months of June, July, and August, and prove very troublesome both to man and beast. In Gloucester and Cumberland counties are several large tracts of banked meadow; and their vicinity to Philadelphia renders them highly valuable. Along the sea-coast the inhabitants subsist principally by feeding cattle on the salt meadows, and by the fish of various kinds, which the seas and rivers afford in great abundance. They raise Indian corn, rye potatoes, &c. but not for exportation; their swamps afford lumber which is easily conveyed to a good market. In the hilly and mountainous parts of the state, which are not too rocky for cultivation, the soil is of a stronger kind, and covered in its natural state with fine oaks, hickory, chesnut, &c.; and when cultivated produces wheat, rye, Indian corn, buck-wheat, oats, barley, flax, and fruits of all kinds common to the climate. The land in this hilly country is good for grazing, and the farmers feed great numbers of cattle for New York and Philadelphia markets; many of them keep extensive dairies. The orchards are equal to any in the United States, and the cider is perhaps the best in the world; it is pretty certain that it cannot be surpassed in goodness. markets of New York and Philadelphia receive a very considerable proportion of their supplies from the contiguous parts of New Jersey. These supplies consist of vegetables of many kinds, apples, pears, peaches, plums, strawberries, cherries, and other fruits; cider in large quantities, and of the best quality, butter, cheese, beef, pork, mutton, and the lesser meats. The mineral productions of this state are chiefly iron and copper ore. The iron ore is of two kinds, one of which is capable of being manufactured into malleable iron, and is found in mountains and in low barrens; the other, called bog-ore, is dug from rich bottoms, and yields iron of a hard, brittle quality, and is commonly manufactured into hollow ware, and used sometimes instead of stone in building. A number of copper mines have been discovered in different parts of the state; particularly in the neighbourhood of New Brunswick, where one of a very rich quality was found in the year 1751, Repeated attempts have been made to work it; but whether the price of labour be too great for such an undertaking, or the proprietors have not proceeded with judgment, certain it is, that they have always miscarried, and sustained considerable losses thereby though the vein of copper in the mine is said to be much richer than when first opened. A lead mine has been discovered in Hunterdon county, coals in the county of Somerset, and turf near the town of Bethlehem, and also at Springfield, in Burlington county. There are mineral springs in Morris and Hunterdon counties, the latter near the top of a mountain; these waters are greatly resorted to by invalids from every quarter. Civil divisions, towns, population, religion, character, &c.-New Jersey is divided into thirteen counties, and 116 townships, containing, by the last census, 245,562 inhabitants, including 10,851 slaves; being about thirty-six to the square mile. This state would have been much more populous; but since the year 1783 great numbers of the inhabitants have emigrated to the western country. The increase of population will therefore be small so long as these emigrations shall continue; and they will probably continue while there are unsettled lands in the United States, on which emigrants can more easily subsist than in their native state. Counties. Townships. Population. Chief Towns & Population. Bergen... 7.........16,603......Hackensack tp. 1,958 Burlington..12.......24,979...... Burlington tp. 2,419 3,632.....Court House Cape May... 3. Cumberland 8 .12,670...... Bridgetown Trenton, the capital of this state, is situated on the north-east side of the river Delaware, opposite the falls, thirty-one miles from Philadelphia, and sixty from New York. It is a handsome town, standing nearly in the centre of the state from north to south, and at the head of sloop navigation; the river not being navigable above the falls, except for boats carrying from five to 700 bushels of wheat. Here the legislature statedly meets, the supreme court sits, and most of the public offices are kept. This town being a thoroughfare between the eastern parts of the state and Philadelphia, and also between New York and that city, enjoys a considerable inland trade. The streets are very commodious, and the houses neatly built. The public buildings are, the state-house, an episcopal church, a presbyterian church, a quaker, and a methodist meetinghouse. In the neighbourhood of this pleasant town are a number of gentlemen's seats, finely situated on the banks of the river, and ornamented with taste and elegance. Trenton bridge, over the Delaware, is perhaps the most beautiful structure of the kind in the United States. It consists of five arches of 194 feet span each, built of white pine timber, and supported on strong stone piers: the whole length is 970 feet, the breadth thirty-six. The arches are elevated over-head by substantial rafters, and the platform, or carriage-way, is suspended by these arches, and forms a plane the whole length of the bridge. Above the top of the arches the roof is covered in, so as to secure the whole from the weather; and the carriageway is divided into two sections, each of which is appropriated to travellers in one direction. At the entrance, passengers are directed to take the road on the right hand. Brunswick is an incorporated city, on the south-west bank of the Raritan river, in a low situation, and not very handsome; but it seems to be improving. This town was originally settled by Dutch people, who still compose one half of the inhabitants; and have here three Dutch churches: the other public buildings worthy of notice, are the court-house and academy, which last is a very thriving seminary. One of the most elegant and expensive bridges in the United States has been built over the river opposite to this city. The lands in the neighbourhood appear rough and rocky; nevertheless very good crops are raised, particularly of grass, în consequence of applying plaster of Paris as a manure. The inhabitants have a considerable inland trade, and a number of small vessels belong to the port. Newark, the capital of Essex county, is a beautiful town, ten miles from the city of New York, pleasantly situated at a small distance from Passaic river, near its mouth in Newark-bay. It is regularly laid out in broad streets, on a fine plain, and contains a great number of excellent houses. The public buildings are, an episcopal church, two presbyterian churches, one of which is the largest and most elegant building of the kind in the state, a court-house, and an academy. It is a manufacturing town of considerable importance: carriages and chairs are made on a very extensive scale; but the principal manufacture is shoes, of which above 200 pairs are made daily throughout the year. The inhabitants have a pretty extensive inland trade, and a bank to assist their commercial operations. The adjacent country is highly cultivated, and it produces excellent cider; of which large quantities are made here annually. . Burlington city stands on the banks of the Delaware, eighteen miles north-east from Philadelphia, and eleven south-west from Trenton. The main streets are conveniently spacious, and mostly ornamented with rows of trees in the fronts of the houses, which are regularly arranged. The river opposite the town is about a mile wide, and under shelter of two islands, affords a safe and convenient harbour; but, though well situated for trade, Burlington is too near the opulent city of Philadelphia to admit of any considerable increase of foreign commerce. The societies of friends, episcopalians, methodists, and baptists have spacious and neat buildings for public worship; there are also two academies, a free school, a city hall, public library, a jail, a large brewery, and an excellent distillery; if that can be called excellent which produces a poison both of health and morals. Princeton is handsomely situated on elevated ground, partly in Middlesex and partly in Somerset counties, fiftythree miles from New York, and forty from Philadelphia. It contains about 100 houses, a presbyterian church, and a celebrated college, which has produced a great number of eminent scholars. This institution is well endowed, and once possessed a valuable philosophical apparatus and a library; both of which were almost entirely destroyed by the British army during the revolutionary war. Besides the towns already mentioned, there are Elizabethtown, Perth-Amboy, Shrewsbury, Middleton, &c.; none of which merit a particular description. The principal religious denominations in this state are presbyterians and quakers, which are nearly equal in number; the other sects are baptists, episcopalians, Dutch reformed, methodists, and a settlement of Moravians. AIL these live together in peace and harmony, and worship the Almighty agreeably to the dictates of their consciences; they are not compelled to attend or support any worship contrary to their own faith and judgment. All protestant inhabitants of peaceable behaviour, are eligible to the civil offices of the state. Learning has not been attended to in this state according to its importance; for though there are numerous seminaries for the higher branches of education, yet there is a lamentable deficiency of common schools. Besides the college at Princeton, there is another at Brunswick called Queen's college, and academies at Freehold, Trenton, Hackinsack, Orangedale, Elizabethtown, Burlington, and Newark; and grammar schools at Springfield, Morristown, Bordentown, and Amboy. The usual mode of education throughout the country has hitherto been, for the inhabitants of a village or neighbourhood to join in affording a temporary support for a schoolmaster. But the encouragement which these occa sional teachers meet with is generally such, as that no person of abilities adequate to the business will undertake it; and of course little advantage has been derived from these schools: the improvement of the scholars being generally in proportion to the pay of the teacher. The character of the inhabitants is by a concurrence of circumstances, rendered various in different parts of the state. The country in general is settled with frugal and industrious farmers, who, except in the towns, make the greater part of their own clothing. The population is composed of Dutch, Germans, English, Scottish, Irish, and New Englanders, or their descendants. National attachment, and mutual convenience, have for the most part induced these several kinds of people to settle together in a body; and in this way their peculiar national manners, customs, and character, are still preserved; especially among the working classes, who have little intercourse with any but those of their own nation. Religion also, though it never produces any controversies in this free and happy country, yet occasions wide differences as to habits, usages, and even morals. There is likewise another very perceptible difference, which arises from the intercourse of the inhabitants with different states. The people of West Jersey trade to Philadelphia, and of course imitate their fashions, and imbibe their manners. The citizens of East Jersey trade to New York, and regulate their fashions and manners according to those of that great mercantile city: so that the difference in regard to customs and fashions between East and West Jersey is nearly as great as between New York and Philadelphia. It may, however, in truth be said, that the people of New Jersey are generally industrious, frugal, friendly, and hospitable. Trade, manufactures, agriculture, &c.-This state has hardly any foreign commerce, nearly the whole being carried on through the medium of those two great com |