending political meetings; and thus he contracts debts which compel him to sell his plantation, in the course of a few years, to the third and last species of settler.

His

"This man is generally a person of property and good character; sometimes he is the son of a wealthy farmer in one of the interior and ancient counties of the state. first object is to convert every spot of ground, over which he is able to draw water, into meadow: where this cannot be done, he selects the most fertile spots on the farm, and devotes it by manure to that purpose. His next object is to build a barn, which he prefers of stone. This building is, in some instances, 100 feet in front, and forty in depth; it is made very compact, so as to shut out the cold in winter; for our farmers find that their horses and cattle, when kept warm, do not require near so much food, as when they are exposed to the cold. He uses economy, likewise, in the consumption of his wood. Hence he keeps himself warm in winter, by means of stoves, which save an im- . mense deal of labour to himself and his horses, in cutting and hauling wood in wet and cold weather. His fences are every where repaired, so as to secure his grain from his own and his neighbour's cattle. But further, he in

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creases the number of the articles of his cultivation; and instead of raising Indian corn, wheat, and rye alone, he raises, in addition, oats, buck-wheat, and spelts. Near his house, he allots an acre or two of ground for a garden, in which he raises a large quantity of cabbage and potatoes. His newly-cleared fields afford him every year a great increase of turnips. Over the spring which supplies him with water, he builds a milk-house; he likewise adds to the number, and improves the quality of his fruit-trees: his sons work by his side all the year, and his wife and daughters forsake the dairy and the spinning-wheel, to share with him in the toils of harvest.

"The last object of his industry is to build a dwellinghouse. This business is sometimes effected in the course of his life, but is oftener bequeathed to his son, or the inheritor of his plantation; and hence we have a common saying among our best farmers, that a son should always begin where his father left off;' that is, he should begin his improvements, by building a commodious dwellinghouse, suited to the value of the plantation. This dwel ling-house is generally built of stone, it is large, convenient, and filled with useful and substantial furniture; and sometimes joins the house of the second settler, but is frequently placed at a little distance from it. The horses and cattle of this description of settler bear marks in their strength, figure, and fruitfulness, of their being plentifully fed and carefully kept. His table abounds with a variety of the best provisions; his very kitchen flows with milk and honey; beer, cyder, and wine, are the usual drinks of his family; and the greater part of their clothing is manufactured by his wife and daughters. In proportion as he increases in wealth, he values the protection of laws: hence he punctually pays his taxes towards the support of, government. Schools and churches, likewise, as the means of promoting order and happiness in society, derive a due support from him; for benevolence and public spirit, as to these objects, are the natural offspring of affluence and independence.

Of this class of settlers are two-thirds of the farmers of Pennsylvania; these are the men to whom Pennsylvania owes her ancient fame and consequence. If they possess less refinement than their southern neighbours who cultivate their lands with slaves, they possess more republican virtue. It was from the farms cultivated by these men. that the American and French armies were fed with bread. during the revolutionary war; and it was from the produce of these farms, that those millions of dollars were

obtained from the Havannah after the year 1780, which -laid the foundation of the bank of North America, and which fed and clothed the American army until the peace of 1783.

"This is a short account of the happiness of a Pennsylvania farmer; to this happiness our state invites men of every religion and country. We do not pretend to offer emigrants the pleasures of Arcadia; it is enough if affluence, independence, and happiness are insured to patience, industry, and labour. The moderate price of land, the credit which arises from prudence, and the safety from our courts of law, of every species of property, render the blessings which I have described, objects within the reach of every man.

"From a review of the three different species of settlers, it appears, that there are certain regular stages which mark the progress from the savage to the civilized life. The first settler is nearly related to an Indian in his manners. In the second, the Indian manners are more diluted. It is in the third species of settlers only that we behold civilization completed; and it is to them alone, that it is proper to apply the term of farmers. But while we record the vices of the first and second settlers, it is but just to mention their virtues likewise. Their mutual wants produce mutual dependence; hence they are kind and friendly to each other. Their solitary situation makes visiters agreeable to them; hence they are hospitable to strangers. Their want of money, (for they raise but little more than is necessary to support their families,) has made it necessary for them to associate for the purposes of building houses, cutting their grain, and the like. This they do in turns for each other, without any other pay than the pleasures which usually attend a country frolic. Perhaps what I have called virtues, are rather qualities arising from necessity, and the peculiar state of society in which these people live: virtue should in all cases be the offspring of principle.

"I do not pretend to say, that this mode of settling farms is universal. Instances have been known where the first settler has performed the improvements of the second, and failed to accomplish the third. There have been a few instances, also, of men of enterprising spirit, who have settled in the wilderness, and who, in the course of a single life, have advanced through all the intermediate stages of improvement above-mentioned, and produced all those conveniences which have been ascribed to the third species of settlers; thereby resembling, in their exploits, not only

the pioneers and light infantry, but the main body of an army. There are instances, likewise, where the first settlement has been improved by the same family, in hereditary succession, till it has reached the third stage of cultivation. There are many spacious stone houses, and highly cultivated farms, in the neighbouring counties to Philadelphia, which are possessed by the grandsons and greatgrandsons of men who accompanied William Penn across the ocean, and who laid the foundation of the present improvements of their posterity, in such cabins as have been described.

"This passion, strange and new as it may appear to an European, is wisely calculated for the extention of popu lation in America; and this it does, not only by promoting the increase of the human species in new settlements, but in the old settlements likewise. While the degrees of industry and knowledge in agriculture, in the United States, are proportioned to farms of from seventy-five to 300 acres, there will be a languor in population, as soon as farmers multiply beyond the number of farms of the above dimensions. To remove this languor, which is kept up alike by the increase of the price, and the division of farms, a migration of part of the community becomes absolutely necessary. And as this part of the community often consists of the idle and extravagant, who eat without working, their removal, by increasing the facility of subsistence to the frugal and industrious who remain behind, naturally increases the number of people; just as the cutting off the suckers of an apple-tree increases the size of the tree and the quantity of fruit.

"I have only to add upon this subject, that the emigrants from Pennsylvania always travel to the southward. The soil and climate of the western parts of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia, afford a more easy support to lazy farmers, than the stubborn bat durable soil of Pennsylvania. Here our ground requires deep and repeated ploughing to render it fruitful; there scratching the earth once or twice affords tolerable crops.In Pennsylvania, the length and coldness of the winter make it necessary for the farmers to bestow a large share of their labour in providing for, and feeding their cattle; but in the southern states, cattle find pasture during the greater part of the winter in the fields or woods. For these reasons, the chief part of the western counties of the states above mentioned are settled by people from Pennsylvania. During the revolutionary war, the militia of Orange county, North Carolina, were inrolled, and their