The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War

acres aesthetic agrarian agriculture ancien régime aristocratic army Art Nouveau artisans artists Austria-Hungary avant-garde banks became Berlin bourgeois bourgeoisie bureaucracy capitalist Church Cisleithania cities civil and political claimed classical conservative consumer manufacture continued crown democratic dominated economic electoral emperor empire England ennobled Europe Europe's families feudal element finance firms France gentry Germany Germany's governing class growth Habsburg hereditary historical houses imperial Impressionists Jews Klimt labor force landed landed nobility landowners less liberal magnates Magyar major manufacture and industry ment middle class military million minister modern Moreover museums Nietzsche noble notably officers official culture old order peasants percent petite bourgeoisie political society population preindustrial princes processing production public service nobilities regime remained ruling and governing ruling class rural Russia schools second industrial revolution social social Darwinism social Darwinist status steel table of ranks textiles tion traditional Transleithania universities upper urban Vienna wealth workers