affords good well water at the depth of forty feet. It has several fine brick houses, a court-house, jail, market-house, and an academy, endowed by the legislature of Kentucky with 6,000 acres of land. The United States have erected an arsenal immediately above the confluence of the Licking with the Ohio; and made this place a point of debarkation for such troops as are sent down the river.

Covington, a new town finely situated on the bank of the Ohio, immediately below Newport on the opposite side of Licking; the plain on which it stands is extensive, and similar in soil and elevation to the site of Newport, to which it is to be connected by a bridge across the Licking. The great road to the Miami and Whitewater settlements from the interior of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and the Carolinas, passes through this place. Newport and Covington will enjoy a large share of the interior trade of Kentucky; as Licking river, in high water, is navigable for more than 100 miles, for boats carrying 200 barrels of flour. Campbell county is generally hilly, being broken by Licking river, and several creeks; the soil, however, is good and the growth of timber very heavy. There are large tracts of land to be sold on reasonable terms, which are well watered, and in a healthy part of the state.

Port William, the chief town of Gallatin county, stands on the right shore of the river Kentucky. It contains about fifty houses, many of which are of brick; and is plea santly situated at the mouth of a navigable river, the outlet of a fine country.

Newcastle, the seat of justice for Henry county, is sitoated in a populous district, eighteen miles nearly south of Westport. It contains about seventy houses, principally of hewn logs. The court-house is a large and convenient brick building, two stories high, and about forty feet square.

Westport, is situated in Henry county, on a high bluff, near the bank of the Ohio, forty-eight miles below the mouth of Kentucky river, and seventeen above Louisville. The soil of Henry county is favourable to the growth of Indian corn, rye, oats, wheat, tobacco, hemp, sweet, and Irish potatoes. Each family may easily raise cotton enough for its own use. The hills afford a plentiful supply of oak timber suitable for ship building, and the county is rich in fossil productions. There is a salt lick on Drennon's creek, twenty-five miles from the Ohio, at which salt has occasionally been made. Lead ore is found near the lick; and about three miles higher up the creek is a medicinal spring, which is much frequented by the inha

bitants in summer. said to possess a superior flavour, owing chiefly, it is supposed, to the many sulphureous licks on almost every water-course. The tobacco crop for exportation in favourable seasons, has exceeded 300 hogsheads.

The grass-fed beef of this county is

Shippingport is situated at the foot of the rapids, and about two miles below the mouth of Beargrass. Boats, which pass the rapids through the Kentucky channel generally stop here. A little above the harbour is a mill turned by the Ohio, by means of a race.

Russelville, the chief town of Logan county, is nearly equidistant from Green and Cumberland rivers, or thirtyfive miles from both. This town contains upwards of 150 houses; it has a court-house, college, a branch of the Kentucky bank, meeting-house, two printing-presses, &c. It is 180 miles south-west of Frankfort, and 155 from Louisville. Logan county has a great number of grist and saw mills and fine sites for the erection of water-works. There are several salt licks in the vicinity of Russelville. To the north of this town the land is covered with a very heavy timber; to the south, barrens or open prairie country this strip is about fifteen miles wide and extends from east to west ninety miles. The prairies are rich, finely watered, and adorned with islets or intersected by groves of timber sufficient to maintain an immense population. A vineyard has been planted two miles from Russelville, by a society organized for the purpose. Cotton is raised for exportation, and wheat for domestic use.

Bairdstown, the capital of Nelson county, is situated on the east side of Beech fork, one of the principal branches of Salt river. It contains nearly 200 houses, a stone courthouse, and jail, church, market-house, &c. It is thirtyfive miles south of Frankfort.

Henderson, the capital of Henderson county, stands on the red bank of the Ohio, seventy-five miles below Louisville. The houses are principally built of logs, and its appearance is dull, but it enjoys a considerable share of the Orleans trade; 500 hogsheads of tobacco have been shipped at this place in a single year. The staple commodity of Henderson county is tobacco; but cotton is raised in considerable quantities.

Vangeville, a log city at the mouth of Salt-lick creek, thirty-six miles above Maysville, has fifteen or twenty old log-houses, situated near the margin of the Ohio, on low ground, subject to frequent inundation. The inhabitants are employed in making salt, and have had 200 kettles in operation.

Maysville, or Limestone, stands on the bank of the Ohio, just below Limestone creek, 500 miles from Pittsburgh, and sixty-six above Cincinnati. Its site though pleasant is confined, as the bottom on which it stands is not more than fifty rods wide, and the hills in its rear rise abruptly. It contains about 400 houses; and has a glass factory and a printing-office. It is a brisk place, being the principal river port for the north-east half of the state, as Louisville is for the south-west, Boats and waggons are continally arriving and departing; and great numbers of emigrants cross at this place for Ohio and Indiana. The taverns are well kept, and charges reasonable. The great road from Lexington to Chilicothe crosses the Ohio at Maysville. This town is sixty-seven miles from Lexing ton; ninety-two from Frankfort; and 143 from Louisville.

Washington is situated in a rich settlement, about three miles south-west of Maysville. It has three parallel streets, but the buildings are not thick; many of them, however, are large and handsome. There is a brick jail, a stone church for Scotch presbyterians, and a baptist meetinghouse; an academy, post-office, printing-office, five taverns, and several stores.

Ancient fortifications and mounds are to be found in almost every county of Kentucky. Several hundred mummies have been discovered near Lexington in a cave, but which have been despoiled by the first settlers. Natural curiosities are numerous, they consist of caves, sinks, and precipices. Many of the caves are a source of never ending wealth to their owners. The earth which they contain is so strongly impregnated with nitre that the inhabitants often obtain from 100lbs. of it, fifty lbs. of saltpetre; and if returned to the caves after leaching, it will in a few years regain its original strength. The richest counties in this article of commerce are Barren, Rockcastle, Montgomery, Knox, Estle, Warren, Cumberland, and Wayne. The precipices formed by the river Kentucky are in many places awfully sublime, presenting perpendicular banks of 300 feet, solid limestone, surmounted with a steep and difficult ascent four times as high. The banks of Cumberland river are less precipitous, but its bed is equally depressed below the surface of the surrounding country. The descent from the hills to the bottoms is abrupt, and the traveller sees with wonder alternate strata of limestone rock and earth, both from one to ten feet thick.

The trees of this state are various, and some of which are of a very enormous size; the black oak, and honey

locust denote the richest lands: they grow thirty feet in height. The white and yellow poplar, and cucumber tree, frequently measure in circumference twenty feet.

The horse appears to be the favourite animal of the Kentuckians, by whom he is pampered with unceasing attention. Cattle are raised in great numbers in every part of the state. A large sized ox can be purchased for £5 10s. and a cow from 45s. to 54s. Sheep have multiplied greatly since the introduction of the merino, in 1810. Hogs are raised with great ease, and in vast numbers, on the oak and chesnut lands in the southern counties. The price of pork is from 13s. 6d. to 188. per cwt. Domestic fowls are multiplied to any number, and with a trifling expense. The quail is the most common of the feathered tribe. Wild turkeys are numerous in the unsettled parts. Bears, deer, wolves, and foxes are numerous in the eastern and southern counties. Rabbits and gray squirrel are also very plentiful.

The improvements in this state bear testimony to the industry of the inhabitants, and to the value of the institutions under which they live. In 1769 the first white men, of whom we have a well authenticated account, traversed this country, and in 1773, the first attempt was made at a settlement. If any part of the inhabited earth could be said to have been peopled in "tears and blood," that was, emphatically, Kentucky. Invited by the excellence of the soil and beauty of the country, the whites persisted in removing into it: stimulated by the dread of encroachment, and determined on preserving their best hunting grounds, the Indians defended their residence with desperation. But the discipline and numbers of the former prevailed; and after many years of bloody war, the natives abandoned the contest, and surrendered Kentucky to their opponents. Eleven years after the first effectual settlement, this state was separated from Virginia, and in 1790 contained 73,677 persons; in 1800, 220,959; and in 1810 had increased to 406,511, having nearly doubled the population in ten years. The number of men enrolled in the militia amounts to 52,745; and by the last general census, the slaves amounted to upwards of 80,000.

The soil throughout Kentucky has all the gradations from the very best to the very worst; but there is upon the whole a great proportion of it excellent. Wheat, rye, oats, barley, and buck-wheat, are cultivated; but Indian corn is the principal grain reared for home consumption. Hemp and flax succeed in many parts ex

tremely well; indeed, hemp, wheat, and tobacco are the principal staples. The Irish potato grows abundantly, as does a great variety of garden vegetables.

The climate is healthy and delightful, some few places in the neighbourhood of ponds and low grounds excepted. The inhabitants never experience the extremes of heat and cold, and the snow seldom falls deep, or lies long. The winter, which begins about Christmas, does not continue longer than three months, commonly but two, and is so mild that cattle can subsist without fodder. The approach of the seasons is gradual; and the summer continues mostly to the middle of October. The autumn or mild weather generally continues until Christmas, then there is some cold and frost till February, when the spring commences; and by the beginning of March, several trees and shrubs begin to shoot forth their buds. By the middle of April the foilage of the forests is completely expanded; which is a fortnight earlier than Virginia and Maryland; and such is the variety and beauty of the flowering-shrubs and plants which grow spontaneously in this fine country, that in the proper season the very wilderness appears in blossom.

The minerals of Kentucky are iron, copper, lead, copperas, alum, and salt. Several iron works are in operation, where castings are made; bar iron is mostly imported from Pennsylvania. Marble is found in the state, but is not in plenty; there is coal in some places, and limestone is a most plentiful commodity.

Kentucky has, from its position, become a manufacturing state. By a return made to the secretary of state, it appears that in one year the amount of manufactured articles exceeded 6,000,000 of dollars. Of this aggregate the looms produced 2,657,081 dollars, the salt-works, 325,870 dollars, rope-walks 393,400 dollars, maple-sugar 308,932 dollars; the balance was made up by the tanneries, distilleries, paper-mills, hemp, &c. Steam-boat navigation will aid the commercial and manufacturing interests of Kentucky, to an extent beyond our means to calculate.

A project of a canal to pass the rapids of the Ohio at Louisville has been long in agitation, and must eventually, and at no distant time, be completed. The fall is twenty-two feet and a half in a little more than two miles. When a good canal is formed at this place, it will remove the only existing impediment to navigation from the sources of the Allegany and Monongahela to the gulf of Mexico.