Elements of Chemistry: Theoretical and Practical, Parte 3

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Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1867

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Method of Dumas
23
Method of Relative Volumes
24
Determination of Sulphur and of Phosphorus 1051 Determination of Chlorine Bromine and Iodine 1052 Determination of the Equivalents of Organi...
26
TABLE OF CONTENTS
27
Vapour Densityits Theoretical Value 1055 Distinction between Atomic Weight and Molecular Weight 1056 On the Use of Molecular Formulæ
31
Classification of Organic Compounds 1057 General Principles of Classification 1058 Homologous SeriesIllustration from the Alcohols 1059 Collater...
33
SpermacetiCetyleneEthal
39
13
40
Theory of Compound Radicles
42
Theory of Isolated RadiclesAtomsMolecules
44
21
46
Arguments for doubling the Atomic Weight of Oxygen
48
Chemical Types
51
Theory of Polybasic Elements
56
23
57
Application of the Theory of Multequivalent Elements 1066 Mode of determining the Equivalency of an Element 1067 Bearing of the law of Multip...
64
24
65
Production of Chemical Metamorphoses
72
Succinic Acid
73
Metamorphosis by Oxidation
74
Metamorphosis by Reduction
75
Metamorphosis by Substitution
77
Substitution of Chlorine and its Analogues for Hydrogen
78
Inverse Substitutions 1075 Synthesis of Organic Compounds 72 75 77
84
CHAPTER II
89
General Remarks on Sugars Starch
92
Cane Sugar or Sucrose
93
1082
94
Other Modes of Decomposition of Sugar
95
Action of Heat on SugarCaramel Eucalyptus SugarMelitose Eucalyn 1083 2 Sugar of Milk or Lactose
96
GlucicApoglucic and Melassic Acids Quantitative Estimation of Sugar
102
Fruit Sugar or LævuloseInverted Sugar 1087
104
xxvi
105
1088
106
300
107
Effects of the various Sugars on Polarized Light Manufacture of Raw SugarMaple SugarBeet Root Sugar
109
Varieties of Starch and Gum PAGE
115
Starch Arrowroot TapiocaSago 1093 Properties of Starch
117
Preparation of Starch British Gum 1095 Glycogen 1096 Diastase
122
Theory of the Action of Ferments 1098 Preparation of Malt
126
Table of the Varieties of Sugar
127
1o99 Dextrin 1100 Inulin
128
xxiv
130
GumArabinBassorinMucilage 1102 Vegetable JellyPectose PectinPectic Parapectic Meta pectic and Pectosic Acids III Cellulin and Woody Fibre
133
CellulinVegetable Parchment
134
25
138
PyroxylinGuncottonCollodion 1105 Nitrous Derivatives from Sugar c allied to Pyroxylin XyloidinNitromannite
139
Tunicin
140
Lignin or Woody Fibreits Varieties 1108 Manufacture of Paper
141
General Remarks on the Amylaceous Group 1110 On the Decay of Woody Fibre
143
26
150
1112
151
a Alcoholic Fermentation IV On Fermentation
152
Nature and Properties of Yeast 1115 Progress of Fermentation
158
b Fermentation of Bread 1116 Composition of Bread Stuffs
161
Gluten
163
Preparation of BreadNew and Stale Bread 1119 c Lactic Fermentation
168
d Viscous Fermentation CHAPTER III
169
TABLE OF CONTENTS
172
PARAGRAPH PAGH A MONATOMIC OR MONAD ALCOHOLS 1124 Characters of the Alcohols of the Group H2n+20
175
102
179
Wood Spirit or Methylic Alcohol
180
Acetal
181
103
183
Wines and Fermented Liquors
186
Tritylic or Propylic Alcohol
189
Tetrylic or Butylic Alcohol
190
Amylic Alcohol or Fousel Oil ib 1131 Hexylic or Caproic AlcoholEnanthylic Alcohol
192
Octylic or Caprylic Alcohol
193
II Action of the Acids upon the Alcohols
194
The Vinic Acids
195
Ethylsulphuric or Sulphovinic Acid
196
Isethionic Parethionic and Althionic Acids
198
Ethionic Anhydride or Sulphate of CarbyleEthionic Acid Ethionates
199
Other Vinic Acids Ethylcarbonic Carbosulphethylic Xanthic Ethyloxalic Ethylsulphurous and Ethylphos phoric Acids
200
The Ethers 1139 1 Simple Ethers 2 Mixed Ethers 3 Compound Ethers
202
General Properties of the Ethers
207
a Ordinary Ethylic or Vinic Ether
208
Theory of Etherification
212
106
217
Hydrochloric Ether or Ethyl Chloride
218
Hydrobromic Ether or Ethyl Bromide ib 1146 Hydriodic Ether or Ethyl Iodide
219
Sulphides of EthylMercaptan
220
Selenides and Tellurides of Ethyl
222
Hydrocyanic EtherNitrilesCyanethine
223
c Ethylic Ethers of the Oxyacids 1150 Ethyl SulphateHeavy Oil of WineEtherolEtherin
224
Nitric Ether
225
Perchloric Ether
226
Boracic Ethers
227
Formic Ether
228
Butyric Ether
229
Methylsulphuric Ether
235
117
237
Dichlorinated and Perchlorinated Ethylic Ether
242
1182
252
1190
258
PARAGRAPH
264
29
273
b Homologues of Marsh Gas nH₂u+2
276
31
284
Ethylene Alcohol or Glycol
288
Stearin
293
a Composition and Properties of the principal Oils and Futs
298
Palmitin
307
Different forms of Glycerin
315
Other Polyatomic Alcohols
328
Saccharides and Glucosides
334
Propionic Aldehyd
337
Preparation of Acetic Acid
343
PAGE
346
Butyric Aldehyd
347
Valeric Aldehyd6 Caproic Aldehyd 348 1255 7 Enanthylic Aldehyd
348
10 11 12 Capric Euodic and Lauric Aldehyd 349 ib 35 1258 b The Ketones or Acetones
349
II General Remarks on the Organic Acids
353
Monobasic and Polybasic Acids
354
Simple and Compound or Colligated AcidsSulpho Acids Nitro Acids
360
Action of Heat on Organic Acids 1264 Effects of Chlorine and other Halogens on the Acids 1265 Combined Action of Heat and Bases on Acids
363
Oxychlorides of the Monobasic Acids 1267 Oxychlorides of the Dibasic Acids
366
b Anhydrides of the Organic Acids 1269 Double or Mixed Anhydrides
368
Anhydrides of the Dibasic Acids
370
Organic Peroxides
371
373
373
a Acids belonging to the Stearic or Acetic Series Hзn3
382
Acetic AcidWood Vinegar
384
34
385
Properties of Acetic Acid
387
Acetic Anhydride 1280 AcetatesSoluble Alumina
388
Chloracetic and Trichloracetic AcidBromacetic Acid
393
Acetosulphuric Acid HS0 1283 Thiacetic Acid HS
395
Propionic Acid
396
Butyric AcidButyrates
398
Valeric Acid
400
Caproic Acid 1288 7 Enanthylic Acid
402
Caprylic Acid
403
PARAGRAPH
404
Oleic Acid
410
1303
419
1312
428
xxviii
436
1319
437
109
439
1321
443
Sorbic and Parasorbic Acids
463
CHAPTER VI
465
The Nitriles
466
The Amidated Acids 1342 The Imides
468
Hydramides 1344 Theory of the Amides
470
III
471
A Monamides
472
B Diamides
479
Triamides
481
PhosphoridesArsidesStibides
482
a Amides of the Monobasic Acids 1348 AcetamideEthylacetamideTrichloracetamide 1349 PropionamideButyramideValeramide 1350 BenzamideHy...
483
484
484
b Nitriles 1351 BenzonitrileCumonitrile 485 1352
485
OxamideDiethyloxamideOxanilide 1354 SuccinamideDisuccinamideTrisuccinamide c DiamidesAmides of Dibasic Acids ib ib
487
d Amidated Acids
488
The Organic Bases
489
General Properties of the Organic Bases 1358 Theories of their Nature 1359 Analogy with Ammonia
490
Aniline A Artificial Bases 1 Volatile Bases which do not contain Oxygen a Aniline Series nH₂n7H₂N
502
AnilidesAnilidated Acids
505
Aniline Colours 1365 Rosaniline 1366 LeucanilineChrysaniline
510
Bases Homologous with Aniline 1368 b Pyridine Bases H₂nN
512
Pyridine and its HomologuesPlatinum Derivatives 1370 PicolineParapicoline
514
c Quinoline Series EH₂n11N 1372 Quinoline and Bases Homologous with
515
Bases obtained by the Action of Ammonia upon the Derivatives of the Alcohol
516
General Methods of obtaining the Alcohol Bases 1374 Isomeric Bases
521
Hofmanns Classification of Organic Bases 1376 Methylia Trimethylia Hydrated Tetramethylium Oxide 1377 Ethylia or Ethylamine and its Derivative...
523
PAGE
525
530
530
536
536
Bases produced by the Action of Ammonia on certain Aldehyds
537
FurfurolFurfuramideFurfurine 1387 Benzoline or AmarinePyrobenzoline B Natural Bases 1 Volatile Oily Bases destitute of Oxygen
538
SparteiaScoparinBroom 1390 Nicotylia and its DerivativesTobacco 1391 Preparation of Snuff
542
Bases which contain Oxygen 1392 a Alkaloids of the Cinchonas
544
PARAGRAPH
546
119
548
1397
553
1400
559
1407
567
III General Summary of the Alcohol Groups
573
Cinchonia 2 Cinchonidine 3 Cinchonicine
581
122
584
Products of the Oxidation of Oil of Turpentine
585
1424
591
1431
597
383
601
1435
603
1438
610
Hippuric AcidHippurates
616
1451
623
PARAGRAPH
627
1462
635
1472
642
1479
648
Amber
654
PhloridzinPhloretinPhlorizein
662
Yellow Dyes1 Quercitron2 and 3 Old and Young Fustic
669
1507
675
113
681
1516
684
PARAGRAPH
686
1522
690
PARAGRAPH
692
385
693
Calico PrintingPattern BleachingResist PastesSteam
702
Kapnomor Picamar Cedriret
709
Components of Coal
717
1551
723
1558
731
1564
739
PARAGRAPH
743
Cyanide of SilverPotassic ArgentoCyanide
747
Basic Prussian Blue
754
Iridicyanides MFrCyDouble Cyanides
763
Cyanuric Acid
769
Compounds of Ammonia with Cyanic Acid
775
Parabanic Acid 1626 Oxaluric Acid
785
Kreatine
787
Hypoxanthine
793
Uric Acid
801
Alloxantin 1628 Dialuric Acid 1629 Hydurilic Acid 1630 Violuric Acid
805
Tribromacetylurea 1635 Review of Derivatives of Barbituric Acid 1636 Uramil or Dialuramide PAGE
806
Alloxan
808
815
815
818
818
819
819
Thionuric Acid
820
Murexid Purpurate of Ammonia 1639 Pseudo Uric Acid
821
AllantoinAllanturic Lantanuric Acid 164r Hydantoin
823
GlycolurilGlycoluric Hydantoic Acid 1643 Cystic Oxide 1644 Kynurenic Acid 821 822 823 824
824
CHAPTER XI
825
Albuminoid Group
827
Proteinits Derivatives
831
Albumin
832
Effect of Bases on Albumin
835
Sources of AlbuminParalbumin
837
Globulin
838
Fibrin
839
Varieties of Fibrin
840
Casein
841
Action of Bases and Salts on Casein 1659 Legumin
844
1660
845
GelatinOssein 1662 Chondrin 1663 Preparation of Glue and Size
847
PARAGRAPH
849
1667
855
BonesShells
861
1679
867
1683
873
1693
883
PARAGRAPH
889
Albuminous Urine
901
Varieties of Soil
912
838
915
Varieties of Manures
919
Process of Digestion
925
Proportion of Carbonic Anhydride exhaled during Respiration
931
Animal Heat
937
Secretion
946
PARAGRAPH PAGE
947
Artificial Production of Organic Bases 1361 General Arrangement of the Organic Bases 489
952
Atomic Volume of Solids I Simple Bodies
956
840
957
581
960
387
962
542
967
Discussion of Kopps Conclusions
970
126
981
Cobalticyanides M₂oCy
984
ib 129 130 133 135
985
ib 143 ib 146
986
Drinkwaters Table of the Quantity of Absolute Alcohol in Dilute
988
1121
990
603
991
396
992
398
993
502
996
545
998
CaoutchoucCaoutchineIsoprene
1002
The Alcohols
1003
vatives 169292 169
1006
170
1013
172

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