municate with the ports in the eastern division of Massachusetts. Therefore to attempt a particular detail of the number and value of articles of commerce produced in New Hampshire, and exported from the various parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts, is altogether impracticable.

The manufactures of this state are neither numerous, nor carried on to any great amount; ashes, maple-sugar, bricks, pottery, and iron ware may be reckoned among the principal. As masts and naval timber abound in the country, ship-building is still followed to a considerable extent; both for the merchants service and for government. The fisheries formerly employed a number of hands, but latterly it has greatly decreased; though it is still prosecuted in some parts of the state with tolerable success. Oil is manufactured from the liver of the cod-fish for the use of curriers; oil is also extracted from a large portion of the flax-seed raised by the farmers; the rest is exported. The manufacture of leather and shoes is not so extensive as to produce articles for exportation; but may be considered among the domestic manufactures. In most of the country towns considerable quantities of tow-cloth are made, a part of which is sold for home consumption, and the remainder sent to the southern states to clothe the negroes.

Constitution. The government of New Hampshire is founded upon a bill of rights, declaring that all men are born equally free and independent, and that all government originates with the people; that every man has a right to worship God according to the dictates of his conscience that elections ought to be free, and that every inhabitant of the state, properly qualified, has an equal right to elect, and be elected into office: that there shall be no hereditary rights, and that the press shall be fettered with no restrictions. The exercise of the government is vested in a legislature, consisting of a senate and house of representatives; a governor and council to execute the laws, and a judiciary to promote justice between man and man. The senate consists of thirteen members, chosen annually by the people; and the members must be possessed of a freehold estate of £200 sterling. The representatives are apportioned according to the population; every town which has 150 rateable polls being entitled to one representative; having 450, they are entitled to two.. They are also elected annually, and must be possessed of

a freehold of £100 sterling: the governor is in like manner chosen yearly, and must be possessed of freehold to the amount of £500. Every male inhabitant of twenty-one years of age and upwards, in the district where he resides, may vote at the election of representatives and senators; except paupers, and persons excluded from paying taxes at their own request.

History. By referring to page 12 of this Work, it will be found that the first settlement of New Hampshire by the the English took place in the year 1621; captain John Mason having obtained a grant of certain lands on the sea-coast. The next year, another grant was made to sir F. Georges and Mason jointly, of all the lands between the rivers Merrimack and Sagadahok, extending back to the great lakes of Canada. Under the authority of this grant, in 1623, a settlement was made at Little-harbour, near the mouth of the Piscataqua.

In 1629, some planters from Massachusetts-bay purchas ed from the Indians, for a valuable consideration, a large tract of land between the rivers Piscataqua and Merrimack, drawn at the distance of about thirty miles from the seacoast, and obtained a deed of the same. The same year, Mason procured a new patent of all lands included within lines drawn from the mouths and through the middle of Piscataqua and Merrimack rivers, until sixty miles were completed, and a line crossing over land, connecting those points, together with all islands within five leagues of the coast. This tract of land was called New Hampshire, and comprehended the whole of the above-mentioned Indian purchase.

In 1635, the Plymouth company, from whom Mason and Georges had obtained the grants, resigned their charter to the king; but this resignation did not materially affect the patentees under them, as the several grants to companies and individuals were mostly confirmed, at some subsequent period, by charters from the crown.

In 1640, four distinct governments had been formed on the several branches of Piscataqua. The people under these governments, unprotected by England, in consequence of her own internal distractions, and too much divided in their opinions to form auy general plan of government, thought it is best to solicit the protection of Massachusetts. That goverment readily granted their request; and accordingly, in 1641, the principal settlers of Piscataqua, by a formal instrument, resigned the jurisdie

tion of the whole to Massachusetts, on condition that the inhabitants should enjoy the same liberties with their own people, and have a court of justice erected among them. The property of the whole patent of Portsmouth, and of one-third that of Dover, and of all the improved lands therein, was reserved to the lords and gentlemen proprietors and their heirs for ever. These reservations were acceded to on the part of Massachusetts; and, what is extraordinary, a law of Massachusetts, declaring that none but church members should sit in the general court, was dispensed with in their favour. After this union, they had to struggle with many difficulties; one while involved, together with Massachusetts, in a bloody war with the Indians; and repeatedly disturbed with the warm disputes occasioned by the ineffectual efforts of Mason's heirs to recover the property of their ancestor. These disputes continued until 1679, when Mason's claim, though never established in law, was patronized by the crown, and New Hampshire was erected into a separate government. The first commission issued for the government of it was given to Mr. Cutt, as president of the province, on the 18th of September, 1679.

In the year 1691, Mason's heirs sold their title to their lands in New England to Samuel Allen, of London, for £2,750. This produced new controversies concerning the property of the lands, which embroiled the province for many years. The year following the purchase, colonel Samuel Allen was commissioned governor of New Hampshire; eight years afterwards he went over to America to prosecute his claim, but died before the affair was concluded. About this time, the inhabitants suffered severely from the barbarity of the Indians. Exeter, Dover, and the frontier settlements, were frequently surprised in the night, the houses plundered, and burnt, the men killed and scalped, and the women and children either inhumanely mur dered, or led captives into the wilderness.

In 1737, a controversy, which had long subsisted between the two governments of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, respecting their divisional line, was heard by commissioners appointed by the crown for that purpose. These commissioners determined that the northern boundaries of Massachusetts should be a line three miles north from the river Merrimack, as far as Pantucket falls, then to run west 10° north, until it meets New York line. Although Massachusetts felt aggrieved by this decision, and attempted several ways to obtain redress, the line has never been altered, but is at present the divisional line between

the two states. Douglas mentions" that the governor of Massachusetts, for many years, was also governor of New Hampshire, with a distinct commission." This must have been many years after New Hampshire had been erected into a separate government in 1679. He adds, "that New Hampshire entered a complaint to the king in council against the joint governor, relative to settling the boundaries between the two provinces. This complaint was judged by the king to have been well founded, and therefore a separate governor for New Hampshire was commissioned in 1740." But although this province was under the jurisdiction of the governor of Massachusetts, yet it had a separate legislature. Its inhabitants ever bore a proportionable share of the expenses and levies in all enterprises, expeditions, and military exertions, whether planned by the colony or the crown. In every stage of the opposition that was made to the encroachments of the British parliament, the people, who ever had a high sense of liberty, cheerfully bore their part. At the commencement of hostilities, indeed, while their council was appointed by royal authority, their patriotic ardour was checked by these crown officers; but when freed from this restraint, they flew eagerly to the American standard, when the voice of their country declared for war, and their troops had a large share of the hazard and fatigue, as well as the glory of accomplishing the revolution.

STATE OF VERMONT.

Situation, Boundaries, and Extent.

VERMONT is situated between 40° 42′ and 45° N. lat. and 3° 35′ and 5° 27′ E. long. It is bounded on the north by Lower Canada; east by New Hampshire, from which it is separated by Connecticut river; south by Massachusetts; and west by the state of New York. Its extent from north to south is 152 miles, and its breadth from east to west sixty miles; containing 8,700 square miles, or 5,586,000 acres. No part of this state is nearer than seventy or eighty miles to any part of the ocean.

Lakes and rivers.-Besides lake Champlain, which separates this state from New York on the west, there are three other lakes of minor importance deserving of notice, Lake Memphremagog, forty miles in length and three wide, lies chiefly in Canada, and communicates with the St. Lawrence by the river St. Francis. Willoughby lake, six miles long and one wide, discharges its waters into Memphremagog by the river Barton. This lake furnishes fish resembling bass, of an excellent flavour, weighing from twenty to thirty pounds. They form a delicious feast for the new settlers; and people travel twenty miles to procure a winter's stock of this fish. Bombazine lake is situated in the township of Castleton, Rutland county, and is eight miles long. All the rivers in Vermont rise among the Green Mountains; about thirty-five of them have an easterly direction, and fall into Connecticut river; about twenty-five run westerly into lake Champlain. Two or three running the same course, fall into Hudson's river; and four or five incline northerly, and flow into lake Memphremagog. The most considerable rivers on the west side of the Green Mountains, are Otter creek, Onion river, La Moille, and Michiscoui. On the east side of the mountains the rivers are not so large as those on the west, but they are more numerous. The largest are West river, White river, and Poousoomsuck; the latter, which is 100 yards wide, and noted for the quantity and quality of its salmon, is settled twenty miles up, and waters some of the best townships in the state. Besides these lakes and rivers, there are several other springs, ponds, and collections of water, which are, in general, remarkably clear, and afford abundance of trout, perch, and other fresh water fish.

Mountains, minerals, and curiosities.-This state takes its name from a range of high mountains, which, from being covered with pine, spruce, hemlock, and other evergreens, have obtained the appellation of Ver Mons, (Green Mountain,) hence the name of Vermont. They divide the state nearly in the centre between Connecticut river and lake Champlain; and extending through Massa. chusetts and Connecticut, terminate at New Haven; their whole length being not less than 400 miles. These mountains are generally from fifteen to twenty miles in breadth, and the height of land from twenty to thirty miles distant from the river, and about the same distance from the lake, Kellington Peak, the highest of this range, is about 3,454 feet above the level of the ocean, and is sometimes covered with snow till the beginning of June. The Green Moun