XV. Instances of divorce.

He says (par. 38), "Next follow five classes of instances, which we are wont to call by the general term of 'instances of the lamp,' or of 'immediate information.'"

XVI. Instances of door or gate.

XVII. Citing instances (to borrow a term from the tribunals) because they cite those things to appear which have not yet appeared. We are wont also to call them "invoking instances."

XVIII. The instances of the load, which we are also wont to call itinerant and jointed instances.

XIX. Supplementary, or Institutive instances, which we are also wont to call instances of refuge.

XX. Lancing instances, which we are wont to call "twitching instances." He says (par. 44), "We have now spoken of the instances which assist the senses, and which are principally of service as regards information, for information begins from the senses. But our whole labour terminates in practice, and as the former is the beginning, so is the latter the end of our subject. The following instances, therefore, will be those which are chiefly useful in practice. They are comprehended in two classes and are seven in number. We call them all by the general name of "practical instances."

XXI. Instances of the "rod," or "rule," which we are also wont to call the "instances of corruption, or non ultra.”

XXII. Instances of course, which we are also wont to call "water instances," borrowing our expression from the "water hour-glass" employed by the ancients instead of those with sand.

XXIII. Instances of quantity, which we are also wont to call the "doses of nature," borrowing a word from medicine.

XXIV. Wrestling instances, which we are also wont to call "instances of predominance"-(a) resistance of matter, (b) motion of connexion, (c) motion of liberty, (d) motion of matter, (e) motion of continuity, (f) motion of acquisition or the

motion of head, (g) motion of greater congregation, (h) motion of lesser congregation, (i) magnetic motion, (j) motion of avoidance, (k) motion of assimilation, or, self-multiplication, or, simple generation, (1) motion of incitement, (m) motion of impression, (n) motion of configuration or position, (o) motion of transmission, (p) the royal or political motion, (q) the spontaneous motion of revolution, (r) the motion of trepidation, (s) the motion of repose or of abhorrence of motion.

He says (page 293), "We have now, therefore, exhibited the opinions or simple elements of the motions, tendencies, and active powers which are most universal in nature, and no small portion of natural science has been thus sketched out. We do not, however, deny that other instances can perhaps be added, and our divisions changed according to some more natural order of things, and also reduced to a less number," &c. XXV. Suggesting instances. XXVI. Generally useful instances. Under this heading he observes: "Man acts, then, upon natural bodies-besides merely bringing them together or removing them—by seven principal methods (1) By the exclusion of all that impedes and disturbs; (2) by compression, extension, agitation, and the like; (3) by heat and cold; (4) by detention in a suitable place; (5) by checking or directing motion; (6) by peculiar harmonies; (7) by a seasonable and proper alternation, series, and succession of all these, or at least of some of them.

XXVII. The magical instances, a term which we apply to those where the matter or efficient agent is scanty or small in comparison with the grandeur of the work or effect produced, so that even when common they appear miraculous, some at first sight, others even upon more attentive observation.

Bacon concludes his "Novum Organum" thus :-"We must next, however, proceed to the supports and corrections of induction, and thence to concretes, the latent process, and latent conformations, and other matters, which we have enumerated in their order in the twenty-first aphorism, in order that, like

good and faithful guardians, we may yield up their fortune to mankind, upon the emancipation and majority of their understanding, from which must necessarily follow an improvement of their estate and an increase of their power over nature. For man, by the fall, lost at once his state of innocence and his empire over creation, both of which can be partially recovered even in this life, the first by religion and faith, the second by the arts and sciences. For creation did not become entirely and utterly rebellious by the curse, but in consequence of the divine decree. 'In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread,' she is compelled by our labours-not assuredly by our disputes or magical ceremonies—at length, to afford mankind in some degree his bread, that is to say, to supply man's daily wants."

188

SHAKSPEARE, WILLIAM.-1564-1616.*

Shakspeare, born at Stratford-upon-Avon in April, 1564, was the third of the eight children of John Shakspeare. Between the years 1555 and 1574, John appears to have been in easy circumstances, and to have filled various municipal offices in the borough, being in 1565 invested with an alderman's gown, in 1568 made high bailiff, and in 1571 sworn chief alderman for the coming year. In 1574, however, his affairs became entangled, and in 1585-6 to a distress; we find the return"Joh'es Shackspere nihil habet potest levari" (Register of the Bailiff's Court). Whether he was or was not at one time a glover, and at another a butcher and dealer in wool, are matters of but little moment, and far from sufficiently established. We are told that, owing to the reduced circumstances of the father, William was early removed from the Free Grammar School of his native town to assist his father in his business, and, if tradition is to be credited, the young Shakspeare killed a calf in high style, and graced his slaughter by a speech. Aubrey tells us that he understood Latin pretty well, for he had been in his younger years a schoolmaster in the country.† His

* The matter of this sketch is derived from the works of Shakspeare; "The Life of Shakespeare, enquiries into the originality of his dramatic plots and characters, and essays on the ancient theatres and theatrical usages," by Augustine Skottowe-two vols. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green, 1824; "Shakspeare's Legal Acquirements considered," by Lord Campbell-John Murray, 1859, etc., etc.; and Dodd's "Beauties of Shakspeare."

+ Lord Campbell says, "It may likewise be observed that if Shakspeare really had been a schoolmaster, he probably would have had some regard for the 'order' to which he belonged." In all his dramas we have three schoolmasters only, and he makes them all exceedingly ridiculous. First we have Holofernes in "Love's Labour Lost," who is brought on the stage to be laughed at for his pedantry and his bad verses; then comes the Welshman, Sir Hugh Evans, in the "Merry Wives of Windsor," who, although in holy orders, has not yet learned to speak the English language; and last of all, Pinch, in the "Comedy of Errors," who unites the bad qualities of a pedagogue and a conjuror.

friend, Ben Jonson, tells us that he knew but little Latin, and less Greek, and says nothing of his ever having been a schoolmaster. Others say that he was for some time a lawyer's clerk, and that view is favoured by Lord Campbell in his charming letter to J. Payne Collier, on "Shakespeare's Legal Acquirements considered.”*

One thing is generally accepted, and that is, that when Shakspeare had barely attained the age of 18 he married Ann, the daughter of Richard Hathaway, a substantial yeoman in the neighbourhood of Stratford, his senior by 8 years, by whom he had several children, but who neither bettered his circumstances or social status. Indeed, we are told that his associates and habits at this period were not of the best, and that implica

* His lordship says, (page 11) "Were an issue tried before me as Chief Justice at the Warwick assizes, 'whether William Shakespeare, late of Stratford-uponAvon, gentleman, ever was clerk in an attorney's office in Stratford-upon-Avon aforesaid,'-I should hold that there is evidence to go to the jury in support of the affirmative, but I should add that the evidence is very far from being conclusive, and I should tell the twelve gentlemen in the box that it is a case entirely for their decision-without venturing even to hint to them for their guidance any opinion of my own. Should they unanimously agree in a verdict either in the affirmative or negative, I do not think that the court sitting in banco could properly set it aside and grant a new trial. But the probability is (particularly if the trial were by a special jury of Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries), that, after they had been some hours in deliberation, I should receive a message from them-' there is no chance of our agreeing, and therefore we wish to be discharged;' that having sent for them into court, and read them a lecture on the duty imposed upon them by law of being unanimous, I should be obliged to order them to be locked up for the night without eating or drinking, and without fire, candle-light excepted,' they would come into court next morning pale and ghastly, still saying' we cannot agree,' and that, according to the rigour of the law, I ought to order them to be again locked up as before till the close of the assizes, and then sentence them to be put into a cart, to accompany me in my progress toward the next town, to be shot into a ditch on the confines of the county of Warwick, etc."

From a love of the incredible, and a wish to make what he afterwards accomplished actually miraculous, a band of critics have conspired to lower the condition of his father, and to represent the son, when approaching man's estate, as still almost wholly illiterate.

His lordship quotes from twenty-three of Shakspeare's dramas,' passages evidencing his legal knowledge, vide 24 to p. 117 (John Murray, 1857).