APRIL 12, 1826.]

The Judicial System.

[SENATE.

The gentleman, Mr. W. said, had also abandoned the grievances which do exist in the country, are, as I think, ground of this increase in Judicial representation-the of two kinds; one, in the manner in which the business is ground of State pride, and the ground of the permanent conducted in the respective States; the other, that which increase of the business in the West-Judicial represen-exists in the Supreme Court itself: and this latter does tation was not his ground-it was not his argument-he not consist so much in the delay, as in the incorrectness of should never have alluded to this argument if it had not the decisions where the questions depend upon the mubeen pressed on him from different quarters, and in dif- nicipal laws of the respective States. ferent shapes, that there must be three more Judges from These are the grievances which exist, and which it is the West on the ground of some kind of representation. the object of this bill to remedy: First, by extending to He had told gentlemen he would meet them on this ground nine States the circuit system, which is applicable to, and -would place his objections on their own hypothesis: practised in, beneficially, the other fifteen States: and, and it had turned out on examination upon this ground, secondly, to increase on the bench of the Supreme Court that the Northern States had not so many Judges on the a knowledge of the local laws: Those are its leading obBench as they ought to have, and the Western States jects. These nine States, when we look to them, we find had more than they are entitled to. They had no Judge thus circumstanced: six of them have never had, either from New Hampshire or Rhode Island, Maine or Ver-nominally, or in fact, the benefit of a circuit Judge: mont. They had a circuit; it was convenient for them three of these States have had nominally, and to a very under the present system: but it could not be extended limited extent, the benefit of the attendance of a Judge of to the West over large Territories with thin population, the Supreme Court from the year 1807 up to this time. I under the provisions of this bill, without changing the say they have had it nominally, but not so, in point of fact. Supreme Court radically; and thus putting in jeopardy When the Judge of the seventh circuit was in the vigor of the administration of federal justice for the whole Union. life, and in the enjoyment of perfect health, it was his Mr. W. said he had stated before, and he now repeated duty to attend and hold Circuit Courts in the Districts of it, that the remarks he had offered, had been urged out East and of West Tennessee, of Kentucky and Ohio, and, of kindness to the Western gentlemen, rather than from from the necessity he was under of leaving one Court in any other motive. He could not suppose they would time to arrive at the next, in his circuit, an opportunity wish to have a bill pass through this body, without hav-was not afforded him of disposing of the causes on either ing its principles canvassed; and he had made the pro- docket. For example, he would have suits enough in position to re-commit, that he might suggest his objec- West Tennessee to require a session of two months, but tions to the leading principle of the bill, and hear it vin- at the end of three or four weeks he was compelled to be dicated against them, if unsound. He was perfectly will- at Kentucky, distant two hundred miles, and so on; and ing that the West should be relieved, and he would spare thus it happened, either that the District Judges must no expense that should be proper, for that purpose; but continue the Courts after his departure, or the causes must let not that elief be afforded in such manner, as tends remain undecided. In important suits, parties would not to the injury and peril of the whole Union. be willing to trust the opinion of the District Judge alone, Mr. WHITE, of Tennessee, then rose and said, if it and he would willingly yield to applications for delay, until could be shewn that the remedy proposed to obviate the he could have the assistance of the Judge of the Supreme inconveniences complained of in those sections of coun- Court, and thus the business must be either long delayed, try, would be injurious to the whole Union, he ought not or, in most instances, decided in the Circuit Courts of to expect, or to wish, that their special inconveniences those three States, by the District Judge alone. For seshould be removed to the injury of the whole community, veral of the last years of Judge Todd's life, his want of The subject on which we are about to legislate, said Mr. health put it out of his power to attend his Circuit Courts, W. is, in my mind, one of infinite importance. We are and thus it has happened that the business in Tennessee, about to pass an act in relation to a department of the Kentucky, and Ohio, has accumulated to an unreasonable Government which every man feels and ought to un-extent, and those States have, in truth, been no better derstand. It is in vain we enact good laws unless they are well administered-it is that department of Government which operates directly on the persons and property of individuals who happen to be citizens of the United States, so far as the jurisdiction is local, or so far as it relates to the internal concerns of the citizens of the respective States. So far as it may operate on general principles it is still more important-therefore have I heard with great attention every thing that has been urged by gentlemen who are opposed to it, and I shall still be glad to hear all further objections that can be urged.

We cannot judge whether the alteration will be beneficial or injurious, without first making ourselves acquainted with the inconveniences which are supposed to exist. Till we are acquainted with the disease, we cannot tell what will be a suitable remedy. I think I can, if favored with the attention of the Senate, if not already satisfied on that point, satisfy them that the disease lies much deeper than the gentleman from Rhode Island seems to suppose. I paid great attention to the argument, and he seems to think, so far as I can understand it, that the main grievance which we are called on to remedy, is the delay which takes place in the Supreme Court of the United States. He has not even, in his excellent argument, given the most distant glance at the situation of that section of the country which is on the other side of the mountains, to see what the local inconveniences are, and whether the remedy he proposes would be a suitable one or not. The

provided with an opportunity of obtaining a due administration of justice in their Federal Courts, than the other six Western States; and how is it with regard to them? They have never had the benefit of the circuit system, even nominally? They have each a District Judge, who does all the duties which other District Judges perform, and vested with the jurisdiction which other Circuit Courts possess in the other States. So far as relates to the grievances which exist in the country we are safe in considering the whole nine States to be practically in the same situation. When we come to look at the laws which vest the courts with jurisdiction, we find that a large portion of the jurisdiction which is to be exercised in those nine States, is of that description which falls within the jurisdiction of a Circuit Court, and not within the jurisdiction of a District Court. A District Court, as such, can have no jurisdiction of suits between A and B, whether citizens of the United States, or of different States. Some attempts have been made to get them to entertain jurisdiction of suits between, citizens of different States, when the matter in dispute is of more value than twenty, and of less than five hundred dollars, but, so far as I know, they have been unsuccessful.

As it relates to a great portion of the jurisdiction which is to be exercised in those nine States, the Senate must see at once, it is of that class of cases which belongs to the circuit courts in the other States. What is the situation of these other States? They have, in point of fact,

as well as in point of law, a Circuit Court, composed of Is not the life of a man in any one of these nine States, one Judge of the Supreme Court, and the District Judge. worth as much to society as it would be, if he were a conWhen a suit is brought, and the matter in dispute ex-stituent of the gentleman from New Hampshire, or Rhode ceeds the sum of two thousand dollars, upon the trial the Island? Is it not reasonable to afford the same man as parties have the benefit of the opinions of two men, good a chance for justice in the States where he now which will in most instances be satisfactory: but if not, lives, as he would have if he lived in any other? Is that the unsuccessful party can remove it to the Supreme opportunity furnished? No sir, it is not. Court, and there have the judgment revised, and if wrong reversed. If the matter in dispute is less than two thousand dollars, and the Judges disagree in opinion upon any point, either party can have that point certified to the Supreme Court, there revised, and the judgment of the Circuit Court rendered in conformity with the opinion of the Supreme Court. In all criminal cases the defendant has the like advantage. How is it in those nine States? In no case, either civil, or criminal, can the parties, in the Circuit Court, have any opinion, but that of the District Judge, which, in every criminal case, and in every civil one, where he matter in dispute is of less value than two thousand dollars, is final and conclusive whether, right or wrong; and in all other civil causes, although an erroneous judgment may be revised in the Supreme Court, it is at an expense and trouble which would often be avoided if two Judges sat in the Circuit Court.

APRIL 12, 1826.]

The Judicial System.

[SENATE

sel, who advises him that, according to the decisions of
the State Courts, the man in possession has the better
title. The foreigner orders suit in the Federal Court--
there is but one Judge, and he, living in the State, will
likely follow the State decisions, and give judgment in
favor of the defendant. The plaintiff takes a writ of error,
and carries the cause to the Supreme Court, before a set
of Judges, who neither know, nor have they the means
of knowing, the local laws, or the true reasons of the de-
cision; and, for want of this information, judgment is
reversed, and thus the plaintiff becomes the owner of a
piece of property, which he otherwise would not have
acquired. Plaintiffs often commence suits in the Federal
Courts expressly for the sake of gaining an advantage
over their adversaries, which they could not get in any
other tribunal whatever.
relied on to shew that Federal justice is well administer-
And yet, this is the argument
ed to us.

you, but a patient, laborious, and protracted investigation. They necessarily consume a great deal of time, first in aseertaining the facts, before a jury who are to decide the cause, and next in investigating the legal principles which are to govern that decision. To investigate and decide one of those causes, has sometimes taken two weeks; suppose only one hundred causes on the docket, I ask if it would not be more necessary to extend the judicial system through a country like that, than to a place where there were 500 on the docket, of which 30 or 40 might be disposed of in a day. If we were to be governed by the mere number of causes we would make a most important mistake as relates to this matter. Many disputes in Tennessee relate to land, the titles to which are founded on the act of 1777 in North Carolina, or the act of 1783, or those acts which these two have given birth to, and in investigating matters of fact it is necessary to go back and ascertain what were the names of different places, at different times, from those periods up to this time; the whole country What, sir, is the situation of the other States, Louisiana was a wilderness, and every man who had a claim under for example? There are British, Spanish, and French these laws had a right to select a piece of land within a grants: so, also, in Mississippi and Missouri. All these certain boundary, of from four to five hundred miles one may go, and mostly do go, into the Federal Courts, princiway, and one hundred miles the other. We had not only pally for the sake of having these cases removed into the to investigate our titles derived from the State of North Supreme Court of the United States, if such a decision is Carolina, but in some instances those issued by Virginia, not given as is satisfactory to the plaintiff. So far as Tenperhaps Kentucky likewise, as disputes respecting boun-nessee is concerned, those who act under the belief that dary with those States once existed, upon adjusting which provision is made to secure individual rights.

We have amongst our own citizens those who claim under Virginia grants, under Kentucky grants, under North Carolina grants, and under those issued by the State of Tennessee. Whenever there is a dispute respecting any of these conflicting titles, they may go into the Federal Court, although the parties may be citizens of the same State. You are extinguishing the Indian title as fast as those People are willing to sell; and, wherever you do, the settlements will keep pace with the extinguishment of title. In Tennessee there is a very large district of country, granted to individuals under the law of North Carolina, in 1783, which, until a very short time ago, the United States had secured to the Indians by treaty: that country is now settling, and every man has to look for the land for which he obtained his patent. Many of these conflict, and whenever they do, and a foreigner happens to be the owner of one of these titles, the consequence is, that the cause goes into the Federal Court. So long as this process of extinguishing the Indian title, and settling the country, is going on, it is in vain for gentlemen to say that those disputes are produced by temporary causes, or that they are passing away: they cannot pass away until your settlements are completed.

Do we not all know that, in 1794, and onward for several years, a great rage for speculation existed in Philadelphia, New York, and the Eastern States; that immense quantities of Western lands were bought up by foreigners, or citizens of other States? considerable quantities were purchased in Tennessee. These companies have found it convenient to part with their titles to various individuals; and those claimants who have got titles in this manner, living in other States, when they come forward to assert these titles, now that the Indian title is extinguished, assert them in the Federal Courts.

:

our business has accumulated from temporary causes, are, in the main, mistaken to a limited extent, no doubt, they are correct. I believe, if our Circuit had been one of reasonable extent, and we had had the benefit of our Circuit Judge, the number of suits on our docket would have been much less. Where a man has a cause which he thinks he ought to gain, if the law is well understood, he will not agree to have that cause tried before any one man, when there is another of a higher legal character. It is a very unpleasant thing to have to settle disputes between man and man; and when it comes to the last stage, there are few men who would not like to be eased a portion of the responsibility of the decision. able excuse can be made to defer it to another term, the If a reasonDistrict Judge will fall in with it, because his associate will then be with him, and he will have the benefit of his opinion, and be better satisfied, if they agree, that he is right than if there was none with him; and, if he should disagree in opinion with him, by certifying that there was a difference of opinion, it could be carried into the Supreme Court, and no mischief would arise. It is to their credit that they have this disposition. I do not make unneces sary complaints against the District Judge of the State in which I live. He is entitled to as much character as any other judicial officer on the score of integrity; and, if he ever does make mistakes, which, I think, is but seldom, it is in endeavoring to attain that which he thinks the justice of particular cases. The People of Tennessee have as much right as the People of any other State in the Union, to have the opinions of two men, who wi concur, as to which is right in their disputes. It is vain to tell me we are placed on an equal footing with the other States, while they have one measure of justice meted to their citizens, and the citizens of Tennessee have a different measure meted to them. I would rather you should lop off one of our Senators, or three of our Repre sentatives-reduce us as to the power we have in the Executive and Legislative business of this Government, but let us have, when you come to the practical operations of this Government, that are to take away a man's life, liberty, or property, let our citizens have an equal opportunity, for the administration of justice, with any portion of the good People of the United States.

But, the gentleman says, you have Federal Courts, and the People must have confidence in them, because, if they had not, they would sue in the State Courts. Will the Senate reflect, for a moment, on the idea here suggested, and they will easily see some of the difficulties under which we labor. The titles to land must be settled by the laws of the State in which the land lies. A citizen of another State, or a foreigner, claims title to a tract in During the last session this subject was before you, and Tennessee; he finds a man in possession under a conflict-was put off by saying, we have not had time to examine ing title. This foreigner can sue either in the Federal or it, and, at the next session, we will all lay our shoulders State Court, at his election. He submits his title to com- to the wheel and accomplish this particular task. And,

VOL. II.-31

SENATE.]

The Judicial System.

(APRIL 12, 1826.

I wish

in the East, let him make the experiment, and if it turns out that they are qualified, I shall never be disposed to be very clamorous on that subject.

In this

sir, where are we now? About the 12th of April they the fountain-head of talent as much as will answer the took up this subject in the other House-the committee wants of the West, and give us the benefit of it. made a report; the subject was examined and amply dis-justice adm nistered. I «Lalge in no prejudices. From cussed, and they passed a bill, in substance, similar to the the East they have sent as out those who have made us one on your table. The same subject was referred to valuable officers, whom i should be sorry to part with. I the Judiciary Committee of this body, who concurred in wish them to remain with us as citizens of our State, and a similar report: and, after the bill from the other House if the present system shord he adopted, and the Presi was brought here, it was referred to them, and they re-dent should see fit to find the materials to fill the offices ported it, with an amendment, which is not calculated to change very materially the principles of the bill. Every gentleman has matured his judgment on this subject, and, if he does not like the present proposition, let him give The gentlemen from Rhode Island and New Hampshir us his system in its stead. But ow the worthy gentleman seem to think, that on this system, if it should pass, na from New Hampshire comes forward with a general pro-benefit to us can result as to an increase of knowledge position to refer the bill to the Judiciary Committee, to of local laws on the bench of the Supreme Court. see whether they cannot contrive, in some way or other, I disagree with the gentlemen. Take a man from Rhode to relieve our local distress and inconvenience, without Island, and I think it likely be is as ignorant of the laws adding any member to the Supreme Court. I put it to of Tennessee as I am of those of Rhode Island; place the gentleman himself, and to every member of the Se-him on the Supreme Court bench, and let him be comnate, whether, if they have solid objections to this bill; pelled to hold our Circuit Courts, and reside among us, if they are able to digest a system which they think bet- and I think that in the course of one year he will be batter suited to put us on an equality with the rest of the ter qualified to decide our causes than any Judge in the Union; whether they do not owe it to their own justice. Supreme Court, in the present organization, will be in to their own character, to their own high standing, to have forty years. He sets out ignorant of our local laws-but brought forward a distinct proposition, containing another he is acquainted with his own profession; he is associated system that would have placed us in a similar condition at once with the District Judge, who is intimately acwith the other States of the Union? It is very easy to quainted with the local laws; he meets with that which raise objections; but you can never test the merits of this he never met with in the Supreme Court; he meets bill, compared with any other plan, until you have the with the most intell gent of the profession in that country other in detail likewise. Suppose, sir, that a majority of where he goes to do business. They have their own this Senate should believe that the number of Judges materials, their own books; they have had leisure to ought to be seven, and they send it back to the committee make preparations for every cause; they have looked to find out how the United States are to be divided into into every act of Assembly which relates to the subject, seven circuits; they try it every way; they cannot fix on into every record, into every case found which bears any any plan that is not liable to stronger objections than the relation to the subject; and this Judge, so called on to present bill-what then? are we to have no relief? If the dispense justice, after he has heard the arguments on both gentleman who made this proposition had given us some-sides, and has conferred with the District Judge, will be thing like a detailed plan for his seven Judges, and com- very likely to decide correctly even in the first instancepared that plan with this, then there would have been some- for six weeks or two months his Court may continuething to test the principle he has so ably advocated on this daily, causes depending on the local laws are under disoccasion. It is a principle which seems plausible in itself; cussion; his leisure moments are spent in conversation but when you come to detail it, to reduce it to practical relative to those local laws; at the end of his first term operation, it is found to be one, which, when compared will he not have acquired more knowledge of the local with the situation of the United States, cannot be used. laws than on the bench of the Supreme Court during his I think we have cause to complain when we find that, after life? In the Supreme Court one cause, depending on this matter has been postponed for eight or ten years, those local laws, may be argued during a term, without and the lapse of time which has taken place during the the necessary books, without much preparation, by those present session, those who are opposed to it say they areilly informed of those laws; it is decided and perhaps disposed to do what is just towards us, but find fault for twelve months no other cause, depending on those without submitting any plan which might keep up hopes same laws, come before the Court. The subject is then that we are not to be always in the situation in which we taken up as a new one; and thus he may go on from year are now placed. to year, without any improvement in a knowledge of local The gentleman from Rhode Island I can understand law. Take a man of good natural capacity-a scientific, exactly. He wishes to get back to the good old system of well-read lawyer, compel him to reside in the circuit; he 1801, because he thinks it is better than any other which immediately acquires a knowledge of the local laws of can be devised. I do not intend for him any thing which the States in his circuit: because he must continue his I say upon the subject of unkindness; they are all intend-mind upon a succession of similar causes, until he has dised for the gentleman from New Hampshire, who sends posed of perhaps fifty or one hundred without having it disus so many kind wishes, of which I wish to see the fruits. tracted by an attention to any other. He soon acquires a As to the Circuit Court part of the system, every one knowledge of the laws as a system, which is not to be must be satisfied that we are not on an equal footing with forgotten. But upon the bench of the Supreme Court, the other States. Increase, then, the number of Judges he has no such advantage; and it would be strange if he to such an extent as to enable us, with reasonable circuits, did not go off almost as ignorant of local law as he came to have the services of some one or other of the Judges on it. of the Supreme Court. This is the remedy, and then shall we be on an equal footing with the others. Let no gentleman object to this system because we cannot furnish good materials for Judges; if they cannot be found in that part of the country, we will receive, thankfully, the addition of talent from any quarter of the Union. That luminary which gives us light rises in the East and passes to the West. I suppose it is the same with genius and talent: let us then go to the morning, and draw from

Now, whether it be seven or ten, or of whatever number it may be, I insist that it is a valuable feature in our system, and one that I would not part with any more than I would with that most valuable political privilege, of trial by jury; that the man who is ultimately to decide the cause, must be in a situation to have a reasonable opportunity of becoming acquainted with the laws that are to form the ground of that decision. Says the gentleman, by what mystery is it that you are going to communicate

APRIL 12, 1826.]

The Judicial System.

[SENATE.

the information which that one Judge has obtained, to the the wisdom of Congress to apply the remedy. But he other nine? The moment a cause is brought into the Su-al stated that complaints had been made else here. preme Court, instead of their having to grope about with- Mr. WHITE resumed. I am very glad to receive the exe out knowing how, or where to find the necessary statutes planation. It gave me pain to think our complaints should and authorities, they make common stock of all the know-be censured from so respectable a quarter, and am reledge they have acquired, and the judge who has made lieved to find I misunderstood the gentleman. By the himself acquainted with the local laws, applicable to the bill upon your table, we can be relieved-without some ease in question, brings to their view at once, not only change, the causes of complaints must continue. The the statutes, but all the authorities he has had access to, gentleman from New Hampshire finds fault with the bill, in relation to the same question, and when these materials and chalks out no plan. The gentleman from Rhode Isare spread before them, then, sir, they are prepared to land excepts to the bill, and refers to a substitute. What come to a correct determination. There is no mystery in is his remedy? He wishes the Judges of the Supreme ths. Each is not to lock up within his own breast all the Court to form an Appellate Court, and to be relieved information he has acquired upon legal subjects, and let from all circuit duties, and to have a separate set of Judg his brethren be groping about in darkness. They talk es, called Circuit Judges, to try all causes in the respectfreely on legal subjects amongst themselves, they make ive circuits. Indeed, sir, I should think (to use his own joint stock of their knowledge, they apply their natural language,) he would give us a remedy worse than the distalents, and then, sir, they bring out such a result as they ease; and I believe that no man who has reflected well think will be according to the justice and law of the on this subject, and is a friend to the Supreme Court of case. The moment you give me one Judge on the bench the United States, will ever put its high character in of the Supreme Court that has a knowledge of the laws jeopardy by any such system. As an American, I am of the country in which I live, the Supreme Court is placed proud of the character it now sustains. It is not only a in a situation that it can disperse justice between man blessing upon the whole to the nation, but some of its and man in Tennessee; but ill that is done, it is as much members are a credit to the age in which we live. And a matter of accident, as any thing else, that justice should | how did they become so? Not by being shut up in Washbe done. I have no complaint to make against the Judges ington, in New York, or in Rhode Island, but by letting of the Supreme Court, nor have I any eulogies to pro- them have a fair opportunity to become acquainted, not nounce on them. In some causes that have come from only with those things which are to be got out of books, Tennessee to the Supreme Court, I think their decisions but with those things which are going on in that society erroneous; I have the same opinion as it relates to some of which they are members. Let me not be told that I other States. But, in the situation in which they have wish to send the Judges out popularity hunting-to drink been placed, I am surprised they have not been oftener a dram with this ignorant man, or to take his breakfast wrong. It is the lot of human beings to err when they with another; but, I say, send the Judges of the Supreme have the best means of information, and it would be Court to administer and dispense justice in the respective strange if they did not err, when you compel them to act States, in the presence of the citizens of those States, of without the necessary means of information. There was the Counsel that attend the Bar, and of the Jury, let them one case in which their decision was in opposition to all hear the witnesses that depose as to the facts of the case. the decisions of the State Courts, in which they applied While the Judge in his circuit dispenses justice, he old principles that were napplicable to our local laws, watches, with all possible care, the conduct of the Counand thereby reversed the decision of the District Judge sel, the course of the testimony, and sees its practical apdoing duty as a Circuit Judge, and sent the cause back to plication to the particular transactions of men; at the be retried; upon the second trial, a more enlarged view same time that he is dispensing justice, he is keeping up of the case was given in a Bill of Exceptions, and the an essential part of his education; he is keeping up his cause again brought to the Supreme Court, and they a personal knowledge of human nature; he sees its worksecond time reversed the judgment of the Circuit Court, ings as it is;-and of all the places on earth that a man but took great pains to explain away what seemed to be can be placed to acquire a knowledge of human nature, the ground of the first decision, thereby using their en- the best is a Court of Justice, where the Jury is to dedeavors to ward off the mischief likely to flow from the cide a matter of fact, and viva voce testimony is given, to first opinion. I mention these things, not as a ground on inform them on it. Put the question down in the most which to censure any man who is on that bench; I have careful state you can, in a bill of exceptions, and an Apas much confidence in them as any man who has no more pellate Court never can have the same impression made acquaintance with them, and who is as little capable of upon their minds, that they would have had, if they had forming opinions relative to their decisions. Still, I am seen and heard the same testimony delivered to a Jury. constrained to believe, that not only in the case alluded Do you believe there would have been the improvement to, but in some others, they have not correctly expound there has been in the doctrine of evidence during the ed our municipal laws, and that mischiefs have been pro-last hundred years, if those who established these rules duced, and that more must inevitably be produced, if that had possessed no practical knowledge acquired at nisi Court is not placed on a different footing from that on prius, or elsewhere? How long is it since the distinction which it now stands. Had we not better pass the bill on has been drawn between a competent and a credible witthe table, than throw every thing into a state of confusion ness? But lock these Judges up in Westminster Hall, or by the reference? Had we not better refuse the gentle-in Rhode Island, or New York, or Washington, and you man's proposition? If you agree to it, where is there to take them from the source of information, and what bebe an end? The gentleman from New York stated that comes of them? If I wished to lessen their standing in there were grievances under which we labored, but that society; and to destroy public confidence in them; to put he did not deem them to be so great as to justify all the them in such a situation that, instead of doing justice be clamor that had been raised in that part of the country. tween man and man, they should become a curse to the I think he has not yet got to the bottom of our grievances, country, I would adopt the system recommended by the gentleman from Rhode Island.

unless

[Mr. VAN BUREN rose to explain, he had stated, on the Again, sir. It is a great object in the administration of part of Tennessee, that there had been no complaint-justice to keep mankind satisfied. If I could spare the their memorials were such as they ought to have been property, I would almost as soon lose a portion of mine; they stated their grievances fairly and fully, and left it to by the decision of a man in whom I had entire confi