UNIVERSITY OF BESANÇON.

Faculty of sciences.-Industrial and agricultural chemistry, agricultural botany (complementary course), industrial electricity, agronomic station.

Faculty of letters.-Auxiliary sciences of history applied to the study of charts and manuscripts relative to the Franche-Comté (complementary course), general bibliography and sources of history of the Franche-Comté (course complementary).

UNIVERSITY OF BORDEAUX.

Faculty of letters.-History of Bordeaux and the southwest of France, language and literature of the southwest of France, colonial geography, Spanish studies (lectures on).

UNIVERSITY OF CAEN.

Faculty of law. -History of the customs of Normandy (complementary course). Faculty of letters.-History of Norman literature and art (chair).

UNIVERSITY OF CLERMONT.

Faculty of sciences.-Limnologic station at Besse.

Faculty of letters.-History of Auvergne (complementary course), Romanic art at Auvergne.

UNIVERSITY OF DIJON.

Faculty of sciences.-Industrial physics (complementary course), industrial chemistry, agronomic and cenologic institute of Burgundy.

Faculty of letters.-History of Burgundy (complementary course), history of Burgundian art.

UNIVERSITY OF GRENOBLE.

Faculty of sciences.-Industrial electricity (complementary course).

Faculty of letters.-Italian language and literature (complementary course).

UNIVERSITY OF LILLE.

Faculty of letters.-Walloon and Picard languages and literatures (complementary course), language and literature and history of Russia and the Slavs (chair), history of the provinces of northern France (complementary course).

UNIVERSITY OF LYON,

Faculty of letters.-History of Lyon and the surrounding region (lectures), colonial history and geography (lectures).

UNIVERSITY OF NANCY.

Faculty of letters.-History of the east of France (chair).

Faculty of law. -History of law and of juridical institutions of the East (complementary course).

Faculty of sciences.-Chemistry applied to dyeing and printing (lectures), technical electricity (lectures), organic chemistry (complementary course).

UNIVERSITY OF POITIERS.

Faculty of letters.-History of Poitou (chair).

UNIVERSITY OF RENNES.

Faculty of letters.-Celtic language and literature (complementary course).

UNIVERSITY OF TOULOUSE.

Faculty of sciences.-Agricultural botany (chair).

Faculty of letters.-Southern language and literature (chair), Spanish language and literature, history of the laws of southern France.

ADMISSION OF FOREIGN STUDENTS TO FRENCH UNIVERSITIES.

The recent efforts that have facilitated the admission of foreign students to the French universities have been set forth in full in previous Reports. It will suffice to note here that a committee was formed in Paris in 1895 (Comité FrancoAmericain), with an advisory branch in Washington, whose purpose it was to familiarize American students with the facilities for advanced study offered by the French universities and with the conditions for admission to the same.

Few foreign students, and especially few American students, were attracted to the French universities because of the difficulty in securing a degree. The German doctorate, on the contrary, could be gained with comparative ease. As pointed out by Professor Furber, of Chicago, to whose efforts the new arrangements are chiefly due:

There was an organic difference in the nature of the German and the French degrees. In Germany the doctorate carried with it no professional prerogatives. Not without further qualifications and severe examinations could the student obtain from the State the license permitting him to practice a profession. In France, on the contrary, the degrees were given, not by the university, but by the State, and clothed the recipient with special immunities and rights. The licencié en droit could enter on his legal duties. The doctor of medicine was already a physician, while the license of the other faculties opened public careers in various directions. To render degrees more accessible to foreigners was, therefore, to subject the native youth to sharper competition in acquiring a livelihood, a competition in which, because of his military duties, the Frenchman was at a disadvantage on his own soil. It was due, in fact, to this consideration that at the very time the friends of a more liberal hospitality were endeavoring to secure the foreign student greater privileges, a counter agitation was developed which aimed at curtailing those that he already had.

The arrangements ultimately proposed by the Comité Franco-Americain harmonized all these interests. It was, in fact, the creation of a new university doctorate, which was sanctioned by a ministerial decree of July 21, 1897, in the following terms:

Besides the degrees established by the State, the universities are empowered to institute titles of a nature purely scientific.

These titles shall confer none of the rights and privileges attached by law and regulations to the (State) degrees and in no case shall be declared a substitute. The studies and examinations which shall determine their distribution shall be subject to regulations formulated by the council of the university and approved by the standing committee of the superior council of public instruction. The diploma shall be delivered, in the name of the university, by the president of the council in forms different from the forms of those delivered by the Govern

ment.

The doctorates and diplomas created under this decree and available for foreigners are as follows:

University of Paris: Doctorate of letters; sciences; medicine; pharmacy; Protestant theology. (The university doctorate has not yet been adopted for law.) Also diploma of pharmacy and certificate of French language and literature. University of Aix-Marseille: Diploma of industrial electricity.

University of Besançon: Doctorate of letters; of sciences; also diploma of agriculture.

University of Bordeaux: Doctorate of sciences; medicine; pharmacy; letters; also diploma of pharmacy.

University of Caen: Doctorate of law; also diploma of and certificate of higher literary studies.

University of Clermont: Diploma of industrial electricity.

a See in particular Report for 1894-95, vol. 2, p. 305; Report for 1896-97, vol. 1, p. 33 et seq.; Report for 1897-98, vol. 1, pp. 749-759; Report for 1898-99, vol. 1, pp. 1091–1095.

University of Dijon: Licentiate in law; doctorate of laws.

University of Grenoble: Doctorate of letters; law; sciences; also diploma for electro-technical subjects and diploma of French language and literature.

University of Lille: Doctorate of medicine; of pharmacy; of economic sciences; of sciences; diploma of technical studies; diploma of French language and literature; licentiate in mechanics; in physics; in chemistry; in geology.

University of Lyon: Doctorate of medicine; pharmacy; sciences; letters; also diploma of pharmacy; of electro-technical studies; of agriculture; of oratory; of pedagogy; French letters.

University of Montpellier: Doctorate of pharmacy; of medicine; of law; also diploma of legal studies.

University of Nancy: Doctorate of letters; of law; of sciences; of pharmacy; of electro-technical studies.

University of Rennes: Doctorate of letters.

The following statement of the expenses to be met by candidates for the doctorate of the University of Paris is furnished by M. Henri Bréal, corresponding sec. retary of the Franco-American committee:

The total depends on the fees for laboratories and on the number of years of study.

a A franc is ordinarily reckoned at 20 cents, or 5 francs to $1, but the exact rate of exchange is at present 19.3 cents per franc.

Higher technical schools under other ministries than that of public instruction (ministry of agriculture, of commerce, of war, etc.).

The independent or private school of political sciences (École Libre des Sciences Politiques), Paris, registered 600 students in 1901.

THE PROFESSIONAL AND FINANCIAL STATUS OF FRENCH PRIMARY TEACHERS. Notwithstanding the efforts which the State has lavished upon primary education there is a weak point in the system which seriously impairs its efficiency. The teachers upon whom the ultimate success of the work depends are the most poorly paid servants of the State. The loyalty of these devoted adherents of the new social order and their faith in the good intentions of the Government have supported them under a strain which becomes every year more intolerable. Apart from the actual want suffered by many teachers, the spectacle of their distress deters promising young people from entering upon the teaching career, the normal schools cease to attract, and the service is losing the respect of the classes upon whom the Republic counts for its support. The situation has been brought clearly to view through the efforts of M. F. Buisson, whose eminent service to the cause of popular education has won the regard of every patriotic spirit and the unbounded confidence of the teachers. At his instance, and supported by the prestige of his name, the Manuel Général de l'Instruction Primaire, the oldest and most authoritative of French journals of primary education, has conducted an exhaustive inquiry into the financial condition of the primary teachers of France.a The purpose of the inquiry, as explained in the introductory announcement, was not to seek and expose particular complaints, but to collect and present to the public, to Parliament, and to the ministry complete and exact information, offered without passion or prejudice, characterizing the normal average condition of the teacher, and when analyzed in detail furnishing some indications as to attainable reforms.

To this end the inquiry forms were drawn up in very precise terms, so that the particulars elicited could be readily tabulated and analyzed. This work was done under the supervision of M. Levasseur with the collaboration of the statistical division of the labor bureau. The results thus obtained furnish the most complete presentation of the living conditions of primary teachers, both actual and as compared with those of persons in other employments, that has ever been made for

a Seo Manuel Général of April 26, 1902.

any country. It leaves no question as to the inferior condition of the teachers and the necessity of an increase in their salaries.

The presentation created a profound impression and led to an immediate increase of the State appropriations, which furnished some amelioration of the evils. This addition amounted to 5,011,200 francs ($1,002,240), of which 3.811.200 francs ($762,240) were to be used to increase the number of higher salaries, thus giving greater chance for immediate promotion, and 1,200,000 francs ($240,000) to increase the number of pensions, thus making way for promotions by the retirement of persons past service. In the meantime, several bills have been introduced into the Chamber of Deputies, proposing radical changes in the classification of teachers, the conditions for promotion, and the scale of salaries. For an understanding of this very important movement for the improvement of the teaching service, we consider here: (1) The present provision respecting the classification and salaries of teachers; (2) the actual conditions developed by the inquiry.

For admission to the public teaching service of France one must be a citizen of the country, native or naturalized, and, if a man, at least 18 years of age. Women may enter the service at 17 years.

No one can be a teacher in France (not even in a private school) who has not obtained at least the brevet élémentaire (teacher's diploma of the lower degree). Teachers of State schools are divided into stagiaires (probationers), and titulaires (having a certified title). A stagiaire becomes a certified teacher (titulaire) by passing an examination in the theory and practice of teaching and securing favorable report for his work as probationer. He may then be appointed as an adjoint (assistant) in a school.

The brevet supérieur (higher State diploma) is only required in the case of masters of the higher primary schools, but, nevertheless, it is held by a large proportion of teachers in the elementary schools. All persons who aspire to become fully certificated teachers must secure the "certificat d'aptitude pédagogique" (the highest teachers' diploma). This distinction, as already stated, is held by about 97 per cent of the teaching force.

It should be recalled that probationers (stagiaires) are appointed by the academy inspector, who alone has the right to make up the list of candidates from whom the department prefect may appoint full teachers.

Not only is the entrance into the teaching service thus carefully guarded, but the teacher's salary and advancement in the service are also under strict regulation. The salary of the stagiaire is 900 franes ($180) per annum. The certified teachers in the elementary primary schools are divided into five classes, with salaries fixed as follows:

Each class contains a certain percentage of the whole body of teachers; hence the significance of the expression la pour centage," constantly occurring in discussions of the service. Bythe law of July 15, 1889, the percentages were fixed as follows: Stagiaires, 15 per cent; fifth class, 25 per cent; fourth class, 25 per cent; second class, 10 per cent; first class, 5 per cent."