Professor Mommsen replied:

"Germanorum principi tam majestate quam humanitate gratias agit antiquarius Lietzelburgensis.'

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On September 7th, 1890, at a banquet given by the members of the Provincial Diet of Schleswig-Holstein, at Glücksburg, the Emperor William delivered a speech in which he paid a tender and graceful compliment to his consort:

"I express to you the thanks of the Empress and myself for the kind words which you have just addressed to us, and I also thank the whole province for to-day's rejoicings and for the reception which has been accorded to us. But it did not require this day's proceedings to convince us of the warmth and loyalty of the sentiments of the province toward us.

"The link which unites me to this province, and which makes this province dearer to me than any other, is the gem which sparkles by my side, her Majesty the Empress, a daughter of this province, a model of all the virtues that adorn a German Princess. I owe it to her that I am able to fulfil the onerous duties of my position with a cheerful mind and devote myself to them to the best of my power.

"You have been good enough to say that you feel safe under my rule and that you look with confidence to the future. And so also do I, if I am supported by such men as you men of SchleswigHolstein. I hope that I shall succeed in my efforts to banish the shadow to which you pointed, but I can only do so if every German for his part gives me his assistance. I hope and expect that the inhabitants of this province, each in his own particular sphere of activity, will co-operate in the work of firmly upholding established law and order against the revolutionary elements.

"If every citizen will do his duty, then I shall be in a position to look after their interests and peacefully to guide the destinies of our Fatherland for the welfare of us all; and I am confident that, come what may, you will tranquilly and patiently await the development of our legislation and internal affairs, and that,

* "The Antiquarian of Lietzelburg (Charlottenburg) returns thanks to the German Prince who excels in majesty and wisdom." Charlottenburg (Charlotte's Town), was so named by Frederick I., King of Prussia, after the death of his wife, Sophie Charlotte, in 1705. Till then the village was called Lützelburg, or Littletown. (See Carlyle, Friedrich, vol. i. p. 37.)

in accordance with your well-tried loyalty and devotion, you will lend me your aid. Thus then I raise my glass and drink to the native Province of my Consort. Prosperity to my loyal Province of Schleswig-Holstein."

The above speech is one of those in which the Emperor has given public expression to his admiration for his Consort, to whom, as he said, he is greatly indebted. Even more interesting compliments to the Empress were paid by the Emperor on the occasion of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the establishment of the students' Korps Borussia at Bonn. The celebration was held on the 18th of June, 1902, and among the proceedings was a grand students' "Kommers," in which the Emperor and the Crown Prince took part, while the ladies, among them the Empress, were seated in the gallery.

In the course of the "Kommers" the Emperor himself took the chair, and rose to propose the following toast to his Consort:

"When our ancestors gathered together at an assault-at-arms, a bevy of fair ladies looked down upon them, but in the whole history of German Universities there is no record of a University being honoured as you are honoured to-day. In the heart of this beautiful city of Bonn is present her Majesty the Empress, the first time the highest lady of the land has ever attended a students''Kommers.' This unexampled honour is conferred on Bonn and in Bonn on the Borussia Korps. I hope and expect that every young Borussian on whom the eye of her Majesty rests to-day will receive from this honour an inspiration which will last him throughout his life. All of us, whoever we may be— general, statesman, lieutenant, or country gentleman-unite in loyal gratitude and homage to her Majesty the Empress. We drink the very good health of her Majesty in a mighty 'salamander.'"*

*Salamander. The process of "rubbing" a "salamander" by German University students is thus described by Mr. F. Marion Crawford in Greifenstein, chap. vi. "Every meeting of the Korps begins and ends with a 'salamander.' At the President's word the glasses or stone jugs are moved rhythmically upon the oaken board. Another word of command, and each student empties his beaker. Then the vessels are rattled on the table, while he slowly counts three, with the precision of a military drum, then struck sharply again three times, so that they touch the table all together, and the meeting is opened or closed as the case may be. The same ceremony is performed when the health of anyone is drunk by the whole Korps."

THE EMPEROR AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

LIKE all clear-sighted European politicians, the Emperor William has watched with interest, and at the same time with apprehension, the almost fabulous growth of the United States of America during the last decades, especially in regard to its economic position. Ever since the time when he was Prince William, the Emperor has endeavoured, at least by reading and serious study, to make himself familiar with the circumstances of America in this respect, and he has always regretted that it was not his privilege to get personal information on the spot by means of a journey to North America. When in the year 1888 the Emperor came to the throne, the relations of Germany with North America had been for some decades extraordinarily friendly and pleasant.

In September, 1889, a new ambassador, Mr. Phelps, was appointed to the post at Berlin. On September 26th he was received by the Emperor to hand over his credentials, and on this occasion the Emperor made the following speech to him:—

"I have heard with great pleasure the words with which you have introduced yourself, and I do not for one moment doubt that you will be always successful in your efforts to cultivate the good relations between your country and my empire, which have now subsisted for a century. From my youth up I have had the greatest admiration for the mighty and rising commonwealth which you are appointed to represent here, and the study of your history in time of peace and in war has always had for me a special interest. Among the many eminent qualities which your countrymen possess, it is, above all, their spirit of enterprise, their sense of order, and their inventive capacity, which attract the attention of the whole world. Germans feel themselves all

the more drawn towards the people of the United States because they are connected with the North Americans by the many close ties which community of origin involves. The prevailing sentiment of the two nations is that of close relationship and tried friendship, and the future can only strengthen the heartiness of our relations."

In the year 1892 the American newspapers emphasised the fact that the Emperor William II. was the only European ruler who had sent a congratulatory message to the American Republic on the occasion of the Columbus Festival, which took place in Chicago in October. This telegram was addressed to Mr. Wharton, Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, at Washington:

"The German Emperor commands the German Ambassador to express to you his sincere congratulations on the occasion of the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America, and unites with them his hearty wishes for the continued development of the great country to the Government of which you belong."

On February 17th, 1898, the American warship Maine was blown up in Havana Harbour, and on this occasion the Emperor addressed the following telegram to President McKinley:—

"Allow me to express to you and your country my sincere sympathy at the terrible loss of the Maine and the death of so many brave officers and men."

In addition, the German Ambassador in Washington, Dr. von Holleben, was at once commanded to seek an audience of the President of the United States in order personally to convey the expression of the Emperor's sympathy at the great calamity which had befallen the American people. Mr. McKinley's reply to the Emperor's sympathetic message was well received by the entire German Press. "Expressing," he said, "the deep sorrow of a stricken people, I gratefully acknowledge your Majesty's message of sympathy."

The outbreak of the Spanish-American War, however, brought with it a change of feeling on the part of the American people; but it was not until after peace had been concluded that the most regrettable incident affecting the relations of the two countries arose. Captain Coghlan, an officer of the American Navy who distinguished himself in the war, together with his fellow-officers

of the United States cruiser Raleigh, was entertained at a banquet given by the Union League Club of New York, and in replying to the toast of his health declared that he had heard Admiral Dewey make some very offensive remarks against Germany. Not content with this, the Captain went still further, and sang a song in which the German Emperor was insulted. This banquet was a private affair, but the facts found their way into the newspapers, and Captain Coghlan's conduct not only produced an outburst of indignation in Germany, but was also severely censured by almost the whole American Press. The feeling of Germany against Captain Coghlan was all the greater because of the view held in that country that a naval or military officer should not concern himself with matters outside his sphere of activity, but, despite this resentment, the Government and the people were anxious that nothing should happen which would have a prejudicial effect on German-American interests. Still, however, the incident could not be allowed to pass unnoticed, and the German Ambassador at Washington was instructed to call on the Secretary of State and lodge a complaint. He was at first informed that the matter was not a State affair, but merely the thoughtless utterance of a naval officer; but subsequently both the Secretary of State and the President personally expressed their regrets at what had occurred. These strained relations soon gave way to quieter feelings, however, but not before the German inhabitants of the United States had vigorously asserted themselves in that country. A great number of German societies were formed, and on one day in Chicago alone as many as forty each held a meeting and expressed a determination to uphold German honour in America. Then also a number of the largest German-American newspaper proprietors decided that in future they would work in common for the protection of their own and the Fatherland's interests. It was doubtless with the object of removing the last traces of unpleasantness that the Emperor sent his brother to represent him at the christening of his Majesty's yacht the Meteor by Miss Alice Roosevelt on Shooter's Island.

Since the year 1898 the American newspapers have occupied themselves much with the personality of the German Emperor. On July 5th, 1900, President McKinley telegraphed to the German Emperor :

"The confirmation of the news of the murder of the Ambassador of your Majesty at Pekin impels me to express to your Majesty and the family of Baron von Ketteler my deep sympathy, and that of the American people."