The indigo, dye, and cabinet woods and wines were of foreign production, as was also, without doubt, the bar-iron and a large quantity of pig-iron. It will be observed that the great Southern staple, tobacco, soon to yield the supremacy to cotton, was of the value of $2,750,000, or 40 per cent. of the whole export.

We should notice, also, that cotton, before the invention of the cotton gins, was but a very small item, its value being only $47,428, nearly $34 per bale, though the bales at this time weighed only 150 pounds. The exports of cereals, wheat, corn, flour and meal, were about $1,092,000, a small amount as compared with our present export, but almost one-sixth of the whole export to Great Britain at that time.

The amount of provisions exported is very trifling, in marked contrast with our present immense export. There was no marked increase in the export of cotton until 1796, when 5,628,176 pounds were sent to Great Britain, valued at about $1,407,000. Seven years later, the export to that country was 27,760,574 pounds, worth $6,107,326, or almost as much as the entire exports to that country 13 years before. The same year (1803), 50,274 hogsheads of tobacco, worth $4,524,660, were exported to England. These two items making more than five-eighths of the whole export. From this time till 1860, there was a steady increase in each decade, of the cotton export. In 1860, though the price of cotton had fallen to 10 or 12 cents a pound, the export of it to Great Britain and its dependencies, amounted to $134,929,000, while the total exports to that country, amounted to $168, 960,000, only $34,000,000 being for all other articles. In 1866, the price of cotton being high, our cotton exports to the British Empire amounted to $218,772,000, against $287,516,000 of our total exports to that Empire. During the 14 years since 1866, our exports of cotton to the British Empire, have aggregated $1,445,064,000, an annual average of $120,442,000, against $3,445,037,000 of exports of all kinds of merchandise to that Empire, or an annual average of $287,089,083; cotton being nearly 42 per cent. of the average exports. The following table gives the aggregate by decades, of imports and exports, and of exports of cotton to the British Empire, for 60 years

Periods.

1821 30.

Exports.
$242,482,000
462,146,000

Exports. of Cotton. $185,397,000 378,185,000

Imports.
$290,831,000

1831 40.

475,194,000

Our trade with the United Kingdom during the last 60 years aggregates, in round numbers, $5,561,000,000 in imports, and $7,702,000,000 in exports, an excess of exports over imports of $2,141,000,000, which has been used in paying balances to

creditor nations.

It was not, however, till 1847, that our exports to the United Kingdom, began, as ■rule, to exceed our imports. Since that date there has been but six years out of

81, in which we imported more merchandise from Great Britain than we sent her, these years were 1850, 1852, 1853, 1854 aud 1855, and 1864, and, as we had said, the excess of our exports in the 60 years since 1820, amounts to $2,141,000,000.

Let us now give a list of our principal exports to the British Empire, in 1881, by way of comparison with those of 1790, on the preceding page.

A comparison of these two lists will show that while the exports of most of the articles which then were staples, have increased enormously, a few have dropped out entirely. We do not export now, pot and pearl ashes, flax-seed, rice, wax (nor till the present year, honey), whale and sperm oils, and very small amounts of seeds and roots, or indigo, logwood, lignum vitæ, or mahogany. We do export some wines, but they are of our own manufacture.

Tobacco, cotton, breadstuffs, provisions, tallow, furs, and naval stores were sent to England in 1881 to the amount of over 452 millions of dollars; while mineral oils, which were unknown in 1790; wood in manufactured forms, oil cake, living animals, leather and its manufactures, iron and steel and their manufactures, refined sugar and molasses, hops, agricultural implements, sewing machines, musical instruments, clocks, carriages and railroad cars, manufactured cotton goods, coal and hemp, are among the new articles which figure most largely in our exports, even to Great Britain, after the great staples. Our imports from the British Empire in 1881 were $246.141,823, considerable less than one-half the amount of our exports to the empire.

A considerable portion of these new exports are the result directly and indirectly, of our Centennial Exposition here, and that of Paris in 1878; and if we are careful to encourage our agriculture and our manufactures, and to make known our products to the world, it is not too much to hope that before the dawn of the twentieth century, we shall be the leading commercial nation of the world, and New York will be, what London has been for so many years, the financial Capital of the world.

NATIONAL DEBTS OF THE WORLD IN 1860, 1870 AND 1880.

*The indebtedness of the German Empire is only that of the Imperial Government. The debts of the different German States aggregate
about $1,100,000,000.

It should be noticed that our national debt is rapidly diminishing, being now over 500 millions less than in January, 1880, while most
of the debts of other nations are increasing. The heaviest debt, in proportion to population, is that of the Australian Colonies. The heaviest of a
single State is that of Spain. But there must be taken into the account, also, the wealth of a nation, and its ability to bear a heavy burden
without being crushed by it. The debt of France is actually larger than that of any other nation, though not larger, per capita; but there is vast
wealth there, and the debt is not oppressive. So of Great Britain and the United States. Spain, Turkey and Greece, on the contrary, are poor,
and the debt bears heavily on them. The Australian Colonies have a heavy burden, but their resources are great.

THE QUEEN AND ROYAL FAMILY OF ENGLAND.

THE QUEEN.-VICTORIA, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Queen, Defender of the Faith. Her Majesty was born in Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819; succeeded to the throne June 20, 1837, on the death of her uncle, King William IV; was crowned June 28, 1838; and married Feb. 10, 1840, to His Royal Highness, Prince Albert, who died Dec. 14, 1861. Her Majesty is the only child of his late Royal Highness, Edward, Duke of Kent, son of King George III. The children of Her Majesty are

Her Royal Highness Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, PRINCESS ROYAL OF ENGLAND AND PRUSSIA, born Nov. 21, 1840, and married to His Imperial Highness William, the Crown Prince of Germany, Jan. 5, 1858, and has had issue, four sons and four daughters. Two sons (the third and fourth) have died; the first, Francis, June 18, 1866; the second, Waldemar, March 27, 1879. The eldest daughter, V. E. A. Charlotte, was married Feb. 18, 1878, to Hereditary Prince of Saxe Meiningen, and has one child.

His Royal Highness Albert Edward, PRINCE OF WALES, Born Nov. 9, 1841; married, March 10, 1863, Alexandria of Denmark, (Princess of Wales), born Dec. 1, 1844, and has had issue, Prince Albert Victor, born Jan. 8, 1864, George Frederick Ernest Albert, born June 3, 1865; Louisa Victoria Alexandra Dagmar, born Feb. 20, 1867; Victoria Alexandra Olga Mary, born July 6, 1868; Maude Charlotte Mary Victoria, born Nov. 26, 1869, and Alexander J. C. A., born 6th April, died 7th April, 1871.

Her Royal Highness Alice Maud Mary, born April 25, 1843; married to H. R. H. Prince Louis Frederick of Hesse, July 1, 1862, and had issue five daughters and one son; second son killed by accident May, 1873; Youngest daughter died of diphtheria, Nov. 15, 1878, and H. R. H. died of the same disease, Dec. 14, 1878.

His Royal Highness Alfred Ernest Albert, duke of Edindurgh, born Aug. 6, 1844; married Her Imperial Highness, the Grand Dutchess Marie, of Russia, Jan. 23, 1874, and has one son and three daughters.

Her Royal Highness Helena Augusta Victoria, born May 25, 1846; married to H. R. H. Prince Frederick Christian Charles Augustus Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, July 5, 1866, and has had issue three sons and two daughters. The youngest son died when seven days old, May 19, 1876.

Her Royal Highness Louisa Carolina Alberta, born March 18, 1848; married to John, Marquis of Lorne, eldest son of the Duke of Argyle, March, 1871. The Marquis is now Governor General of Canada.

His Royal Highness Arthur William Patrick Albert, born May 1, 1850, Duke of Connaught, married March 13, 1879, to the Princess Louisa Margaret, grand niece He is Colonel. of the Emperor of Germany, and daughter of Prince Frederick Karl. in-chief of the Rifle Briga le since May 29, 1880.

His Royal Highness Leopold George Duncan Albert, born April 7, 1853, H. R. H.

took orders in the Anglican Church in 1879.

Her Royal Highness Beatrice Mary Victoria Feodore, born April 15, 1857.

ANNUAL AVERAGE CONSUMPTION OF SPIRITUOUS AND MALT LIQUORS AND WINES IN THE UNITED STATES during the three years cndi g June 30, 1878, and the actual consumption for the years ending June 30, 1879, 1880, 1881, and 1882, and the wholesale value of these liquors.

* In computing the quantity of sparkling and still wines in bottles, 5 so-called quart bottles are reckoned as equivalent to a gallon.

† Estimated.

The estimated value of these liquors is a wholesale value based on the average export price for these seven years. The retail price would be merely double.

ANNUAL AVERAGE PRICE, from 1860 to 1882, per ton, of 2,240 pounds of IMPORTED IRON AND STEEL RAILROAD BARS in the United States.