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A. A great deficiency of learning among all except the wealthier classes of society, as no others possessed the means of purchasing books.

Q. To what is the great abundance of books now owing? A. To the invention of printing, which happened early in the fifteenth century.

Q. Where and by whom did this take place?

A. The cities of Strasburg, Haarlem, and Mentz, have all preferred their claim to this distinguished honor; and Coster, Faustus, Schoeffer, and Guttemberg, have all been named as the inventors.

Q. What is the cause of such uncertainty?

A. It probably is, that the inventor in this case, as in many others, has been frequently confounded with the improver.

What benefits has the invention of printing produced?

A. It has multiplied books, cheapened knowledge, and given an entirely new aspect to society.

CHAPTER V.

OF COMPOSITION.

Q. What do you understand by the term composition as applied to language?

A. The clear, accurate, and forcible expression of our thoughts and opinions in writing.

Q. Is the term ever employed in any other sense

A. It is frequently used in reference to music, painting, and architecture, or to any material mixture, as well as to writing.

Q. What is the origin and strict meaning of the word

A. It is formed from the two Latin words con, to gether, and positio, a placing, and literally means a placing together.

Q. How comes it from this definition to possess its present signification?

A. Because in composition we place words together for the purpose of expressing our thoughts and ideas. Q. Is composition an important acquirement?

A. Perhaps the most so of any, as upon it mainly depend the spread of knowledge and the enlightening of the world.

Q. Has it any other advantages?

A. It is a source of very refined pleasure and of much mental improvement, to those who practise it. Q. What are the requisites for attaining accuracy in composi tion?

A. A thorough knowledge of grammar, and of the signification of words-a careful study of the structure of our language in the perusal of the best authors --and a habit of comparing our own mode of expressing thought with that which is usually employed by good writers and speakers.

Q. What effect has close attention to one's manner of speaking and writing upon his own mind?

A. It tends to produce close and accurate thinking, for thought and speech mutually assist each other. Q. What are the requisites for attaining great eminence in composition?

A. Next to study, already mentioned, the greatest requisites are, genius and taste.

Q. What are the requisites for attaining facility in composition? A. Considerable practice in original composition.

CHAPTER VI.

OF GENIUS.

Q. What do you mean by genius?

A. Some considerable degree of mental power or superiority, or a person possessing these.

Q. Can you recollect any other signification that it has? A. It is frequently used to denote a particular bias or bent of the mind toward any pursuit, art, or science; as when we say, such a one has a genius for music, for painting, for mathematics, &c.

Q. But what is the strict import of the term?

A. When properly applied, it denotes that particular faculty of the mind, by which a man is enabled to invent, or discover, or at least produce, something new. Q. Can you mention any whom you would consider men of genius, in this sense of the term?

A. Archimedes, Newton, Franklin, and Watt, were men of this class, because they were distinguished both for their inventions and discoveries.

Q. When is it that an author may be considered a man of genius?

4. When he gives birth to new trains or combinations of thought, or produces some original piece of composition.

Q. What do you mean by original composition?

A. Composition which combines the distinguished quality of great excellence, with its not being an imitation of any previous production.

Q. Are these qualities very common?

A. Far from it; as it is only once or so in an ag that they make their appearance.

Q. Can you mention any authors whose writings entitle them to be called men of genius?

A. Homer and Virgil in ancient, and Shakspeare, Milton, Bacon, Bunyan, and Johnson. in modern times.

CHAPTER VII.

OF TASTE. Q. What do you mean by taste?

A. That faculty by which we are enabled to per ceive and relish the beauties of composition. In a more general sense, it is a name for that faculty, or for those faculties, which fit us for receiving pleasure from what is beautiful, elegant, or excellent, in the works of Nature and art. He who derives no pleasure from such elegance, excellence, or beauty, is said to be a man of no taste; he who is gratified with that which is faulty in works of art, is a man of bad taste; and he who is pleased or displeased, according to the degree of excellence or faultiness, is a man of good

taste.

Q. What faculties or talents does good taste imply?

A. (1.) A lively imagination-by which a man is qualified for readily apprehending the meaning of an author or artist, tracing out the connection of his thoughts, and forming the same views of things which he has formed. Yet the man who is unacquainted with Nature can never be a man of taste, because can not know whether the production of art resemble

Nature or not; and if he know not this, he can receive from the imitative arts no real satisfaction.

(2.) Another quality necessary to good taste, is a clear and distinct apprehension of things.

(3.) To this must be added a quick perception of, or a capacity of being easily and pleasurably affected with, those objects that gratify the secondary senses, particularly sublimity, beauty, harmony, and imitation. The term secondary senses, by some called internal senses, and by others emotions, have thus been described by Dr. Beattie, to whom chiefly we are indebted for this article. We perceive colors and figures by the eye; we also perceive that some colors and figures are beautiful, and others not. This power of perceiving beauty, which the brutes have not, though they see as well as we, I call a secondary sense. We perceive sounds by the ear; we also perceive that certain combinations of sound have harmony, and that others are dissonant. This power of perceiving harmony, called in common language a musical ear, is another secondary sense, which the brutes have not, and of which many men who hear well enough are utterly destitute. Of these secondary senses there are many in the human constitution, among others those of novelty, sublimity, beauty, imitation, harmony, and ridicule, which, together with sympathy, form what is called good taste. pleasures received from the secondary senses are, by Addison and Akenside, called pleasures of imagina

tion.

The

The only way of improving the secondary senses is by studying Nature and the best performances in art; by cultivating habits of virtue; and by keeping at a distance from every thing gross and indelicate, in books and conversation, in manners and in language.

(4.) The next thing necessary to good taste is sympathy, by which, supposing ourselves in the condition of other men, we readily adopt their sentiments and feelings, and make them, as it were, our own; and so receive from them some degree of that pain or pleasure which they would bring along with them if they

were really our own. Without this moral sensibility our minds would not be open to receive those emotions of pity, joy, admiration, sorrow, and imaginary terror, which the best performances in the fine arts, particularly in poetry, are intended to raise within us; nor, by consequence, could we form a right estimate of the abilities of the author, or of the tendency and importance of his work.

The last thing requisite to form good taste is judgment, or good sense, which is indeed the principal thing, and may, without much impropriety, be said to comprehend all the rest. Without this we could not compare the imitations of Nature with Nature itself, so as to perceive how far they agree or differ; nor could we judge of the probability of events in a fable, or of the truth of sentiments; nor whether the plan of a work be according to rule or otherwise.

It might also have been stated, that as virtue is the perfection of beauty, the love of virtue is essential to

Lrue taste.

Q. What is the chief peculiarity of this faculty?

A. Its great susceptibility of improvement when regularly and judiciously exercised.

Q. What are the chief means of improving it?

A. The study of the best authors, and attention to all the finest models and specimens of composition. Q. What are the chief characteristics of taste?

A. Delicacy and correctness; the one, however, to a certain degree implying the other, though not precisely the same.

Q. In what does delicacy of taste chiefly consist?

A. In a quick and accurate perception of all the finer and less obvious beauties of any performance. Q. In what does correctness consist?

A. In a ready detection of false ornament, and a due appreciation of all the more substantial qualities of a literary work.

Q. Are both attributable to the same source?

A. Delicacy of taste is chiefly founded on feeling, and is more a gift of nature: correctness depends principally upon cultivation, and is more allied to reason and judgment.

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