of congress. There is also a constant migration thither of needy and desperate talent from Europe, which helps to swell the amount of American ingenuity and invention; and the European discoveries in art and science generally reach the United States a few months after they first see the light in their own country, and soon become united with those made by the Americans themselves..

What the present annual value of manufactures in the republic is, has not been ascertained; but, before the peace of 1815 had reduced their monopoly price, and diminished the number of manufacturing establishments, their yearly value was estimated thus:

Of this amount nearly the whole is consumed at home, as appears from the following table of exports:

The manufactures from foreign materials are, spirits from molasses, refined sugar, chocolate, gunpowder, brass and copper, and medicines. The manufacture of wool is extending rapidly in the United States. The Merino breed thrives well in America, and their number is augmenting fast throughout the Union. The whole number of sheep already reaches nearly 20,000,000, and is continually increasing. The British isles maintain about 30,000,000 of sheep; only one-third more than the American sheep, of all kinds, taken together; and the United States can easily support twenty times their present number. By evidence before the house of commons in 1808, it appeared that in the year 1807, and previous to that period, America purchased one half of all the woollen goods manufactured in Yorkshire, from the coarsest to the finest article; at present she does not import the one-tenth part of the woollens made in that county.

In the articles of iron and hemp, and more especially the latter, the United States probably will soon be independent of Russia and the rest of the world. The culture of hemp succeeds well in many parts of the Union, particularly in Kentucky, which in one year produced upwards of 120,000 cwt. valued at 700,000 dollars, and made also, in the same year, 40,000 cwt. of cordage, valued at 400,000 dollars, making 1,100,000 dollars for these two articles.

The manufacture of cotton increases rapidly, and, as well as wool and flax, is manufactured in establishments and in families. The first American cotton mill was erected in the state of Rhode Island, in the year 1791, another in the same state in 1795, and two more in the state of Massachusetts, in the years 1803 and 1804. During the three succeeding years, ten more were erected in Rhode Island, and one in Connecticut, making altogether fifteen mills erected before the year 1808, working at that time about 8000 spindles, and producing about 300,000lbs. of yarn a year. In the commencement of 1811, the number of mills amounted to eighty-seven, working 80,000 spindles; and in the year 1818 there were 400 water and horse mills, working 120,000 spindle. The capital required to carry on the manufacture on the best terms, is estimated at the rate of 100 dollars per spindle; but it is believed, that no more than at the rate of sixty dollars is generally employed. Each spindle produces annually about thirty-six pounds of yarn from forty-five pounds of cotton; and the value of the yarn may be averaged as worth one dollar and twelve cents per lb. Eight hundred spindles employ forty persons, viz. five men and thirty-five women and children.

But by far the greater part of the goods made of cotton, wool, and flax, are manufactured in private families, mostly for their own use, and partly for sale. They consist principally of coarse cloth, flannel, cotton stuffs, and stripes of every description, linen, and mixtures of wool, with flax and cotton. It is calculated that at least twothirds of the clothing, and house and table linen of the inhabitants of the United States, who do not reside in seaports, is made in this way.

In the eastern and middle states, carding machines, worked by water, are every where established, and they are rapidly extending southwardly and westwardly. Jennies, other family spinning machines, and flying shuttles, are also introduced in many places; and no less than 2000 fulling mills are in full occupation. The number of looms exceeds 400,000; and the number of yards of cloth made from wool, flax, and cotton, is about 100,000,000. There are 300 gunpowder mills, the encouragement given by the government to its manufacture, has rendered it an article of extensive importance.

The manufactures of wood are cabinet wares, household furniture, carriages of every kind, ship-building, and pot and pearl ashes. Those of leather are boots, shoes, harness, and saddles. Soap and tallow candles are manufactured both in establishments and in families, Iron abounds in the United States: 50,000 tons of bar iron are consumed annually, of which 40,000 are manufactured at home, and 10,000 imported. Sheet, slit, and hoop iron are almost wholly of home manufacture; as are cut nails, 300 tons of which are annually exported. Cutlery, and the finer specimens of hardware and steel work, are still imported from Britain. Of the copper and brass manufactured, the zinc is chiefly, and the copper wholly, imported. Plated work is made in large quantities in Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Baltimore, and Charleston. The manufactures of gunpowder, coarse earthenware, window glass, glass bottles, and decanters, nearly supply the home market. About 1,000,000 bushels of salt are made annually, and three times that quantity imported. White crockery ware is made in Philadelphia of as good quality as any in England. Saltpetre is manufactured largely in Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Massachusetts. Sugar from the maple-tree is made in Ohio, Kentucky, Vermont, and Tennessee, to the amount of 10,000,000 of pounds annual, ly. Twenty-five millions of gallons of ardent spirits are distilled and consumed yearly in the United States.

The following is a brief summary of the particular ma

nufactures carried on in the different states of the Union, which will be described more in detail under the head of each state respectively.

In the state of Vermont the chief manufactures are of . iron, lead, pipe-clay, marble, distilleries, maple-sugar, flour, and wool.-In Massachusetts, the principal manufactures are duck, cotton, woollen, cut nails, (by a machine capable of cutting 200,000 in a day,) paper, cotton, and wool cards, playing cards, shoes, silk and thread lace, wire, snuff, oil, chocolate, and powder-mills, iron works, and slitting-mills, and mills for sawing lumber, grinding grain, and fulling cloth, distilleries, and glass works. In Rhode Island are manufactured cotton, linen, and tow cloth, iron, spirits, wool and cotton cards, paper, spermaceti, sugar, machines for cutting screws, and furnaces for casting hollow ware.-In Connecticut are manufactured silk, wool, card-teeth, (bent and cut by a machine to the number of 86,000 in an hour,) linen, buttons, cotton, glass, snuff, powder, iron, paper, oil, and very superior fire-arms.-In New York are manufactured wheel carriages of all kinds; the common manufactures are, refined sugar, potter's ware, umbrellas, musical instruments, glass, iron, and steam-boats.-In New Jersey are numerous tanneries, leather manufactories, iron works, powder-mills, cotton, paper, copper, and lead mines, stone and slate quarries. In Pennsylvania there are valuable colleries, distilleries, rope-walks, sugar-houses, hair-powder works, iron founderies, shot manufactories, steam engines, mill machinery, the pneumatic cock for tapping air-tight casks, hydrostatic blow-pipe, carpet manufactories, type founderies, and improved printing.-In Delaware there are cotton, bolting-cloth, and powder manufactories, fulling, snuff, slitting, paper, grain, and saw-mills.-In Maryland are iron works, colleries, grist-mills, glass works, stills, and paper-mills.-In Virginia there are lead mines, which yield abundantly, iron mines, copper mines, vast colleries, and marble quarries. In Kentucky are manufactured cotton, wire, paper, oil, bagging, wool; their are also fullingmills and colleries,-In Ohio, ship-building is carried on to: a great extent; indeed, in this branch of manufactures the Americans excel: flour is also made in great quantities. -In North Carolina the pitch-pine affords excellent pitch, tar, turpentine, and lumber; there are also iron works and a gold mine, which has furnished the mint of the United States with a considerable quantity of virgin gold.

In South Carolina there are gold, silver, lead, blacklead, copper, and iron mines; as also pellucid stones of

different hues, coarse cornelian, variegated marble, nitrous stone and sand, red and yellow ochres, potter's clay, fuller's earth, and a number of die-stuffs, chalk, crude alum, sulphur, nitre, and vitriol.-In Georgia, the manufactures are indigo, silk, and sago.-In Louisiana are manufactured cotton, wool, cordage, shot, and hairpowder; in both the latter states, the manufacture of sugar from the cane thrives well, and is increasing rapidly. Of the many places in the Union well adapted for manu facturing establishments, it will be sufficient, in this general description, to notice the few following:-The town of Patterson, in New Jersey, is perhaps as excellently situated as any spot in the world, The falls of the Passaic river, upon which Patterson stands, afford every convenience that water can give to put in motion machinery to any extent. In the year 1791, a manufacturing company was incorporated by the New Jersey legislature, with great privileges. A subscription for the encouragement of every kind of manufacture was opened, under the patronage of the then secretary of state; 500,000 dollars were subscribed, and works erected at the falls of the Passaic. During the late war, the Patterson manufacture flourished, and were rendered profitable to the proprietors by their monopoly price. Since the peace they have declined considerably; but there still remain some valuable cotton and papermills; and so admirable is the situation of the place, that manufactures cannot fail to flourish there as fast and as abundantly as the wants and inclination, and interest of the United States demand,

There is probably no part of the world where, in proportion to its population, a greater number of ingenious mechanics may be found than in the city of Philadelphia, and its immediate neighbourhood; or where, in proportion to the capital employed, manufactures thrive better, and certainly, more manufacturing capital is put in motion in that than in any other city of the Union. The town of Wilmington, and its vicinity, in the state of Delaware, are, for their size, the greatest seats of manufactures in the United States; and are capable of much improvement, the country being hilly, and abounding with running water. The Brandy-wine river might, at a comparatively small expense, be carried to the top of the hill on which Wil mington is situated, and make a fall sufficient to supply fifty mills, in addition to those already built. The town of Pittsburgh, in the state of Pennsylvania, situated where the junction of the Allegany and Monongahela rivers forms the Ohio, promises in the course of a few years, to