McAndrew were Inspectors Mumford, Burton, Small, Hunter, Kennedy, Robertson, Condon, Ellis, Bogan, and Goldberg.

In the meantime Mr. McAndrew had been promoted to associate superintendent and he then refused the Detroit offer. Nine members of the board met on August 9 to choose a successor. The Martindale group refrained from attending, but a tenth inspector unwittingly entered late and made the necessary quorum. The board then elected Charles E. Chadsey, superintendent, who took office on August 10.

Summary. Thus ended the fifteen-year administration of Wales C. Martindale. It was a notable administration from many standpoints. Now that the personal enmities and animosities developed by the bitter struggle have faded away, there are many factors that stand out clearly as real achievements.

Despite the charges and counter-charges, Detroit's public schools continued to progress, because the superintendent had the ability and courage to allow a few capable men and women who were willing to submerge themselves and their ambitions for the sake of education, to develop new ideas, initiate movements, and to experiment with new practices current in other parts of the country.

Mr. Martindale was a capable, intelligent administrator, and a good fighter. He was the master of the board at all times. He made the superintendency respected at a time when the superintendent was still considered as a general supervisory officer.

It was necessary, with the general composition of the board, for the superintendent to be expert in the art of politics in order to maintain himself, and Mr. Martindale lived with the times. For fifteen years he ran the schools as superintendent, going into the field, handpicking candidates favorable to his program, and electing them. There was little question of his leadership on the part of the majority. On the other hand, he encouraged a small group of schoolmen to work professionally for the advancement of the schools, and he brought to the city and advanced upon their ability a score of Detroit's best-known schoolmen. Among the

many accomplishments may be noted the addition of manual activities to the elementary curriculum, the development of exceptional child training, the extension of the high-school curriculum to include manual activities and physical culture, the establishment of public baths, playgrounds, social centers, and the evening continuation work, the creation of a technical high school and part-time classes for working boys and girls, the development of new courses of study emphasizing new ideas in the study of the fundamentals, experimentation to overcome the lack of coordination between the elementary and high schools, and the early recognition of the value of the scientific education movement as expressed through measurement of the classroom product.

CHAPTER XIV

THE SECOND PHASE-THE ADMINISTRATION OF CHARLES E. CHADSEY (1912 TO 1919)

1

Charles Ernest Chadsey came to Detroit with an enviable reputation as a progressive educator. After taking his doctor's degree at Columbia University he became superintendent of the Durango, Colorado, schools, leaving there in 1900 to become assistant superintendent in Denver, and then superintendent from 1907 until 1912. He was well equipped, both professionally and socially, for the rather difficult position of public school superintendent. Dr. Chadsey was a type of administrative schoolman new to Detroit, non-political in character, but handicapped by not having the exact and highly desirable knowledge of local conditions. The school board, on the other hand, was political, for within six months deaths among inspectors had changed its character that the new superintendent early found himself in a rather delicate position. All of the work was done by committees of the board, even to the appointment of teachers. The superintendent could recommend, but not having the power of his predecessor, could not make these recommendations hold if contrary to the personal desires of the board members. From the beginning, however, he possessed the support of one of the strong

The seventh superintendent of the Detroit public schools, Charles Ernest Chadsey, was born in Nebraska City, Nebraska, October 15, 1870, the son of

est men in public life. This was Samuel C. Mumford, inspector from the first ward, a man without political ambition and actuated only by the desire to develop the very best public schools. During the remaining five years of the large board's existence Mr. Mumford fought, sometimes winning, sometimes losing, for the superintendent's program, supporting every progressive movement.

The public feeling against the large, ward-elected board took concrete form when the legislature of 1913 passed an amendment to the basic law by which Detroit was given the privilege of reducing its board of education to a body of seven members, to be elected at large, provided the majority of electors so willed.2 This amendment did not come before the people until the general election of 1916.

Educational Policy. Dr. C. E. Chadsey's educational policy was one of continued experimentation. In 1913 he favored the extension of such industrial or pre-vocational junior high schools as were developing at the Norvell and George schools. Dr. Chadsey said of the industrial junior high schools in 1913:3

"Educators are coming quite naturally to recognize that so-called elementary education should properly cease at the end of the sixth grade and that the seventh grade is the proper place for a more or less distinct differentiation of school courses. We should not be satisfied with the school organization of Detroit until it is possible to offer all of our Franklin and Sallie Marie (Barnum) Chadsey. Finishing his elementary and secondary education, he entered Leland Stanford, Jr., University in 1888, and graduated with a bachelor of arts degree with the class of 1892. He returned the next year for graduate work, and had conferred upon him the M. A. degree in June, 1893. He then came east, matriculating in the graduate school, Columbia University, and received his M.A. there in 1894 and his Ph. D. three years later.

He was appointed principal of the Durango (Colo.) high school, in 1894, a position he held for three years. In 1897 he was appointed superintendent of the Durango schools. That year he married Callie Worth Price, a Colorado girl. One son, Charles Price, was born to them.

In 1900 Dr. Chadsey was made superintendent of the North Side schools in Denver. He served until 1903 in this capacity, and was then appointed assistant superintendent. Three years later he was given the superintendency, which position he filled until he came to Detroit in 1912 as superintendent of Detroit schools. In 1919 he was offered the superintendency in Chicago, and accepted, but resigned a few months later, going to the University of Chicago, as professor of educational administration, during the summer quarter, and next fall to the University of Illinois as dean of the College of Education, where he is now located.

"Public Acts of 1913, No. 251.

* Report of the Board of Education 1912-13, p. 68.