without cutting down standing timber. Wheat harvest ends in July, except it be some very late sown pieces; and it is very common for people to sow it in the beginning of December. There are no marshes or stagnant waters, and the country is elevated and healthful.

The produce of this state, by culture, consists of wheat, which is the principal grain, of very general cultivation; rye, Indian corn, buck wheat, oats, barley, in great abundance, hemp, flax, and vegetables of all the different kinds common to the climate. The various sorts of fruit are produced in vast quantities; apples and peaches are peculiarly excellent, and some progress has been lately made in cultivating the vine, from which good wine has been made. Pennsylvania is a fine grazing country, and great numbers of cattle are fed, and large dairies kept; but their beef, pork, and cheese, are said to be inferior to Connecticut and the other eastern states: their butter is superior. The mountainous district is pretty much applied to raising of stock; and the breed of horses is supposed to be superior to any in the Union. They form a medium between the English saddle and heavy cart horses, and are well adapted for most purposes. Sheep have of late years greatly increased, and thrive remarkably well.

The natural growth of this state includes the greater part of the kinds of trees, shrubs, and plants that grow within the United States. Oaks, of several species, form the bulk of the woods; but hickory, walnut, and sugarmaple are very plentiful. Great bodies of the latter tree are to be found in different districts, particularly in the counties of Northampton, Luzerne, Northumberland, and Washington, which afford a well-tasted and wholesome sugar, to considerable advantage: they grow from fifty to sixty feet high, and yield abundance of sap. Cumberland and Franklin valley is timbered principally with locust, black walnut, hickory, and white oak: the mountainous parts are covered with pines, chesnuts, &c. Sassafras, mulberry, tulip tree, and cedar, are common and grow to perfection. It would be endless to describe the beautiful flowering shrubs, and useful as well as ornamental plants which grow in profusion throughout this state.

The principal mineral production is iron ore, which abounds in many parts of the state. Bar iron sells for about £27 sterling per ton. Copper, lead, and alum appear in some places, but not to any great amount; though there is a copper and zinc mine now worked about twenty. miles from Philadelphia. Limestone is very common, as also marble of several sorts; particularly a coarse gray

kind, used for chimney-pieces, steps, &c. which sells for one dollar the cubic foot. In the middle and western districts coal is plentiful; at the head of the western branch of the Susquehannah is a very extensive bed, which stretches over the country as far as Pittsburgh, where it is found in the greatest abundance. There are also considerable bodies of this mineral on the head-waters of the Schuylkill and Lehigh; and at Wyoming, about 120 miles north-west of Philadelphia, there is a mine of the open burning kind, which gives an intense heat. Most part of the coal hitherto discovered has been accidentally found on the surface of the earth, or in the digging of common cellars; so that when wood fuel becomes scarce and dear, which is already the case in some places, and the proper methods of boring shall be adopted, there can be no doubt of coal being found in many other places.

Of the wild animals in the districts newly settled, or now settling, the most useful are deer, in great numbers, beavers, otters, racoons, and martens. Buffaloes seldom pass to the eastward of the Ohio, and elks rarely advance from the north. Panthers, wild cats, bears, foxes, and wolves, are not scarce, in some places too plentiful; the Jast do most mischief, particularly in the winter; but the fur and skins of them all are valuable. In the thick settlements, rabbits and squirrels are numerous, also minks and musk-rats in marshes; partridges are plentiful, as are wild turkeys in the western counties; pheasants and grouse are scarce; pigeons, ducks, and wild geese are found in plenty in their proper seasons. Here are a great variety of singing birds; as many migrate into this state from the north and south, at certain times of the year. Trouts are very common in the rivulets, in length seldom above a foot. In the rivers in the eastern parts of the state, the principal fish are rock and sheep's head, with shad and herring; which, in the spring come up from the sea in great shoals.

Civil divisions, towns, population, religion, character, &c.-Pennsylvania is divided into fifty counties, which are subdivided into 651 townships, containing, by the last general census, 810,091 inhabitants; but by the state enumeration of 1817, the population amounted to 986,494; being about twenty-three persons to each square mile. The following table contains the names of the counties, with their principal towns and the number of their inhabitants, according to the census.

Luzerne.. 29. . 18,109 ... Wilkesbarre, 1,225

Lycoming. 18.. 11,006

• Laid out since last census.

+ The present population is estimated at 120,000.

The city of Philadelphia is situated on an extensive plain between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, about four miles above their junction, and 120 from the sea. It was founded in 1683 by the celebrated William Penn, and first settled by a colony from England; which increased so rapidly, that in less than a century the city and suburbs were computed to contain 6,000 houses, and 40,000 inhabitants. It is laid out on a very elegant plan, with streets crossing each other at right angles, and extends between the two rivers, being upwards of two miles in length from east to west, and little more than one mile in breadth. There are large suburbs to the north and south, on the Delaware river, called the Northern Liberties, Kingston, and Southwark; and these extend upwards of a mile to the north, and half a mile to the south of the city, making the extreme length on the Delaware nearly three miles; but to the westward the city is closely built only about a mile, the building on the remaining part, towards the Schuylkill, being thinly scattered: it is, however, rapidly filling up in that direction. High, or Market-street, is 100 feet wide, and running the whole length of the city, is terminated by Schuylkill bridge, a very elegant structure of three arches, built of wood, supported by strong stone piers, and covered in on the top. The length of the bridge is 550 feet, besides the abutments and wing walls, which are 750 more. The span of the middle arch is 198 feet, and that of the other two 150 each. It is forty-two feet wide; the carriage-way, which is divided into two parts, being thirty-two feet, and the foot-way on each side five feet each. This fine bridge, which was six years in building, was lately finished, at the expense of 235,000 dollars. A street, 113 feet wide, called Broadstreet, crosses Market-street in the middle, where there is

• Laid out since last census.

a large area named the Centre-square, on which the waterworks are built.

The streets running parallel to High-street, take their names after various trees, said to have been found on the ground on which they are laid out. To the north are Mulberry, Sassafras, and Vine; to the south, Chesnut, Walnut, Locust, Spruce, Pine, and Cedar-streets. The cross streets are numbered according to situation from the rivers; thus, Front, Second, Third, and so on to Thirteenth-street on the Delaware side; and from Front to Eighth-street on the Schuylkill side: Mulberry-street is sixty feet wide, and all the rest are fifty. Many of the streets are planted on each side with Italian poplars of a most beautiful growth, which have an appearance truly elegant and rural; and the effect is greatly increased by a handsome and cleanly pavement of red brick before the houses, for foot passengers, which is regularly washed every morning. Pumps erected on both sides, about fifty yards distant from each other, afford an abundant supply of water; upon the top of each is a brilliant lamp.

It was the intention of the benevolent projector of Philadelphia, that Front-street on the Delaware should have been the eastern boundary, and the space between that and the river converted into public ground, useful and ornamental to the city; but this elegant plan has been forced to give way to commercial avarice and the greediness for gain, (as in most of the maritime towns in England,) and this spot is now thickly built up with wharfs, warehouses, &c. forming Water-street, which is no more. than thirty feet wide, and is the only crooked and dirty street in the city. It was here that the malignant yellow fever broke out in the year 1793, which made such terrible ravages; and, until very lately, in the summer season, this street has been found to be extremely unhealthy. In the original plan also there were a great number of public squares; but several of them have been infringed upon, for the causes already given; though there are still many left, which are very ornamental to the city. The houses are almost wholly built of brick, covered with slate or shingles; and they are generally ornamented with marble steps, and with soles and lintels for the doors and windows, which form an elegant contrast with the brick, and add. much to the beauty of the buildings. Some of the public edifices are entirely composed of marble, and others much ornamented with it, which gives this fine city a maguificent appearance.

The public buildings are so very numerous, that the