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RULE IV.

The Division of Words into Syllables, according to their Form, Derivation, or Meaning.

The hyphen is employed in words in such a manner as is best calculated to show their origin, composition, or import, and to exhibit the syllables in their neatest form.

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a. Agreeably to this rule, and partially in accordance with that which precedes it, —

1. Compound and derivative words are resolved into their primitives; as, school-master, hand-writing, pen-knife, snuff-box, looking-glass; arch-angel, geo-logy, theo-cracy, ortho-graphy.

2. Prefixes, affixes, and grammatical terminations, are separated; as, dis-continue, en-able, trans-port; shear-er, load-ed, print-ing; king-dom, false-hood, differ-ence, command-ment.

3. Two vowels, not being a diphthong, are divided; as, la-ity, a-eri-al, re-al, stere-otype, vi-al, pi-ety, li-on, tri-umph, co-alesce, po-et, medi-um, zo-ology, vow-el, cru-elty, vacu-um.

4. One consonant between two vowels is to be joined to the latter syllable; as, ta-lent, fa-tal; me-lon, le-ver; spi-rit, si-lence; cy-nic, ty-ro; le-ga-cy, mo-no-po-ly. Except x, and single consonants when they belong to the former portion of a derivative word; as, ex-ile, ex-ist, ex-amine; up-on, dis-ease, circum-ambient.

5. Two or more consonants belong to the latter syllable, when they are capable of beginning a word; as, ta-ble, sti-fle, lu-cre, o-gle, mau-gre, stro-phe, de-stroy.

6. But when the consonants cannot begin a word, or when the vowel preceding them is short, the first should be separated; as, ab-bey, ac-cent, vel-lum, ab-ject, gar-den, laun-dry, pam-phlet; sac-rifice, det-riment, blaspheme, dis-tress, min-strel.

b. It is desirable that compound and derivative words should, at the ends of lines, be divided in such a manner as to indicate their principal parts. Thus, school-master is preferable to schoolmas-ter, dis-approve to disap-prove, resent-ment to re-sentment, ortho-doxy to or-thodoxy; though, as regards the analysis of words into syllables, the latter mode is unobjectionable. From the narrowness of the printed line, however, in some books, the principle recommended cannot always be adhered to.

c. The terminations tion, sion, cial, tial, and many others, formerly pronounced as two syllables, but now only as one, must not be divided either in spelling or at the end of a line.

d. A syllable consisting of only one letter, as the a in cre-ation, should not commence a line. This word would be better divided, crea-tion; and so all others of a similar kind. But such a syllable, coming immediately after a primitive, is by some printers brought to the beginning; as, consider-able.

e. A line of print must not end with the first syllable of a word, when it consists of a single letter; as, a-bide, e-normous: nor begin with the last syllable, when it is formed of only two letters; as, nation-al, teach-er, similar-ly. For regard should be had to the principles of taste and beauty, as well as to the laws of syllabication.

f. Three or more successive lines should not end with a hyphen. A little care on the part of the compositor will, in general, prevent an appearance so offensive to a good eye. Divisions, indeed, except for purposes of spelling and lexicography, should take place as seldom as possible.

EXERCISES TO BE WRITTEN.

Divide the following words agreeably to both the preceding Rules; namely, according to their pronunciation, and according to their composition or derivation:

Habit, vivid, considerable, speculative, philosophy, modification, govern, individual, phenomenon, knowledge, elaborate, academical, progress, critical, vacuum, labyrinth, animal, physiology, revelation, constituent, reciprocally, vigor, accredited, curiosity, magnificent, privacy, cherish, valuable, apology, idolater, equilibrium, solemn, separate, metaphysics, liberal, modern, preface, gratify, biography, literature, nominal, philanthropy, theocracy, barometer, preparation, figure, natural, prelude, clamor, reformation, metropolis, represent, recognize, rhetoric, diminish, articulate, peasant, antipodes, misery,

recriminate, floriferous, desolate, preference, dedicate, bibliopolist, eloquent, irregular, ventriloquist, memorable, reputation, doxology, conspiracy, general, desultory, contribute, omnivorous, typographer, oblivion, democracy, polygamy, citizen, stenography, parish, talent, melodist, borough, prisoner, promise, clever, metal, discrimination, theology, cylinder, paradise, monitory, solitude, sycophant, nobility, cavalcade, rivulet, profitable, integrity, relative, jealous.

Insert the hyphen in those places only in which the division appears best at the end and the beginning of lines, according to the Remarks, p. 226: — Philosophy, intermediate, theology, magnificence, venturesome, biographer, questionable, lithography, professing, zoology, demigod, personate, widowhood, kaleidoscope, periphrasis, supervisor, geology, animation, abhorrence, government, tautology, permanent, classical, forgetfulness, superficial, congenial, circumstances, metamorphosis, subdivision, patronage, subordinate, beneficent, resistless, sufficient, superhuman, pantheism, disappointment, typographical, microscope, disinterestedness, benevolence, superficial, contradiction, sensibility, happiness, misanthropy, imperfect, circumference, counteracting, disproportionately, excitement, semicircle, predominate, artificial, portfolio, equilibrium, manufacture, preternatural, nomenclature, supernumerary, terraqueous, malefactor, primogeniture, resemble, suicide, transaction, intercept, education, counterfeit, superlative, transgression, supernatural, predestinate, typography, polysyllable, introduction, confident, philology, sympathy, misinform, spiritless, provision, appearance, belonging, cleverness, uniform, outnumber, bedchamber, gardening, fishmonger, disrespectful, plenipotentiary, doctorship, neighborhood, bedlamite, nonconformity, nightingale, antediluvian, parsonage, correspond, forgetfulness, superabundant, metaphorically, hydrophobia, antitrinitarian, putrefaction, alteration, haughtiness, semidiameter, improvement, proposition, serpentine, disjunction, intercourse, animalcule, bookselling, commonwealth, colloquial, reasoning, polyglot, puerility, correctness, understanding, preliminary, qualification, attaining, composition, commencement, incompetence, exclusive, disapprobation, adventure, introduction, gentleman, trinity, acquaintance, consciousness, transubstantiation, considering, persuasion, trigonometry, parallelogram, successfully, improper, diffidence, moreover, inference, hydrostatics, recollection, ameliorative, authorities, unwilling, autocrat, accelerate, emolument, carnivorous, emaciated.

228

SECT. III. MARKS OF QUOTATION.

66

MARKS OF QUOTATION [""] are employed to show that the words of an author or a speaker are quoted. These marks consist of two inverted commas placed at the beginning, and two apostrophes at the end, of a quotation.

RULE I.

Words borrowed from a Speaker or an Author.

A word, phrase, or passage, belonging to another, and introduced into one's own composition, is distinguished by marks of quotation.

EXAMPLE.

To one who said, "I do not believe there is an honest man in the world," another replied, "It is impossible that any one man should know all the world, but quite possible that one may know himself."

REMARKS.

a. When a writer repeats his own language, and wishes to draw to it particular attention, he properly uses the same marks as he would employ were he transcribing the sentiments of another. Thus, if the author of the present work wished again to give directions on the grammatical points usually required before extracts, he might, instead of referring merely to page 108, copy from it the rule and certain comments, prefixing and appending the marks under notice, as follow: "A short quotation, or any expression that resembles a quotation, is separated by a comma from the clause which precedes it." "If, however, quotations or remarks extend to two or more

sentences, and are formally or specially introduced, a colon is preferable." "When an indirect quotation or a remark is preceded by a very brief clause, the comma is not required."

b. Marks of quotation may be omitted where the matter taken is not given in the exact words of the author; as,

Socrates said that he believed in the immortality of the soul.

In the direct form, the sentence would be correctly written thus:Socrates said, "I believe that the soul is immortal."

c. It is usual to omit the quotation-marks when a mere phrase or saying from a foreign language is distinguished by Italics; as, Nil mortalibus arduum est is a bold but encouraging assertion.

d. In old works, it was a common practice to introduce all extracts from Scripture in Italic characters; but, except when there is a necessity for calling particular attention to certain words or expressions, authors now generally and very properly prefer using marks of quotation; as,

One of the evangelists says, "Jesus wept."

e. Titles of books, and names of ships, &c., are sometimes written without the inverted commas, and put in Italic characters; as, 66 Falconer, the author of The Shipwreck, embarked on board the Aurora frigate in the year 1769, and was supposed to have perished with the vessel at sea." But, as Italics give an irregular look to a printed page, quotation-marks are preferable; as,

We may justly regard "Paradise Lost" as one of the noblest monuments of human genius.

f. In speaking of certain words or phrases, some authors put them in Italics. Others, however, prefer placing them within marks of quotation; and, for the reason given in Remark e, this is the more eligible mode of exhibiting them; as,

We find the word "pharisaical" very useful in our modern speech.

g. When an example or an extract, particularly if in verse, is begun in a new line, and set in a smaller type, the marks of quota tion are by some writers dispensed with. In cases, however, of this kind, perhaps the generality of authors and printers use the inverted commas and the apostrophes, agreeably to the rule; and this usage is recommended, except in works containing numerous quotations, which are well known to be such, as in the present book.

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