GLOSSARY.

SOME fossils are named in the present volume without any explanation: it has, therefore, been thought desirable, for the benefit of the geological student, to annex a glossary, stating the division or class of animals to which they belong. The letters P. O. imply that there is a description in the Preliminary Observations; M. L. and T. L. stand for Mountain or Transition Limestone; L. Lias; Oo. Oolite; G. s. Green sand; Ch. Chalk; Tr. Transition; Sec. Secondary; Ter. Tertiary; Rec. Recent; Fos. Fossil.

ALCYONITES, fossil alcyonia. Zoophytes nearly allied to sponges, the production or habitation of polypi. Rec. and Fos.

Ammonite. See P. O. Sec. Ananchytes, a helmet-shaped echinus. Fos. Ch.

Euomphalus, univalve unchambered shell, involute and compressed. M. L.

Fusus, a spindle-shaped uni

valve.

Gryphea arcuata, or gryphite, a deeply-curved bivalve shell with a flat lid. L.

Anomia, a bivalve with one valve G. dilatata, the sides more ex

perforated.

Baculite. See P. O. Fos.
Belemnite. See P. O. Fos. Sec.
Buccinum. See P.O. Rec. and
Fos.
Caryophyllia, a branched madre-
pore with a star at the end of
each branch; each star has a
mouth and tentacula. M. L.
Fos.
Cerithium, a univalve turricu-
lated shell. Ter.
Crinoidea, lily-shaped encrinites.
Dudley fossil, trilobite. Plate 5.

Tr.

Echinite fossil, various species.
Sec.

Tr. and

panded. Oo. Some species of Gryphea are still living. Hamite. See P. O. G. s. Helix, shells of the snail family, terrestrial and aquatic. Hippurite. See P. O. Ch. Ianthina. See P. O. Rec. Inoceramus, a bivalve with an

oblique beak. Ch. Lily encrinite. See p. 240. Lymnea, a freshwater univalve,

Rec. and Fos.: the shells sometimes called Lymnites. Ter. Madrepores, stony polypi, with concentric lamellæ, resembling stars. In a living state, the stony matter is covered with a skin of living gelatinous matter, fringed with little bunches of tentacula: these are the polypi: the skin and the

Echinus, sea urchin.
Encrinite. See P. O.
Sec.
Entrochite. See P. O. M. L. |

M. L.

Scaphite. See P. O. G. s. Septaria, stones divided into cells or partitions, common in argillaceous strata; sometimes the cells are empty. Spatangus, a species of fossil

polypi contract on the slightest | Productus, a nearly semiglobular touch.-Cuvier. Madrepores bivalve, the lid nearly flat. are sometimes united and sometimes detached: where the laminæ take a serpentine direction, they are called Meandrina, or brain stone. Nautilus. See P. O. Rec. and Fos. Nummulite. See P. O. Fos. Ter. Orthoceratite. See P. O. Paludina, a freshwater univalve, nearly resembling the shell of a snail. Wealden.

echinus. Ch.

Spirula. See P. O.*
Sponges, living and fossil. The
flints in chalk are frequently
silicified remains of sponges.

Patella, the limpet shell. Rec. Terebratula, a bivalve with an

and Fos.

Pectunculus, an orbicular bivalve.

Sec. and Ter. Planorbis, a discoidal univalve freshwater shell, nearly resembling an ammonite, but without chambers. Ter.

advanced and curved beak, which is perforated. Numerous species. Rec. and Fos. Trilobite, a crustaceous fossil animal. See Plate 5. T. L. Turrilite. See P. O. G. s. Vegetable fossils. See Chap. II.

In addition to the description of the Spirula in the Preliminary Observations, it may be proper to notice, that, according to Lamarck, the animal, beside the eight arms of the sepia (see fig. 1. plate 8.), has two longer arms or feelers : in this respect it resembles the Calmar, which is common on the coasts of Europe.

Adamantine spar, or crystallised alumine, 46.

Agate, nodules of in wacke and basalt, 210.

Ages, relative, of rocks and strata, 69. 77; how to be ascertained,
348, 349; evidence of from position and organic remains, 349;
of the faluns of the Loire, 358; of volcanoes, 414.

Age, geological, of palæotheria, of mastodons, of elephants, 356, 357.
Aiguilles, or needle-shaped granitic rocks in the Alps, 77. 85.
Aiguille de Dru, a pyramidal granitic mountain, 4000 feet high, 85.
Alpine limestone, or calcaire alpin, 145; errors concerning it, 226.
Alpnach, strata of, tooth of the mastodon found there, 328; series
of the strata, 329.

coal mine, bones of large mammalia in it, 177.
Alluvial depositions, or, mud and sand brought down by rivers, 458;
instances of in the Yellow Sea, 470; in the Gulf of Mexico,
ib.; in the Nile, 471.

Alternation of marine and freshwater formations, 321; hypotheses
respecting them, 328.

Alumine, or pure clay, one of the rarest substances, 45; the sap-
sphire is crystallised alumine, ib.

Alum shale, 266. 268.

America, North, great western coal field, the largest in the known
world, 539.

American serpent, conjectures respecting it, 312.

lakes, a table of, 317.

Amphibole. See Hornblende.

Amygdaloid, 189; containing kernel-shaped cavities filled with
mineral matter of a different kind, 55. 189. 210.

Amygdaloidal basalt or wacke, 210; corallite found in, ib.; alter-
nates with limestone, 211.

Ancient condition of England, Mr. Mantell's description of, 287.
Andes, seat of active volcanoes, 89; Humboldt's account of, 90.
Angle of inclination explained, 56. 62.

Anhydrous gypsum, devoid of water, 53; occurs in beds in the
Alps, ib.; harder than common gypsum, ib.; and see Gypsum.
Animal kingdom, division of by Cuvier into radiated, articulated,
molluscous, and vertebrated, 30.

Anoplotherium, an extraordinary quadruped, found in the Paris
gypsum, 333.

Anthracite, a species of coal that burns without smoke, 159. 161;
of Pennsylvania, a variety of common coal, 180.

Anticlinal line, what, 62.

Argillaceous schistus.

See Slate.

Artesian wells, borings for, general in France and Germany, 530.
Articulated animals, 31, 32.

Asbestus occurs in the partings between beds of serpentine, 113.
Ashby-de-la-Zouch coal field, section of, 170.

Asia Minor, tremendous earthquakes in, about the fourth century,

371.

Astronomical causes that might increase the ancient temperature
of the globe, 527.

Atmosphere, probably denser in a former state of the globe, 333.
Augite, 116.

Auvergne, geology of, 396; basalt of, 209.

Ava, fossil bones from, 489.

D'Avilla, M., his interesting work on conchology, and the habits of
molluscous animals, 43.

B.

Bagshot Heath sand beds rest on London clay, 339.

Bakewell, Mr. Robert, of Dishley, his experiments on varieties of
breed in different animals, 354.

Balkstone, 134.

Basalt, one of the family of trap rocks (Chap. IX.), composition and
varieties of, 189; passage of basalt into phonolite or clinkstone, and
into pitchstone and trap-porphyry and trachyte, 190; passage of
basalt into a remarkable porphyry at Christiania in Norway, 191;
basaltic dykes, 195, 196; Cleveland basalt dyke, 197; remark-
able expansion of a basaltic dyke, and cut of, 201; imbedded
basalt, 202; protruded basalt, 203; columnar basalt of the
Giant's Causeway, 206; the Isle of Egg, 207; of Iceland and
Auvergne, 209; earthy basalt or wacke with agates at Woodford
bridge, 210; organic remains in, ib.; alternations of basalt with
limestone in Sicily, 211; basalt, experiments on, by Mr. G. Watt,
213; by Sir James Hall, 215; theory of basalt by Werner, its
opposition to facts, 216, 217; basalt of Massachusets and Nova
Scotia, 218.

Bears, fossil species found in caverns, supposed to be extinct, 451.
Beaumont, M. Elie de, his division of the tertiary strata, 356; on
the elevation of mountain ranges. See Elevation.

Beds. If a stratum exceed two or three yards in thickness, it is
generally called a bed, 56.

Bind or clunch, argillaceous beds in coal strata, 150. 172.

Birds, fossil remains of rare, 35; found in Stonesfield slate, 33;
and in the Paris basin, 35.

Bitumen, 162.

Black-lead, or plumbago, 161.

Blocks of rock, transportation of, 460; scattered on distant moun-
tains, 519; speculations on the mode of their transportation, 519.
Blue John. See Fluor Spar.

Boiling springs. See Thermal waters, 393.

Bones, analyses of, 38.

fossil. See Organic remains.

Botallack mine in Cornwall, 427.

Boué, M., a distinguished continental geologist, his opinions re-
specting fossil conchology. See Preface.

Bovey or wood coal, 163. 175.

Breccia, angular fragments of rock cemented together, 55.
Brighton cliffs, in some parts similar to Norfolk Crag, 346; teeth
of the elephant and horse found in them by Mr. Mantell, ib.
Brongniart, M. Adol., his geological classification of vegetables,

43. 162.

M. Alex., 168. 319.

Buckland, Professor, his discoveries at Kirkdale cave gave a new
impulse to geology, 452; his account of cavern bones, 453;
conjectures respecting the flying lizards at Stonesfield, 33.
Burntwood quarry, 168; vegetable remains in, ib.

Burrh stones or millstones, 339.

C.

Cader Idris, crater of, 193; columnar basalt of, 208.

Calcaire grossier, or, coarse limestone of Paris, 330; organic re-
mains in, ib.; not found in England, 331; formation of in
South America, ib.

siliceux of the Paris basin, 331; furnish mill-stones, ib. ;
siliciate of magnesia discovered in, ib.

Calcareous sandstone of Australasia, of Cornwall, of Guadaloupe,
22.483.

of, 53.

spar, crystallised limestone, 52; many hundred forms

strata, formation of, Chap. XV. 301.
tufa, 477.

Carbon, or charcoal, forms a constituent part of many slate rocks,
47; the principal constituent part of coal, ib.; combined with
oxygen forms carbonic acid, ib.; an original element, 162; the
principal constituent part of vegetables, 147; from whence de-
rived, 161.

Carbonate of lime, or limestone, 53.

Carbonic acid, or fixed air, forms a constituent part of limestone
rocks, 47; favourable to vegetation, 162.

Carboniferous limestone, an inappropriate term, 142.
Caverns, formation of, Chap. XX. 440; chiefly occur in limestone
rocks, ib.; subterranean currents and rivers in caverns, 440-
447; at Adlesberg, 441. 447; in the Isle of Thermia, 444; of
Gaylenreuth, 447; of Kirkdale, 452; of Miallet, 540. 566; caverns
in the south of France, &c., with human bones and bones of
extinct species of quadrupeds, 448. 451; cavern of Rancogne,