become general to have respectable seminaries in the state. The South Carolina college at Columbia, already noticed, is very liberally endowed; and there are several other colleges and academies throughout the state, particularly at Beaufort, Winnsborough, Cambridge, and Charleston. The towns are pretty well supplied with common schools, but they are defective in the country; and this branch of education being the basis of the morality of the state, deserves, and will no doubt receive, the early attention of the legislature.

Trade, manufactures, &c.-The foreign trade of South Carolina is with Europe and the West Indies. To these countries are exported rice, indigo, cotton, tobacco, tar, pitch, turpentine, timber, skins, Indian corn, leather, &c. The imports chiefly consist of British manufactures, wines, spirits, groceries, salt, cordage, mahogany, &c. The exports, in 1791, amounted to 2,693,267 dollars; in 1796, to 7,620,049; in 1799, to 8,729,015; in 1805, to 9,060,625; and in 1817, to 10,372,613 dollars, of which 9,944,343 was domestic produce. The little attention that has hitherto been paid to manufactures, occasions a vast consumption of foreign imported articles; but the quantity and quality of the article exported generally leave a balance in favour of the state. Charleston is by far the most considerable city on the sea-coast for an extent of 600 miles. The average annual amount of exported native commodities from this port alone, is not less than 4,000,000 dollars. Besides supplying nearly all the inhabitants of South Carolina with imported goods, it is also the great emporium for most of the people of North Carolina and Georgia. The harbour continues open all the winter, and its contiguity to the West India islands gives the merchants superior advantages for carrying on a peculiarly lucrative

commerce.

The manufactures of this state are mostly of the domestic kind, for family use. In the middle, and especially in the upper country, the inhabitants manufacture their own cotton and woollen cloths, and most of their husbandry tools; but in the lower districts, for these articles, the people depend almost entirely upon their merchants. In the interior parts of the state, cotton, flax, and hemp, are in great abundance, with a large stock of good sheep, and great improvements have been made in family manufactures: the women perform the weaving, and leave the men to attend to agriculture. There are several consider

able iron works in this state, particularly in York county, near Catabaw river, where within two miles of the furnace an inexhaustible quantity of excellent ore may be found. The manufacture of indigo is also arrived at tolerable perfection, and bids fair to rival that of France, or even Spain. The forests furnish timber of the very best kind for ship-building; the live oak, and the pitch and yellow pines being of a superior quality. But it must be acknowledged, that manufactures of all kinds in South Carolina are still in a state of infancy.

Constitution.-The civil government is, like that of the other states, legislative, executive, and judiciary. The legislative power is vested in a general assembly, consist ing of a senate and house of representatives. The senators are chosen for four years, and one half vacate their seats every two years. They must be thirty-five years of age, and possessed of a freehold estate of the value of £300 sterling, clear of debt. Every free white man of the age of twenty-one years, being a citizen of the state, and having resided therein two years previous to the election, votes for the members of both branches of the legislature, in the place where he resides, or where he has his freehold. The representatives must be twenty-one years of age, and be possessed of a freehold estate of £150, clear of debt. The executive government is vested in a governor, chosen for two years, by the legislature; and the qualifications to fill that office are, that he be thirty years of age, and be possessed of £1,500 sterling. The judges of the superior courts, commissioners of the treasury, secretary of state, and surveyor general, are all elected by the legislature. The liberty of the press is for ever to be preserved invíolate. All religious societies, who acknowledge that there is one God, a future state of rewards and punishments, and that God is to be publicly worshipped, are freely tolerated. Ministers of the gospel are ineligible to any of the civil offices of the state. The laws of this state have nothing in them of a particular nature, excepting what arises from the permission of slavery. The evidence of a slave cannot be taken against a white man; and the master who kills his slave is not punishable, otherwise than by a pecuniary fine, and twelve months imprisonment.

History. An account of the first British settlement in Carolina has been already given, page 13; but nothing was effectually done towards the final establishment of the colony before the year 1669. At this time the proprietors,

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in virtue of their powers, engaged the famous Mr. Locke to frame for them a constitution and body of laws. The constitution, consisting of 120 articles, was aristocratical, and though ingenious in theory, could never be successfully reduced to practice. Three classes of nobility were to be established, viz. barons, cassiques, and landgraves. The first to possess twelve, the second twenty-four, the third forty-eight thousand acres of land, which was to be unalienable.

In 1669, William Sayle being appointed first governor of this country, embarked with a colony, and settled on the neck of land where Charleston now stands. During the continuance of the proprietary government, a period of fifty years, reckoning from 1669 to 1719, the colony was involved in perpetual quarrels. Oftentimes they were harassed by the Indians, sometimes infested with pirates, frequently invaded by the French and Spanish fleets, constantly uneasy under their injudicious government, and quarrelling with their governors. But their most bitter dissentions were respecting religion. The episcopalians, being more numerous than the dissenters, attempted to exclude the latter from a seat in the legislature. These attempts were so far successful, as that the church of England, by a majority of votes, was established by law. This illiberal act threw the colony into the utmost confusion, and was followed by a train of evil consequences, which proved to be the principal cause of the revolution. Notwithstanding the act establishing the church of England was repealed, tranquillity was not restored to the colony. A change of government was generally desired by the colonists. They found they were not sufficiently protected by their proprietary constitution, and effected a revolution about the year 1719, and the government became regal. In 1728, the proprietors accepted £22,500 sterling from the crown, for the property and jurisdiction, except lord Granville, who reserved his eighth of the property, which has never yet been formally given up. At this time the constitution was new modelled, and the territory, limited by the original charter, was divided into North and South Carolinas. From this period the colony began to flourish. It was protected by a government, formed on the plan of the English constitution. Under the fostering care of the mother country, its growth was astonishingly rapid. Between the years 1763 and 1775, the number of inhabitants was more than doubled. No one indulged a wish for a change in their political constitution, till the memorable stamp act, passed in 1765;

from which time till 1775, various attempts were made by Great Britain to tax her colonies without their consent. These attempts were invariably opposed. The congress, who met at Philadelphia this year, unanimously approved the opposition, and on the 19th of April war commenced. During the vigorous contest for independence, this state was a great sufferer. For three years it was the seat of the war. It feels and laments the loss of many of its noble citizens. Since the peace it has been emerging from that melancholy confusion and poverty in which it was generally involved by the devastations of a relentless enemy. The inhabitants are fast multiplying by emigra tions from the other states, the agricultural interests of the state are reviving, commerce is flourishing, economy is becoming more fashionable, and science begins to spread her salutary influences among the citizens. South Carolina, from her natural commercial and agricultural advantages, and the abilities of her leading characters, promises to become one of the richest states in the Union.

The damages which this state sustained in the revolutionary war, are thus estimated: the two entire crops of 1780 and 1781, both of which were used by the British, The crop of 1782 taken by the Americans, about 25,000 negroes, many thousand pounds worth of plate, and household furniture in abundance, the villages of Georgetown and Camden burnt, the loss to the citizens directly by the plunderings and devastations of the British army, and indirectly by American impressments, and by the depreciation of the paper currency, together with the heavy debt of £1,200,000 sterling, incurred for the support of the war, in one aggregate view, make the price of independence to South Carolina, exclusive of the blood of its citizens, upwards of £3,000,000 sterling.

STATE OF GEORGIA.

Situation, Boundaries, and Extent.

THIS state is situated between 30° 30′ and 35° N. lat. and 3° 50′ and 9° 5' W. long. It is bounded on the north by North Carolina and Tennessee; north-east, by South Carolina; south, by Florida; east, by the Atlantic ocean; and west, by West Florida and the Alabama territory. Its

length from north to south is 300 miles, and its breadth from east to west 240 miles; forming an area of about 58,000 square miles, or 37,120,000 acres.

Rivers, mountains, and general aspect of the country.-Georgia is remarkably well supplied with rivers and small streams. The Savannah river is one of the most important in America, and has been already noticed as forming a part of the divisional line which separates this state from South Carolina. Its head waters consist of two small rivers, the Tugulo and Keowee, which rise near the mountains, and form a junction about 220 miles from the sea; from thence it runs a south-east course, and falls into the Atlantic ocean seventeen miles below the town of Savannah, to which place it is navigable for ships of 250 tons burden, and for boats of 150 feet keel to Augusta, 123 miles distant (by land.) After a fall just above this town, it can be navigated eighty miles higher, in small boats, to the mouth of Tugulo river. The flood was so great in Savannah river in February, 1796, that the water rose thirty-five feet above its ordinary level, and above nine feet higher than ever was known before: in Augusta the streets were plied by boats which could carry fifteen tons. It may be remarked, that through the medium of this fine river a considerable part of the produce of South Carolina is carried to Savannah market.

The Altamaha, about sixty miles south of Savannah river, is formed by the junction of the Okonee and Okemulgee branches, the former of which rises near the mountains, about 300 miles from Savannah, and running a south-east course, is joined by the Apalachy and afterwards by a great number of tributary streams, till it forms a junction with the Okemulgee, 100 miles from the ocean. From thence the Altamaha runs east-south-east, and falls into the Atlantic below the town of Darien, to which it is navigable for large vessels. The Okemulgee is a large river, rising near the Apalachy, from whence to its confluence with the Okonee it runs upwards of 200 miles. The little Ogeeche is a considerable river, and falls into the Altamaha, from the northward, after this junction.

The Chatahouchy is a very large river, and forms the western boundary of Georgia from the Florida line, 125 miles up the country. It rises at the foot of the mountains, near the head of Savannah river, and runs southwardly above 200 miles, to where it forms the state line. From thence it pursues a course a little east of south, to Florida river, where it forms a junction with Flint river,