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mercial cities, Philadelphia on the one side, and New York on the other. The principal sea-ports are Amboy and Burlington; but the direct exports amount to only a few thousand dollars annually, as may be seen by referring to page 83. The articles exported are wheat, flour, horses, live cattle, hams, (which are celebrated for their excellence,) lumber, flax seed, leather, iron in great quantities, in pigs and bars; and formerly copper ore was reckoned among their most valuable exports; but the mines have not been worked to any advantage for several years. The imports consist chiefly of dry and West India goods, with teas, &c. from the East Indies; all of which are supplied through the large cities already mentioned.

The manufactures of this state were for many years greatly neglected, and very inconsiderable, before the establishment of the extensive works on the Passaic river in 1791, already described. But the iron manufacture is of all others the greatest source of wealth to the state; and is carried on to a vast extent in Gloucester, Burlington, Morris, Sussex, and other counties. The mountains in the county of Morris give rise to a number of streams, necessary and convenient for these works, and at the same time furnish a copious supply of wood, and ore of a superior quality. In this county alone iron ore might be raised sufficient to supply all the United States; there are now eight or ten rich mines in operation, and to work the ore into iron there are furnaces, rolling and slitting-mills, and many forges, containing from two to four fires each. These works produce annually about 600 tons of bar iron, and 1,000 tons of pigs; besides large quantities of hollow ware, sheet iron, and nail rods. In the whole state it is supposed there is yearly made about 1,500 tons of bar iron, the same quantity of pigs, and 100 tons of nail rods, exclusive of hollow ware, and various other castings, of which vast quantities are produced.

Besides the iron manufacture, there are those of leather, glass, and paper to a considerable amount. In Trenton, Newark, and Elizabethtown, are several very valuable tan-yards, where much leather, and of an excellent quality, is made and exported to the neighbouring markets. Glass is manufactured in Gloucester county; and in several parts of the state paper-mills and nail manufactories are established, and worked to good account. In the western counties, wheat is made into flour, and Indian corn into meal, and both are sold to great advan◄ tage, particularly the former, wheat being the staple com modity of those districts.

The produce of the state is wheat, rye, barley, oats, Indian corn, potatoes, and other vegetables, with a vast quantity of fruit; and butter and cheese to a great amount, for the supply of the New York and Philadelphia markets. But though the bulk of the inhabitants are farmers, yet agriculture has not been improved to that degree, which the fertility of the soil, in many places, seems to encourage. A great proportion of the people are Dutch, who, although they are neat and industrious in the management of their farms, have very little taste for improvements; because through habits, and want of education, they think their old modes of husbandry the best. This has long been the case with the great body of the common people, and has hitherto proved a powerful obstacle to the progress of agriculture; but of late years, the example of the more intelligent occupiers of land have had a most beneficial influence on their less enterprising neighbours, and a spirit of agricultural improvement seems to prevail amongst farmers of every description throughout the state of New Jersey.

Constitution. The government of this state is vested in a governor, legislative council, and general assembly. The governor is chosen annually by the council and assembly jointly. The legislative council is composed of one member from each county, chosen annually by the people; they must be worth £1,000 in real and personal estate within the county, and have been freeholders and inhabitants of the counties they represent for one year. The general assembly is composed of three members from each county, chosen as above: each of them must be worth £500 in real and personal estate within the county, and have been freeholders and inhabitants for a year. All these, on taking their seats in the legislature must swear, "that they will not assent to any law, vote, or proceeding, which shall appear to them injurious to the public welfare of the state, or that shall annul or repeal that part of the constitution which establishes annual elections, nor that part respecting trial by jury, nor that part which secures liberty of conscience." None of the judges, sheriffs, nor any person holding a post of profit under the governor, except justices of the peace, is entitled to a seat in the assembly. All inhabitants of full age, worth £50, who have resided for twelve months in any county before the election, may vote in that county for representatives in both houses of assembly, and for all public officers.

History. The first settlers of New Jersey were a number of Dutch emigrants from New York, who came over bes tween the years 1614 and 1620, and settled in the county of Bergen. The next settlers were a colony of Swedes and Finns, who, in 1627, fixed themselves upon the river Delaware. They afterwards purchased of the natives the land on both sides that river, (then called New Swedeland stream;) and by presents to the Indian chiefs, obtained the territory in a peaceable manner. The Dutch and Swedes, though not in perfect harmony with each other, kept possession of the country for many years. In 1683, the Dutch had a house devoted to religious worship at New+ castle; the Swedes at the same time had six. The present Swedish churches in Philadelphia, and in Gloucester county, New Jersey, are descendants of these first settlers. Charles II. having, in 1634, granted all the territory, named by the Dutch New Netherlands, to his brother the duke of York; in June, 1664, the duke granted that part now called New Jersey to lord Berkley and sir George Carteret, jointly; who, the year following, agreed upon certain concessions with the people for the government of the province, and appointed Philip Carteret, esq. their governor. He purchased considerable tracts of land from the Indians, for trifling considerations, and the settlements increased.

In 1672, the Dutch conquered the country; but it was restored by the peace of Westminster, two years afterwards. In consequence of the conquest made by the Dutch, and to obviate any objections that might be made 'on account of it against the former grant, a new patent was issued to the duke of York for the same country; and, in 1674, the province was divided, and West Jersey granted by the duke to the assigns of lord Berkley, and East Jersey to sir George Carteret.

In 1675, West Jersey, was sold to John Fenwick, in trust for Edward Bylinge; and Fenwick went over with a colony, and settled at Salem, near Delaware river, thirty-five miles from Philadelphia: these were the first English settlers in West Jersey. In 1676, the interest of Bylinge in West Jersey was assigned to William Penn, Gavin Laurie, and Nicholas Lucas, as trustees, for the use of his creditors. Mutual quit claims were executed between sir George Carteret and the trustees of Bylinge; and this partition was confirmed in 1719, by an act of the general assembly of the Jerseys. In 1678, the duke of York made a new grant of West Jersey to the assigns of lord Berkley,

Agreeably to sir George Carteret's will, East Jersey was sold, in 1682, to twelve proprietors, who, by twelve separate deeds, conveyed one half of their interest to twelve other persons, separately, in fee simple: this grant was confirmed to these twenty-four proprietors, by the duke of York, the same year. These shares, by sales of small parts of them, and by these small parts being again divided among the children of successive families, became at last subdivided in such a manner, as that some of the proprietors had only one 40th part of a 48th part of a 24th share! West Jersey was in the same condition These inconveniences, aided by other causes of complaint, which had been increasing for several years, and were fast advancing to a dangerous crisis, disposed the proprietors to surrender the government to the crown, which was accordingly done, and accepted by queen Anne, on the 17th of April, 1702. Till this time the government of New Jersey was proprietary; it now became royal, and so continued till the memorable 4th of July, 1776.

This state was the seat of war for several years during the bloody contest between Great Britain and her American colonies. Her losses both of lives and property, in proportion to the population and wealth of the state, was greater than that of any other of the thirteen states. When general Washington was retreating through the Jerseys, nearly forsaken by all others, her militia were at all times obedient to his orders; and, for a considerable length of time composed the strength of his army. There is hardly a town in the state, that lay in the progress of the British army, that was not rendered signal by some great action or enterprise. At Trenton, on the night of Christmas day, 1776, (see page 158) the British received a check which may be said with justice to have turned the tide of the war; and at Princeton, the seat of the muses, they received another, which, united, obliged them to retire with precipitation, and to take refuge in winter quarters. Indeed, throughout the revolutionary war, the many gallant atchievements performed by the Jersey soldiers, give this state a very high rank in a military point of view, and entitle her to a share of praise that bears no proportion to her size, in establishing the independence of the United States. The militia of New Jersey is still a fine body of troops; and by the returns for the year 1818, amounted to 35,169 effective men.

STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Situation, Boundaries, and Extent.

THIS fine state is situated between 39° 43′ and 42° N. lat. and 2° 20′ E. and 3° 30′ W. long. It is bounded on the north by the state of New York and lake Erie; on the south, by the states of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; east, by New York and New Jersey; and west, by Ohio and Virginia. Its length, from east to west, is 273, and its breadth, from north to south, 153 miles; forming an area of 42,500 square miles, or 27,200,000 acres.

Rivers. This country is remarkably well watered. Lake Erie is situated on the north-west, and Delaware- • bay on the south-east, by both of which there are fine outlets, the one affording direct and speedy communication with the Atlantic ocean, the other communicating with it by the more circuitous course of the river St. Lawrence; while it forms a link in the chain of an inland navigation, extending through the lakes upwards of 1,000 miles.

To the south-west the state communicates with the river Ohio, having by this means an outlet through the Mississippi to the gulf of Mexico, and another passage from its centre through the Susquehannah river to Chesapeak-bay. There are six considerable rivers, which, with their numerous branches, peninsulate the whole state, viz. the Delaware, Schuylkill, Susquehannah, Yohogany, Monongahela, and Allegany.

Delaware river, as has been already noticed, rises in the state of New York, and running a south-west course, enters Pennsylvania in latitude 42°; thence flowing southwardly, it divides that state from New York, until it strikes the north-west corner of New Jersey, in lat. 41° 24'; and thence passes off to the sea through Delaware-bay, In its progress it separates the two latter states upwards of 100 miles to Trenton, where there are falls, but of no great height. From hence it increases in breadth during a course of thirty-six miles to Philadelphia, where it is nearly a mile broad. As it proceeds downwards it gradually widens, and at Newcastle, forty miles below Philadelphia, it exceeds two miles in width. It is navigable for a 74-gun ship as far up as Philadelphia; for sloops and other small craft to Trenton-falls, and above them for

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