tic methods, 354. Arrangement of, 355. Are not to be too much multiplied, 357. Ariosto, character of his Orlando Furioso, 419, 498.
Aristotle, his rules for dramatic and epic composition, whence derived, 27. His definition of a sentence, 112. His ex- tended sense of the term metaphor, 159. Character of his style, 197, 201. His in- stitutions of rhetoric, 270, 386. His de- finition of tragedy considered, 507. His observations on tragic characters, 520. Aristophanes, character of his comedies, 537.
Arithmetical figures, universal characters,
Ark of the covenant, choral service per- formed in the procession of bringing it back to Mount Zion, 461. Armstrong, character of his Art of Preserv- ing Health, 449.
Art, works of, considered as a source of beauty, 54.
Articles, in language, the use of, 81. Their importance in the English language il- Justrated, ibid.
Articulation, clearness of, necessary in public speaking, 367. Associations, academical, recommended, 384. Instructions for the regulation of, 385.
Athenians, ancient character of, 266. Elo- quence of, ibid.
Atterbury, a more harmonious writer than Tillotson, 142. Critical examination of one of his sermons, 326. His exordium to a 30th of January sermon, 345. Attici and Asiani, parties at Rome, account of, 275.
Authors, petty, why no friends to criticism, 28. Why the most ancient afford the most striking instances of sublimity, 39. Must write with purity to gain esteem, 100, 101.
Bacon, his observations on romances, 417. Ballads, have great influence over the man- ners of a people, 417. Were the first vehicles of historical knowledge and in- struction, 423.
Bar, the eloquence of defined, 263 Why more confined than the pleadings before ancient tribunals, 283. Distinction be- tween the motives of pleading at the bar, and speaking in popular assemblies, 299. In what respect ancient pleadings differ from those of modern times, ibid. Instructions for pleaders, 301, 350. Bards, ancient, the first founders of law and civilization, 424.
Barrow, Dr. character of his style, 199. Character of his sermons, 325. Beaumont and Fletcher, their characters as dramatic poets, 540.
Seauty, the emotion raised by, distinguish- ed from that of sublimity, 49. Is a term
of vague application, 50. Colours, ibid Figures, 51. Hogarth's line of beauty and line of grace considered, 51. The human countenance, 53. Works of art, ibid. The influence of fitness and de- sign in our ideas of beauty, 54. Beauty in literary composition, ibid. Novelty, 55. Imitation, ibid. Bergerus, a German critic, writes a treatise on the sublimity of Cæsar s Commenta- ries, 38.
Berkeley, bishop, character of his Dia- logues on the existence of Matter, 413 Biography, as the class of historical com- position, characterized, 409. Blackmore, Sir Richard, remarks on his description of Mount Etna, 46. Blackwell, his character as a writer, 210. Boileau, his character as a didactic poet, 451.
Bolingbroke, instances of inaccuracy in his style, 121, 132. A beautiful climax from, 129. A beautiful metaphor from, 159. His general character as a politi- cian and philosopher, 160. His general character as a writer, 211, 383. Bombast, in writing described, 48. Bossu, his definition of an epic poem, 470. His account of the composition of the Iliad, 471.
Bossuet, M. instances of apostrophes to personified objects, in his funeral ora- tions, 179, note. Conclusion of his tu- neral oratiou on the Prince of Conde, 364. Britain, Great, not eminent for the study of Eloquence, 280. Compared with France in this respect, 281.
Bruyere, his parallel between the elo quence of the pulpit and the bar, 313, note.
Buchanan, his character as an historian, 407.
Building, how rendered sublime, 35. C.
Cadmus, account of his alphabet, 76. Cæsar's commentaries, the style of charac- terized, 38. Is considered by Bergerus as a standard of sublime writing, ibid Instance of his happy talent in historical painting, 404, note. His character of Terence the dramatist, 538. Cameons, critical examination of his Lusi- ad, 499. Confused machinery of, ibid. Campbell, Dr. his observations on English particles, 87, note.
Carmel, Mount, metaphorical allusions to in Hebrew poetry, 464. Casimir, his character as a lyric poet, 446. Catastrophe, the proper conduct of, in dra- matic representations, 514. Caudine Forks, Livy's happy description of the disgrace of the Roman army there, 402.
Celtic language, its antiquity and charac- ter, 95. The remains of it where to be found, ibid. Poetry, its character, 424
Cibber, his character as a dramatic writer, 541.
Cicero, his ideas of taste, 17, note. His dis- tinction between amare and diligere, 108. His observations on style, 113. Very attentive to the beauties of climax, 129. Is the most harmonious of all writers, 135. His remarks on the power of mu- sic in orations, 137. His attention to harmony too visible, 141. Instance of his happy talent of adapting sound to sense, 113. His account of the origin of figurative language, 152. His obser- vations on suiting language to the sub- ject, 161. His rule for the use of meta- phor, 162. Instance of antithesis in, 187. The figure of speech called vision, yo. His caution against bestowing profuse ornaments on an oration, 193. His dis- tinction of style, 196. His own charac- ter as a writer, 197. His character of the Grecian orators, 268. His own cha- racter as an orator, 274. Compared with Demosthenes, 276. Masterly apos- trophe in, 290, note. His method of studying the judicial causes he under- took to plead, 301. State of the prose- cution of Avitus Cluentius, 305. Analysis of Cicero's oration for him, ibid. The ex- ordium of his second oration against Rul. lus, 343. His method of preparing intro- ductions to his orations,344. Excelled in narration, 351. His defence of Milo, ibid. 357. Instance of the pathetic in his last oration against Verres, 362. Character of his treatise de Oratore, 389. Character of his dialogues, 12 His epistles, 415. Clarendon, Lord, remarks on his style,
120. His character as an historian, 407. Clarke, Dr. the style of his sermons cha- racterized, 324.
Classics, ancient, their merits now finally settled beyond controversy, 388. study of them recommended, 393. Climax, a great beauty in composition, 129. In what it consists, 191. Cluentius, Avitus, history of his prosecu tion, 305. His cause undertaken by Ci- cero, ibid. Analysis of Cicero's oration for him, ibid.
Colours, considered as the foundation of beauty, 50.
Comedy, how distinguished from tragedy, ' 506, 533. Rules for the conduct ef, ibid. The characters in, ought to be of our own country and our own time, 534. Two kinds of, ibid. Characters ought to be distinguished, 535. Style, 536. Rise and progress of comedy, ibid. Spa- nish comedy, 538. French comedy, 539. English comedy, 540. Licentiousness of, from the era of the restoration, 541. The restoration of, to what owing, 543. General remarks, 544.
Comparison, distinguished from metaphor, 158. The nature of this figure explain- ed, 181.
Composition. See Literary composition. Congreve, the plot of his Mourning Bride
embarrassed, 513. General character of his tragedy, 532. His comedies, 541. Conjugation of verbs, the varieties of, 90. Conviction, distinguished from persuasion, 262.
Copulatives, caution for the use of them, 124. Corneille, is character as a tragic writer,
Couplets, the first introduction of, into English poetry, 432.
Cowley, instances of forced metaphors in his poems, 162. His use of similes cen- sured, 186. His general character as a poet, 446.
Crevier, his character of several eminent French writers, 382, note. Criticism, true and pedantic distinguished, 13. Its object, 27. Its origin, 28. Why complained of by petty authors, ibid. May sometimes decide against the voice of the public, ibid. Cyphers, or arithmetical figures, a kind of universal character, 75.
David, King, his magnificent institutions for the cultivation of sacred music and poetry, 460. His character as a poet, 468.
Debate in popular assemblies, the eloquence of, defined, 262. More particularly con sidered, 285. Rules for, 287. Declamation, unsupported by sound rea- soning, false eloquence, 286. Declension of nouns considered in various languages, 84. Whether cases or pre- positions were most anciently used, 85. Which of them are most useful and beautiful, 86.
Deities, heathen, probable cause of the number of, 173. Deliberative orations what, 284. Delivery, the importance of,in public speak- ing, 292, 365. The four chief requisites in, 366. The powers of voice, ibid. Articulation, 367. Pronunciation, 368. Emphasis, 369. Pauses, 370. Decla matory delivery, 374. Action ibid. Af fectation 376.
Demetrius, Phalerus, the rhetorician, his character, 273.
Demonstrative orations, what, 284. Demosthenes, his eloquence characterized, 267. His expedients to surmount the disadvantages of his person and address, 271. His opposition to Philip of Ma- cedon, ibid. His rivalship with Es- chines, 272. His style and action, ibid. Compared with Cicero, 276. Why his orations still please in perusal, 286. Extracts from his Philippics, 293. His definition of the several points of orato- ry, 365.
Description, the great test of a poet's ima- gination, 452. Selection of circum- stances, ibid. Inanimate objects should be enlivened, 455. Choice of epithets, 456.
Description and imitation, the distinction between, 56.
Des Brosses, his speculations on the ex- pressive power or radical letters and syllables, 61, note.
Dialogue writing, the properties of, 411. Is very difficult to execute, 412. Mo- dern dialogues characterized, ibid. Didactic poetry, its nature explained, 447. The most celebrated productions in this class specified, ibid. Rules for composi- tions of this kind, 448. Proper embel- lishments of, ibid.
Diderot, M. his character of English co- medy, 543.
Dido, her character in the Æneid examin- ed, 490.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, his ideas of excellency in a sentence, 136 His dis- tinction of style, 196. Character of his treatise on Grecian oratory, 269. His comparison between Lysias and Iso- crates, 270, note. His criticism on Thu- cydides, 397.
Discourse. See Oration.
Dramatic poetry, the origin of, 425. Dis-
tinguished by its objects, 505. See Tra- gedy and Comedy. Dryden, one of the first reformers of our style, 200. Johnson's character of his prose style, ibid, note. His character as a poet, 432. His character of Shak- speare, 530, nole. His own character as a dramatic writer, 531, 541.
Du Bos, Abbé, his remark on the theatri- cal compositions of the ancients, 137. E.
Education, liberal and essential requisite for eloquence, 380.
Egypt, the style of the hieroglyphical writ- ing of, 73. This an early' stage of the art of writing, ibid. The alphabet pro- bably invented in that country, 76. Emphasis, its importance in public speak- ing, 369. Rule for, ibid.
Eloquence, the several objects of considera-
tion under this head, 261. Definition of
the term, 262, 377. Fundamental max- ims of the art, 262. Defended against the objection of the abuse of the art of persuasion, ibid. Three kinds of elo- quence distinguished, 263. Oratory, the highest degree of, the offspring of pas- sion, 264. Requisites for eloquence, ibid. French eloquence, 265. Grecian, 266. Rise and character of the rhetoricians of Greece, 268. Roman, 274. The attici and asiani, 276. Comparison between Cicero and Demosthenes, ibid. The schools of the declaimers, 279. The eloquence of the primitive fathers of the church, 280. General remarks on mod- ern eloquence, ibid. Parliament, 283. The bar and pulpit, ibid. The three kinds of orations distinguished by the ancients, 284. These distinctions how far corres- pondent with those made at present, 285. Eloquence of popular assemblies considered, ibid. The foundation of elo- quence, 286. The danger of trusting to prepared speeches at public meetings, 287. Necessary premeditation pointed out, ibid. Method, 288. Style and ex- pression, ibid. Impetuosity, 289. At- tention to decorums, 290. Delivery, 292, 366. Summary, 292. See Cicero, Demosthenes, Oration, and Pulpit. English language, the arrangement of words in, inore refined than that of an- cient languages, 70. But more limited, ibid. The principles of general grammar seldom applied to it, 78. The important use of articles in, 81. All substantive nouns of inanimate objects of the neuter gender, 82. The place of declension in, supplied by prepositions, 85. The va rious tenses of English verbs, 91. His- torical view of the English language, 95. The Celtic the primitive language of Britain, ibid. The Teutonic tongue the basis of our present speech, 96. Its ir- regularities accounted for, ibid. Its copiousness, ibid. Compared with the French language, 97. Its style charac- terized, ibid. Its flexibility, 98. Is more harmonious than is generally allowed, ibid. Is rather strong than graceful, 99. Accent thrown farther back in English words, than in those of any other lan- guage, ibid. General properties of the English tongue, ibid. Why so loosely and inaccurately written, 100. The fundamental rules of syntax, common both to the English and Latin, ibid. No author can gain esteem if he does not write with purity, 101. Grammati- cal authors recommended, ibid, note. Epic poetry, the standards of, 393. Is the highest effort of poetical genius, 470. The characters of, obscured by critics, ibid. Examination of Bossu's account of the formation of the Iliad, ibid. Epic poetry considered as to its moral tenden
cy, 472. Predominant character of, 473. Action of, ibid. Episodes, 474. The subject should be of remote date, 475. Modern history more proper for dramatic writing than for epic poetry, ibid. The story must be interesting and skilfully managed, 476. The intrigue, 477. The question considered whether it ought to end successfully, ibid. Duration for the action, ibid. Characters of the personages, 478. The principal hero, ibid. The machinery, 479. Narration, 480. Loose observations, 481. Episode, defined with reference to epic poetry, 474. Rules for conduct of, 475. Epistolary writing, general remarks on,
Eve, her character in Milton's Paradise Lost, 504.
Euripides, instance of his excellence in the pathetic, 524, note. His character as a tragic writer, 527
Exclamations, the proper use of, 189. Mode of their operation, ibid. Rule for the employment of, 190.
Exercise improves both bodily and mental powers, 18.
Exordium of a discourse, the objects of, 342. Rules for the composition of, 343. Explication of the subject of a sermon, ob- servation on, 352.
Face, human, the beauty of, complex, 53. Farquhar, his character as a dramatic writ- er, 542.
Fathers, Latin, character of their style of eloquence, 279.
Fenelon, archbishop, his parallel between Demosthenes and Cicero, 277. His re- marks on the composition of a sermon, 347. Critical examination of his Ad- ventures of Telemachus, 500. Fielding, a character of his novels, 420. Figurative style of language defined, 146. Is not a scholastic invention, but a natu- ral effusion of imagination, 147. How described by rhetoricians, 148. Will not render a cold or empty composition in- teresting, 149. The pathetic and sub- lime reject figures of speech, ibid. Ori- gin of, 150. How they contribute to the beauty of style, 153. Illustrative des- cription, 154. Heightened emotion, ibid. The rhetorical names and classes of fig- ures frivolous, 156. The beauties of composition not dependant on tropes and figures, 192. Figures must always rise naturally from the subject, 193. Are not to be profusely used, 194. The talent of using derived from nature, and not to be created, ibid. If improperly intro- duced, are a deformity, ibid, note. See Metaphor.
Figure, considered as a source of beauty,
Figures of speech, the origin of, 66
Gay, a character of his pastorals, 441. Gender of nouns, foundation of, 82. Genius distinguished from taste, 29. Its import, ibid. Includes taste, 30. The pleasures of the imagination, a striking testimony of Divine berevolence, 31. True, is nursed by liberty, 265. In arts and writing, why displayed more in one age than another, 291. Was more vi- gorous in the ancients than in the mod.
erns, 391. A general mediocrity of, how diffused, ibid.
Gesner, a character of his Idyls, 440. Gestures in public oratory. See Action. Gil Blas of Le Sage, character of that no- vel, 419.
Girard, abbé, character of his Synonymes François, 111.
Gordon, instances of his unnatural disposi- tion of words, 56.
Gorgius of Leontium, the rhetorician, his character, 268.
Gothic poetry, its character, 424. Gracchus, C. his declamations regulated by musical rules, 137.
Grammar, general, the principles of, titles attended to by writers, 78. The divi sion of the several parts of speech, 79. Nouns substantive, 80. Articles, 1. Number, gender, and case of nouns, 82. Prepositions, 85. Pronouns, 88. Ad- jectives, ibid. Verbs, 90. Verbs the most artificial complex of all the parts of speech, 92. Adverbs, 93. Prepo- sitions and conjunctions, ibid. Impor tance of the study of grammar, 94. Grandeur. See Sublimity. Greece, short account of the ancient repub- lics of, 266. Eloquence carefully stu- died there, 287. Characters of the dis tinguished orators of, ibid. Rise and character of the rhetoricians, 268. Greek, a musical language, 64, 136. Ita flexibility, 98. Writers distinguished
tor simplicity, 207. Guarini, character of his Pastor Fido, 441 Guicciardini, his character as an historian 406.
Habakkuk, sublime representation of the Deity in, 40.
Harris, explanatory simile cited from, 183
Hebrew poetry, in what points of view to be considered, 459. The ancient pro- nunciation of lost, 460. Music and poe- try, early cultivated among the He brews, ibid. Construction of Hebrew poetry, ibid. Is distinguished by a con- cise strong figurative expression, 463. The metaphors employed in, suggested by the climate and nature of the land. of Judea, 463, 465. Bold and sublime instances of personification in, 466. Book of proverbs, 467. Lamentations of Jeremiah, ibid. Book of Job, 468. Helen, her character in the Iliad examin. ned, 484.
Hell, the various descents into, given by epic poets, show the gradual improve- ment of actions concerning a future state, 501.
Henriade. See Voltaire.
les, ibid. General character of his Odyssey, 488. Defects of the Odyssey, ibid. Compared with Virgil, 489. Hooker, a specimen of his style, 200. Horace, figurative passages cited from, 153 Instance of mixed metaphor in, 165. Crowded metaphers, 166. His charac. ter as a poet, 393, 445. Was the refor mer of satire, 450.
Humour, why the English possess their quality more eminently than other na- tions, 540.
Hyperbole, an explanation of that figure, 169. Cautions for the use of, 170. Two kinds of, ibid.
Ideas, abstract, entered into the first for- mation of language, 80.
Jeremiah, his poetical character, 468. See Lamentations.
Herodotus, his character as an historian, Iliad, story of, 482. Remarks on, ibid.
Heroism, sublime instances of pointed out, 35.
Harvey, character of his style, 204. Hieroglyphics, the second stage of writing, 73. Of Egypt, ibid.
Historians, modern, their advantages over the ancient, 390. Anciert models of, 393. The objects of their duty, 394. Character of Polybius, 396. Of Thucy- dides, ibid. Of Herodotus and Thuanus, 397. Primary qualities necessary in an historian, 398. Character of Livy and Sallust, 399. Of Tacitus, ibid. Instruc- tions and cautions to historians, 400. How to preserve the dignity of narra- tion, 401. How to render it interesting, 402. Danger of refining too much in drawing characters, 404. Character of the Italian historians, 406. The French and English, 407.
history, the proper object and end of, 394. True, the characters of, ibid. The dif- ferent classes of, 395. General history, the proper conduct of, ibid. The ne- cessary qualities of historical narration, 401. The propriety of introducing ora- tions in history, examined, 405. And characters, ibid. The Italians the best modern historians, 406. See Annals, Biography, Memoirs, and Novels. Hogarth, his analysis of beauty consider- ed, 51.
Homer, not acquainted with poetry as a systematic art, 27. Did not possess a refined taste, 30. Instances of sublimi- ty in, 41. Is remarkable for the use of personification, 175. Story of the Iliad, 482. Remarks on, ibid. His inven- tion and judgment in the conduct of the poem, 483. Advantages and de- fects arising from his narrative speeches, ibid. His character, 484. His machi- nery, 485. His style, 48€. His skill in narrative description, 487. His simi-
The principal characters, 484. Machi- nery of, 485.
Imagination, the pleasures of, as specified by Mr. Addison, 31. The powers of, to enlarge the sphere of our pleasure, a striking instance of divine benevolence, ibid. Is the source of figurative lan- guage 147, 151.
Imitation, considered as a source of plea sure to taste, 55. And description dis- tinguished, 57.
Inferences from a sermon, the proper man- agement of, 364.
Infinity of space, numbers, or duration af- fect the mind with sublime ideas, 32. Interjections, the first elements of speech,
Interrogation, instances of the happy use and effect of, 189. Mode of their ope- ration, ibid. Rule for using, 190. Job, exemplification of the sublimity of obscurity in the book of, 34. Remarks on the style of, 460. The subject and poetry of, 468. Fine passage from,
Johnson, his character of Dryden's prose style, 200, note. His remarks on the style of Swift, 250, note. His character of Thompson, 454, note. His character of Dryden's comedies, 541, note. His char- acter of Congreve, 542.
Jonson, Ben, his character as a dramatic poet, 540.
Isaus, the rhetorician, his character, 270. Isaiah, sublime representation of the Deity in, 40. His description of the fall of the Assyrian empire, 180. His metaphors suited to the climate of Judea, 463, 464. His character as a poet, 468. Isocrates, the rhetorician, his character,
Judea, remarks on the climate and natural circumstances of that country, 463. Judicial orations, what, 284. Juvenal, a character of his satires, 450.
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