has resulted from the workings of this law. THE LICENSE LAWS OF THE DIFFERENT PROVINCES. The salient features of the different license laws in operation in the different parts of the Dominion are briefly given in the following summary: Nova Scotia. This Province has 19 counties and cities, in 11 of which the Scott act is now (Jan. 1. 1890) in operation The license law affects only the remainder of the Province. This law provides for three classes of licenses: (1) A hotel license, permitting the sale of liquor in quantities of not over one quart. Sale may be made only to bona fide guests or lodgers to be used in rooms or at meals. If a hotel-keeper sells in any other way he is fined $100 for the first offense, and for a second, $100 and imprisonment for not more than two months. A person misrepresenting himself to be a guest is liable to a fine of $50. The fee for a hotel license is $150. (2) A shop license, fee $100, permitting sale in quantities of not less than a pint and not more than two gallons to be taken away for consumption. (3) A wholesale license, fee $150, permitting sale in quantities of not less than 12 gallons. Every sale, under any license, of more than one gallon, must be specially registered. The penalties for selling without license are $50 for first offence, 80 for second, $80 and imprisonment for third. Licenses are issued by the Municipal Councils. The Councils appoint Inspectors who are confirmed by the Government. Every Inspector must be a member of a temperance society in good standing at the time of his appoint ment and throughout his term of office. No license may be issued unless the applicant presents a petition signed by two-thirds of the ratepayers in his polling district. No sale of liquor is permitted between 9 P. M. and 7 A. M. Selling is also prohibited between 6 P. M. on Saturdays and 7 A. M. Mondays. No sale is allowed on any election day or to any person under 21 years of age or to any unlicensed person who intends to sell. Two Justices of the Peace may prohibit all dealers from selling to any particular person addicted to drunkenness. The husband. wife father. mother, child, master, curator, guardian or caretaker of any person addicted to drink, may prohibit any particular dealer from selling to such person. In case of a death through drink, the legal representatives of the deceased may recover damages up to $1,000 from the person who sold the liquor. Any one injured in person or property by a drunken person has recourse for damages against either the person who did the mischief or the person who sold the drink. Liquor in respect of which offences have been committed is forfeited and destroyed. New Brunswick. This Province has 16 counties and cities, of which nine are under the Scott act. In other parts of the Province two kinds of licenses are issued: (1) Tavern licenses, varying in prices at the option of the Municipal Council, from $25 to $200. This license permits sale in quantities not over a quart, to be drunk on the premises. (2) Wholesale licenses, fee varying from $50 to $200. This license permits sale in bulk not to be consumed on the premises, in quantities not less than one pint. Licenses are issued by the Municipal Council, which also appoints a License Inspector. The applicant for the license must have a petition signed by one-third the ratepayers in his district. The penalties for unlicensed selling are $50 for first offence, $80 for second, $80 and imprisonment or not more than three months with hard labor for third. The maximum number of licenses that can be issue: in a municipality is limited in cities and towns to four for the first 1,000 of population and one to each 500 after. In rural places the maximum number is three to the first 1,200 of population and one to each 1,000 thereafter. The Municipal Councils may still further limit the number. No sale is allowed between 10 P. M. and 6 A. M. or between 7 P. M. on Saturday and 6 A M. on the following Monday. Prohibitions in relation to election days, minors and persons addicted to drink are the same as in Nova Scotia. The Civil Damage and liquor forfeiture provisions are the same as in Nova Scotia. Prince Edward Island. This Province, being entirely under the Scott act, has no license law in force in any part of it. Quebec. In this Province licenses are issued by the Collector of Provincial Revenue. They are of seven classes, namely: Licenses for (1) inns, (2) restaurants, (3) steamboat bars, (4) railway shops, and (7) wholesale liquor shops. Any perbuffets, (5) taverns at mines, (6) retail liquor son applying for a new license must present a petition signed by one-fourth of the voters in a rural municipality. or the ward of a city in of voters is less than 50 the petition must be which the license is to operate. If the number signed by a majority of them. Except in the cities of Quebec and Montreal the petition must also be ratified by the Municipal Council, and no license can be issued to any person who has permitted drunkenness on his premises, or has been twice fined for selling without a license. Fees range from $56.25 up to $512.50. Penalties for illicit selling range from $75 to $95 for a offense, and for a third, not less than three first offense. double that amount for a second No liquor can be sold after 8 P. M. to soldiers, months nor more than six months imprisonment. sailors or servants, or to any person between midnight and 5 A. M., or at all on Sundays, or to drunken persons, or persons under 21 years of A provision against selling to habitual drunkards is somewhat similar to that of Nova Scotia, with the addition that any one purchasing liquor for a habitual drunkard is liable to a fine of $50, or three months' imprisonment in default of payment of this fine. The law relat ing to Civil Damages is the same as that of Nova Scotia. Outside of cities, towns and villages no liquor may be sold within three miles of any public work under construction. There is also age. in the municipal law a Local Option provision by which any Municipal Council may entirely suppress the sale of liquor within its limits by a by-law either absolute or dependent upon popular vote for ratification. Ontario. In this Province licenses are issued and controlled by a board of three Commissioners and an Inspector. appointed by the Government, for each electoral division. There are three classes of licenses -tavern, shop and wholesale. The number of tavern licenses that may be issued is limited to four for the first 1,000 of the population in a municipality, and one to each subsequent 400 A Municipal Council may pass a bylaw limiting the number below this maximum. For example, the city of Toronto, with a population of about 180,000, limits the number of tavern and saloon licenses to 150 An applicant for a license is required to secure endorsement by a majority of the voters in his electoral precinct, and thus license can issue only upon special appeal of the majority. Fees vary in different places and for different classes of licenses, the lowest possible fee being $90 and the highest $400. No liquor is sold from 7 o'clock Saturday night till 6 o'clock on Monday morning, or on election days. The purchaser of liquor sold illegally is liable to a fine not exceeding $10. A licensee who sells out of hours is fined for a first offense $40, for a second offense $80. and for a third offense $100, with an alternative of imprisonment. A third offense forfeits the li cense and the licensee is disqualified from obtaining another for two years. No liquor may be sold to any person under 18 years of age. The Civil Damage law is similar to that of Nova Scotia. Provisions prohibiting sale to intemperate persons are also similar to those of Nova Scotia. The penalties for illicit sale by persons unlicensed are for a first offense not more than $100 and costs, for a second, imprisonment for four months with hard labor, and for a third, imprisonment for six months with hard labor. Manitoba. Licenses in Manitoba are issued by a Board of Commissioners and Inspector, and are controlled as in Ontario. Outside a city or town with 2.000 population, each applicant for a license must present a petition sirned by 14 out of the 20 householders nearest to his place of business. There are three classes of licenses as in other Provinces. The lowest possible fee is $100 and the highest $500. The statutory limit for the number of licenses is almost the same as in Ontario. No sale is allowed hetween 10 Saturday night and 7 Monday morning, or between 11.30 P. M. and 6 A. M. on other nights, or on election days, or to persons under 16. Penalties for selling out of hours are very heavy. Penalties for selling without licenses are, for first offense $50 to $250, for second offense $250 to $500, for third offense $500 to $1,000. Alternative imprison ments range from two months to two years. Provisions prohibiting sale to drunkards are similar to those of other provinces, with the addition that any two clergymen or two Justices of the Peace may prohibit any such sale, and any licensee who violates this provision is heavily punished and loses his license. Occu pants of premises are responsible for any violation of the law that takes place in their houses. Civil Damages are recoverable up to $1,000 by legal representatives of any person who comes to his death through drunkenness. This Province has also a Local Option law of its own. Twenty-five per cent.of the voters of any municipality may demand a poll on the question of Prohibition. If two-thirds of the votes cast are in favor of the proposal, then license is abandoned. Under this provision four-fifths of the territory of Manitoba is now under Prohibition. British Columbia. The law in this Province is simple. The whole control of licenses is in the hands of the for each six months. A Board of Commissioners Municipal Council. Fees vary from $30 to $100 partly appointed and partly elective agrees to or refuses all applications. There is no limit to the number of licenses that may be issued. Two-thirds of the electors in a polling district must endorse an application for a new license. The penalty for illicit liquor-selling is a fide up to $250. besides the amount that should have been paid for a license. Outside these provisions selling is almost unlimited. TOTAL PROHIBITION. The general plan of work endorsed by the Dominion Alliance is that, while using every means to immediately restrict or prohibit the liquor traffic, nothing should be allowed to distract attention from progress towards the goal of total Prohibition. It is expected that this end will be attained by securing the election to the National Parliament of men who are known and avowed Prohibitionists, and who can be relied upon to support, regardless of party, a law for the entire legal suppression of the traffic in intoxiTo this end Prohibicating beverages. tionists are urged to use all their personal influence in their respective political caucuses to obtain the nomination of men who are sound on the Prohibition question. Only where these efforts fail to se cure the nomination of a Prohibitionist by one of the existing parties, is an inde pendent Prohibitionist to be nominated and supported. The Prohibitionist sentiment in the House of Commons is rapidly growing. A resolution was introduced into that body in 1884 declaring in favor of Prohibition. This resolution was amended so as to make it declare for Prohibition when public opinion should be pronouncedly in favor of it. A further amendment for immediate Prohibition was defeated by a vote of 55 to 107. The amended resolution in favor of Prohibition at some time was adopted by a vote of 122 to 40. Since then some electoral changes have taken place. Sentiment has been advancing. In 1889 the question of immediate Prohibition was defeated by a vote of 59 to 99, and the resolution in favor of Prohibition at some time was adopted by a unanimous vote. The Alliance, on this line, hopes to ultimately secure the object it has in view. POLITICAL ACTION. The plan on which Canadian Prohibitionists in general are working has been outlined. Their principles and methods are laid down in the following, which is the platform of the Alliance: "1. That it is of the highest importance to obtain united political action on the part of all those who are in favor of the immediate total Prohibition of the liquor traffic. 2. That we endorse the action of our friends in the House of Commons, in introducing and supporting the Prohibition resolution of 1887,· and we request them to take like action at every session of Parliament until the resolution be adopted and Prohibition secured. "3. That we call upon the friends of Prohibition to organize in each of the constituencies for the purpose of preventing the re-election of any member who does not favor such a resolution, and for securing the nomination and election of candidates who are known and publicly avowed Prohibitionists. "4. That where the nomination of such a Prohibition candidate is not otherwise secured, an independent Prohibition candidate be nominated and supported at the polls." This action, however, does not meet the approval of all Canadian temperance workers. Some are of the opinion that Prohibition obtained on the lines proposed would not be sufficiently effective. They believe that the only hope for success lies in Prohibition secured through an independent political party. In the Maritime Provinces a Prohibition party has been formed and has taken part in several contests, polling in some cases a not inconsiderable vote. The head of this movement is J. T. Bulmer of Halifax, editor of the Canadian Voice, the organ of the party named. In the Province of Ontario there is also an organization known as "Canada's New Party," which is definitely committed to total Prohibition. The leader of the movement and President of the organization is Rev. A. Sutherland, D. D., of Toronto. The party is not solely a Prohibition party. Its platform contains the following planks: CONSUMPTION OF LIQUOR. From what has been said it will be seen at once that Canada is largely a Prohibition country. The consumption of liquor has been steadily decreasing (notwithstanding the increase in population) as laws have been increased in stringency and Prohibitory territory has increased in area. (See CONSUMPTION OF LIQUORS.) Taking our different Provinces all the the way through, the amount of drink consumed is proportionate to the extent of territory that is under Prohibition, going gradually from British Columbia, in which the Scott act has not yet been tried and where license laws are extremely lax, down to Prince Edward Island, where the Scott act is in operation over the whole Province. British Columbia's consumption is over eight gallons per head; Prince Edward Island's consumption is less than three-fourths of a gallon. The following table, showing the per capita consumption for the year 1888, will make the point very clear: Gallons of Liquor consumed per capita in different Provinces in 1888. British Columbia.... Ontario.... Quebec. Manitoba and Northwest Territory. Nova Scotia... 81 51 31 2 11 11 During the year (1888) the Scott act was not in operation in any part of British Columbia. It was in force in about 20 cities and counties in Ontario, not including, however, any large cities. large portion of Quebec was under local Prohibition. A large portion of Manitoba was under Prohibition through Provincial Local Option; all the Northwest Territories were, however, under Prohibition. The Scott act was the law in 10 out of New Brunswick's 18 counties and cities. In Nova Scotia it was in force in 12 out of 19 counties and cities. It was in operation over the whole Province of Prince Edward Island. LAW ENFORCEMENT. It is worth while noting that, generally speaking, the liquor law in Canada is well enforced. The difficulties that are met with everywhere in dealing with the liquor traffic exist here, but the traffic is not so openly defiant and is more under control than in most other countries. Persons holding retail liquor licenses are prohibited from occupying seats in any Municipal Council. Law and Order Leagues exist and do a good work in the large cities where the traffic is best organized and most aggressive. Public sentiment is decidedly against liquor-selling, and the whole business is disreputable. This healthy sentiment is growing and laws are becoming more and more stringent and better enforced. At the present time there are in several Provinces efforts being made for further legislation of an even stronger character, and Canada actually presents the probably unique spectacle of a steadily diminishing liquor power and a steadily popular progress, on actually effective lines, towards general sobriety and total Prohibition. Carson, Thomas L.-Born in Salem, N. Y., March 3, 1807, and died in Syracuse, N. Y., Nov. 21, 1868. While still a boy he removed with his parents to the town of Elbridge, N. Y. Here he lived during the greater part of his life. He early became an earnest worker in the temperance cause. Under the Local Option law of 1846 many towns in New York State voted for "no license;" but numbers of liquor-dealers continued to sell in violation of law. Mr. Carson conceived a plan of organization for the punishment of these offenders and the complete sup pression of their unlawful business. The Carson League was established, composed of persons committed in writing to the enforcement of anti-liquor laws and pledged to the payment of the necessary funds to procure counsel and obtain evidence against the law-breakers. Whenever money was needed a pro rata assessment was made upon the League members. This organization spread into many sections of New York and extended into other States. A newspaper, the Carson League, was established by Mr. Carson at Syracuse about the year 1853, in support of the enforcement movement and in opposition to the legalized drink traffic as well. By means of this paper Mr. Carson did much toward securing Clark as Governor of New York in 1854, the nomination and election of Myron H. Prohibitory law of 1855. After this apand the consequent enactment of the parent triumph of Prohibition he removthere it was discontinued and he returned ed with his paper to New York City, but found a flaw in the Maine law, as the to Elbridge. The Court of Appeals Prohibitory statute of New York was called, and instead of amending the measure the Legislature in 1857 repealed Mr. Carson it and passed a license law. immediately renewed the war on the drink traffic, employing much the same of the Carson League. The new society tactics as were used in the organization was known as the State League, and a to support it. Each Leaguer pledged at new paper, the State League, was started least $1 a year in payment for the paper, cating drinks, or vote for any but enemies and also agreed not to use or sell intoxiof the liquor traffic to fill offices that had to do with the enactment or enforcement of liquor laws. This paper he continued to publish until his death. He was a philanthropist and a brave, energetic and self-denying worker, and he died in the midst of his labors against the legalized and defiant liquor traffic. He believed that in order to destroy the business law must be brought to bear against it. One of his sayings was that "the best temperance tracts he knew of were rumsellers' tracks to jail." With this conviction, on one occasion he secured the prosecution of his own brother (with whom he was on friendly terms) for keeping a hotel with a bar in violation of law. Catholic Temperance Societies. -On Washington's Birthday, Feb. 22, 1872, the Catholic Total Abstinence Union was formed in the city of Baltimore, Md. It was organized for the purpose of assisting to stem the tide of intemperance; and following in the footsteps of the glorious apostle of total abstinence, Theobald Mathew, his plan of individual pledges was adopted. The objects of the Union are as follows: 1. To secure to its members the privilege of being received into societies connected with the Union in any part of America. 2. To encourage and aid committees and pastors to establish new societies. 3. To spread, by means of Catholic total abstinence publications, correct views regarding total abstinence principles. The constitution states that to accomplish these objects we rely upon: 1. The practice of our holy religion by all members, individually. 2. The observance by our members of the maxims laid down for our guidance by the reverend clergy. 3. The influence of good example and kind persuasion by our members upon our fellow-Catholics. 4. Our connection with the association of prayer in honor of the sacred thirst and agony of Jesus. 5. The appointment of a lecture and publication bureau. The pledge of the Union is as follows: "I promise, with the Divine assistance and in honor of the sacred thirst and agony of our Saviour, to abstain from all intoxicating drinks; to prevent as much as possible, by advice and example, the sin of intemperance in others; and to discountenance the drinking customs of society." The officers of the Union are a Spiritual Director, President, 1st and 2d Vice-Presidents, Treasurer and Secretary. While the Total Abstinence Union is the principal temperance organization of the Roman Catholic Church, there are various subordinate and dependent societies in States and dioceses where the Union has not been regularly formed. All those have been approved by the Plenary Council of the Church in America; and the Holy Father, Pope Leo XIII, has formally commended and blessed the work in which the various total abstinence societies of the church are engaged. (See RoMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH.) With these approvals of our spiritual fathers the Union has achieved much success. It is earnestly working to have a total abstinence society in every parish; and as a means toward this end, it has provided that the 1st Vice-President shall appoint an organizer for each diocese. The system is now being tried, and good results are hoped for. Special efforts are being made to form cadet organizations in order to bring up the youth free from the cravings of appetite. Many societies of women have been formed for the purpose of cultivating the home influence so necessary for the successful continuance of our labors. The Union has sent out lecturers to all sections of the country, and has disseminated a large number of total abstinence documents-especially the lectures of Most Rev. Archbishop Ireland and the pamphlets of Rev. Dr. T. J. Conaty. Thus the work of the Union is being carried on from Maine to California and from Minnesota to Texas. Our people are advised to shun the flowing bowl and seek safety for home and family under the banner of the Catholic Total Abstinence Union. The enrolled membership in good standing is now about 56,000. PHILIP A. NOLAN, General Secretary Catholic Total Abstinence Union. Cause and Consequence.-The origin of the stimulant habit is lost in the cloudland of prehistoric tradition, but the antiquity of the vice does not warrant the belief in the physiological necessity of its practice. The undoubted fact that there have been manful, industrious and intelligent nations of total abstainers would be an almost sufficient refutation of that inference, which is sometimes qualified by the assertion that the vicissitudes of a rigorous climate have to be counteracted by the stimulus of alcoholic beverages. For it can, besides, be proved that the alleged invigorating action of alcohol is an absolute delusion, and the pathological records of contemporary nations establish the fact that the epidemic increase of intemperance can nearly always be traced to causes wholly independent of any increased demands upon the physical or intellectual energies of the afflicted community. Those energies, in fact, have lamentably decreased among numerous races that once managed |