uring fifteen inches wide by eighteen high, called Attaque de l'armée des Provinciaux dans Long Island du 27 Août, 1776. Publié, 1776. A MS. "Plan of the Attack of the Rebels on Long Island by an officer of the army" is among the Faden maps (no. 56) in the library of Congress. The map used in Stedman is reengraved, with additions, in Irving's Washington, illus. ed., ii. 309.

1 Sketched from a large Plan of the Battle of Long Island and of the Brooklyn defences, Aug. 27, 1776, compiled by Henry P. Johnston, which accompanies his Campaign of 1776, and is based, as he says, on Ratzer's map of Brooklyn (1767–68) and the United States coast survey. Before daylight on the morning of the 27th, the British advance under General Grant disturbed the American pickets at the Red Lion, which is near the westerly angle of the present Greenwood Cemetery area, marked on the plan with a dotted line. As the day wore on, the conflict pressed between the British at P and Q and the Americans under Stirling and Parsons at

citals, and narratives in the public press. On Sept. 3, with the comments and inquiry which it the British side we have Howe's despatch of elicited, and the report and journals of Sir

8

4

O and N, Smallwood's Marylanders holding the extreme right on the water, and Huntington's Connecticut regiment on the extreme left. Johnston (p. 165) says Stirling's position was between 18th and 20th streets of the modern Brooklyn, and not as Sparks's map places him, near the Narrows. Meanwhile, a British column at 9 o'clock the previous evening had begun to move from Flatlands, and at 3 the next morning captured an American patrol at B, and at 6 the British column (marching in this order, - Clinton, Cornwallis, Percy, Howe) neared the American advance under Miles at C, who retired; and at 9 A. M. the British column was at Bedford and threw out a force to M, which began to attack the American outposts of D (Miles), E (Wyley), and F (Chester), forcing them to retire upon Sullivan, who commanded the forces of Johnston (H), Hitchcock (J), and Little (G), with pickets at K, all within or near the present limits of Prospect Park, shown by the dotted line. Threatened by the British flanking column as well as by the Hessians in front, approaching from Flatbush under Heister with the commands of Von Stirn (S), Von Mirbach (T), and Donop (U), the Americans, after the capture of Sullivan himself, retreated as best they could across the creek and got within the lines. The column of the British advancing from Bedford threw out a force under Vaughan towards L to menace Fort Putnam and that part of the American works, while Cornwallis advancing towards R had a conflict there round the Cortelyou house at 11.30 A. M. with Stirling, who was trying to check this rear attack of the British, while such of his troops as could be controlled retreated from N and O, and, passing the marsh, crossed the creek (half a dozen or so being drowned), and reached dry land near some redoubts within the American line of defence. The point A represents the position of the present City Hall of Brooklyn. Stirling, meanwhile, with Smallwood's Marylanders in danger of being crushed between Cornwallis and Grant, and foiled in the attempt to reach Fort Box, retreated towards Flatbush, but encountered in that direction Gen. Heister's Hessians, and gave himself up to that officer.

T. W. Field in his monograph, the Battle of Long Island, gives a large plan showing the relations of the modern streets to the old landmarks, and marking "the natural defensible line, as nearly as it could be authenticated by documentary and traditionary evidence." Field adds that "the routes of the British were generally over country roads long since abandoned, and now covered with buildings; but their localities were accurately surveyed by the author before their traces were lost." Field also says (p. 145) that the American works were at once levelled by the British, and new ones were erected on interior lines. (Cf. G. W. Greene's General Greene, i. 159.) These latter lines are shown, as well as the earlier American works, in a Map of Brooklyn at the time of the Revolution, drawn by Gen. Jeremiah Johnson (Valentine's Manual, 1858). A rude map by J. Ewing, made Sept., 1776, is given in fac-simile in Johnston's Campaign of 1776 (Documents, p. 50) and in 2d ser. Penna. Archives, x. 194. Dr. Stiles made a rough plan in his diary, which he based upon a map of the ground and upon the information given him by one who was at Red Hook at the time. It is given in fac-simile by Johnston (p. 70).

The plan in Carrington's Battles (p. 214) is extended enough to illustrate the movements after the British occupation of New York; that in H. R. Stiles's Brooklyn (vol. i. 250) is an eclectic one, made with care, and his text attempts to identify the position of the lines and forts in relation to present landmarks. Gordon acknowledges receiving from Greene a map improved by that general (Hist. Mag., xiii. 25).

There are other plans in Marshall's Washington (large and small atlas); Sparks's Washington, iv. 68, repeated in Duer's Stirling (p. 162); Guizot's Washington; Samuel Ward's lecture on the battle, 1839; J. T. Bailey's Hist. Sketch of Brooklyn (Brooklyn, 1840); W. L. Stone's New York City, p. 246; Henry Onderdonk, Jr.'s Queens County, and Suffolk and Kings Counties; Ridpath's United States; Lossing's Field-Book, ii. 806, 809, 810; Lowell's Hessians; Harper's Monthly, Aug., 1876. Ratzer's map of Brooklyn is reproduced in Stiles's Brooklyn (i. 63), with a view of the same date (p. 217). Cf. map in Valentine's N. Y. Manual (1856). Cf. the bibliography of Long Island in Amer. Bibliopolist, Oct., 1872, and in Furman's Antiquities of Long Island, App.

1 Graydon's Memoirs, ch. 6; Mem. of Col. Benj. Talmadge (N. Y., 1858), cited in Johnston. James Sullivan Martin's Narrative of some of the adventures of a revolutionary soldier (Hallowell, 1830, p. 219), cited in Field, 507. Brodhead in 1 Penna. Archives, v. 21, cited by Johnston. Hezekiah Munsell's account in Stiles's Ancient Windsor, Conn., 714. Cf. further, N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1875, p. 439: Onderdonk's Rev. Incidents in Queens County; S. Barclay's Personal Recollections of the American Revolution.

2 Freeman's Journal and Penna. Journal, quoted in Moore's Diary, i. 295-297. Dr. Stiles's diary, giving the news as it reached him, is cited by Field and Johnston.

3 Gazette Extraordinary, Oct. 10, also in 5 Force, i. 1255-56; Naval Chronicle (1841); Field, 378; Moore's Diary, 300; Dawson, i. 154. Howe's letters during this campaign are in the Sparks MSS., no. lviii. 4 Israel Mauduit's Remarks upon Gen. Howe's account of his proceedings on Long Island (London, 1778). Howe defended himself in his Narrative of his Conduct in America. Field (p. 460) gives the parliamentary testimony, and the examination of Howe's statements (p. 471) from the Detail and Conduct of the Amer. War (3d ed., 1780, p. 17). There were mutual criminations by Howe and the war minister, Lord George Germain. Cf. Stedman, i. 193; Smyth's Lectures on Modern Hist. (Bohn ed., ii. 463-65); Parliamentary

George Collier, in command of the fleet.1 In addition we have a number of personal experiences and accounts of eye-witnesses, as well as statements from the German participants.3

The circumstances of the battle and retreat have occasioned some controversy, in which Bancroft has been criticised by the grandsons of Gen. Greene and Joseph Reed.5

Respecting the armies on both sides and their losses, there is ground for dispute. It is claimed

that the British had about double the numbers of the Americans, and the losses of killed and wounded were about equal on both sides, though the Americans also lost heavily in prisoners.6 But on this point see the preceding chapter.

Without enumerating at length the treatment of the general histories and the biographies of participants, the battle of Long Island has had much special local and monographic treatment,

Reg., xi. 340; Almon's Debates, xii.; Almon's Remembrancer, iii. A loyalist's view of the opportunity lost in not forcing the American lines is in Jones's N. Y. during the Rev., i. 112. Johnston (p. 185) points out how the English did the real fighting, while the Hessians joined in the pursuit. Major James Wemys, an officer of the British army serving in America, dying in New York in 1834-35, left papers, which were copied by Sparks while in the hands of Rev. Wm. Ware (Sparks MSS., xx.). They include his estimates of various generals of the British army; strictures on the peculations of some of them; including criticisms of Howe's conduct in the fights at Long Island, Whiteplains, and Trenton.

1 Naval Chronicle, xxxii. 271. Field (p. 407) gives G. S. Rainer's account from the journals of Collier. Cf. Ithiel Town's Particular Services (N. Y., 1835).

2 Evelyns in America, pp. 266, 325. Lushington's Lord Harris, cited by Field (p. 405). A letter of Earl Percy, Newtown, on Long Island, Sept. 1, in which he says that the English loss was 300, the American 3,000, with 1,500 privates, beside officers, taken prisoners, and "he flatters himself that this campaign wili put a total end to the war" (MSS. in Boston Pub. Library). The Hist. MSS. Com., 2d Report, p. 48, shows a letter of Sir John Wrottesley to his wife, dated Long Island, Sept. 3.

8 Eelking's Hülfstruppen, ch. 1; Lowell's Hessians, p. 58; and the appendix of Field. There is a French view in Hilliard d'Auberteuil's Essais, vol. ii.

4 Bancroft made some adverse criticisms of Greene in his orig. ed., ix. ch. 4. George W. Greene replied in a pamphlet, which he has reprinted in his Life of Greene, vol. ii., in which (book ii. ch. 7) he gives his own version of the battle. Cf. Hist. Mag., Feb. and Aug., 1867.

5 Respecting the retreat, Washington had ordered Heath (5 Force, i. 1211) to send down boats from up the Hudson, which he did (Heath, Memoirs, 57). Washington's reasons for a retreat are told in a letter of Joseph Reed, Aug. 30th, to Wm. Livingston, given in Sedgwick's Livingston, 201. (Cf. Sparks, Washington, iv. 81.) Johnston collates the authorities upon the reasons (p. 215), and thinks Gordon's account the most probable, that the American lines were unfit to stand siege operations, which Howe had begun. The proceedings of the council of war (Aug. 29th) which decided upon the retreat are in 5 Force, i. 1246, and in Onderdonk's Rev. incidents in Suffolk County, p. 161.

Bancroft (final revision, v. 38) and Wm. B. Reed (Life of Jos. Reed, i. 121–126) are at issue upon the point whether the lifting of the fog, which revealed the purpose of the English ships to get between Brooklyn and New York, took place before the retreat was ordered, or after it was nearly over. Bancroft's witnesses seem conclusive against the claim of W. B. Reed that such a revelation induced Joseph Reed to urge the retreat upon Washington (note in Bancroft, orig. ed., ix. 106; final revision, v. 38). Joseph Reed's own account is in Sedgwick's Livingston, 203. Cf. Johnston, ch. 5. Col. Tallmadge (Memoirs, p. 11) says that Washington never received the credit which was due to him for his wise and fortunate retreat from Long Island.

6 Dawson (Westchester Co., 224) puts the British army at over forty thousand men when the campaign opened. Beatson's Naval and Mil. Memoirs, vi.; 5 Force, i.; Bancroft, orig. ed., ix. 85-90; final revision, v. 28; Johnston, 195–201, and Docs., p. 167, 176, 180; De Lancey in Jones's N. Y. during the Rev., 600. There is a MS. on the prisoners taken noted in the Bushnell Catal. (1883), no. 791. Lecky (England in the XVIIIth Century, iv. 2, N. Y. ed.) says: "The English and American authorities are hopelessly disagreed about the exact numbers engaged, and among the Americans themselves there are very great differences. Compare Ramsay, Bancroft, Stedman, and Stanhope, [Mahon]."

There has been a controversy over the death of Gen. Woodhull, who was captured a few days later, and killed, as was alleged, while trying to escape. Cf. 5 Force, ii., iii. (index); De Lancey in Jones, ii. chap. 20, and p. 593; Johnston's Observations on Jones, p. 73; Luther R. Marsh's Gen. Woodhull and his Monument (N. Y., 1848); Hist. Mag., v. 140, 172, 204, 229; Henry Onderdonk, Jr.'s Narrative of Woodhull's Capture and death (1848).

7 Mercy Warren's Amer. Revolution; Bancroft, ix. ch. 4 and 5; final revision, v. ch. 2; Lossing's FieldBook, ii.; Gay's Pop. Hist. U. S., iii. ch. 20, etc.

8 Lives of Washington by Marshall, ii. ch. 7; by Sparks, i. 190; by Irving, ii. ch. 31, 32: of Sullivan by Amory, p. 25; of Stirling by Duer; of Olney by Williams; of Burr by Parton, i. ch. 8, etc.

Most elaborate of such is R. H. Stiles's Hist. of Brooklyn (p. 242). Cf. Thompson's Long Island; Strong's Flatbush; Henry Onderdonk, Jr.'s Kings County. Letters of Onderdonk to Sparks in 1844, on the battle,

particularly at the hands of Field, Johnston, Dawson, and Carrington. On the English side we have contemporary and later examples of historical treatment. It was the first substantial victory for the royal arms, and had little of the disheartening influence which the forcing of the redoubt at Bunker Hill had brought with it. The effect was correspondingly inspiriting to the Tories in America and to the government party in England.3

In transferring the scene across the river to New York, it is best in the first place to trace the topography of the town and island by the maps of the period, and to follow the cartographical records of the military movements during the campaign, before classifying the authorities.

John Hill's large plan of New York, extending as far north as Thirty-fourth Street, surveyed in 1782, and dedicated to Gov. George Clinton, was drawn in 1785. He marks all the works of the Revolution, — coloring yellow those thrown up by the Americans in 1776; orange, those of the Americans which the British repaired; and

green, those later erected by the royal forces. Johnston's map adopts these yellow lines. Lossing (Field-Book, ii. 593, 799), in describing the New York lines, differs somewhat from Hill's map. Johnston controverts Jones and De Lancey (Jones's New York during the Revolutionary War), who claim that the American lines were levelled by the British; he also cites Smythe, who described them in March, 1777, as was also done by Thomas Eddis in Aug., 1777,6 and by Anburey in 1781, and he depends on Hill's draft of them in 1782. Johnston (p. 36) also describes the appearance of the town at the opening of the war. Johnston (p. 194) claims that his eclectic map is the first to give the entire island as it was in 1776. He followed the surveys of Ratzer and Montresor as far north as Fiftieth Street, and from that point to Kingsbridge he used the map of 1814, made by Randall for the commissioners to lay out streets. The annexed sketch of Johnston's map shows the fortifications surrounding the town of New York.

Howe was much criticised for his dilatoriness and his failure promptly to use his fleet to get in

are in the Sparks MSS., no. xlviii. There is a paper by the Rev. J. W. Chadwick, of Brooklyn, in Harper's Mag., liii. p. 333. Cf. Hollister's Connecticut, ii. ch. 11. A personal narrative of Thomas Richards, a Connecticut soldier, is in United Service (Aug., 1884), xii. 216.

1 The earliest special treatment is Samuel Ward in Battle of Long Island (1839; also see Knickerbocker Mag., xiii. 279). Field's monograph makes vol. ii. of the Memoirs of the Long Island Hist. Soc., and nearly half the volume is an appendix of documents. The Campaign of 1776 round New York and Brooklyn (Brooklyn, 1878), by Henry P. Johnston, makes vol. iii. of the same series, and chapter 4 is given to the subject, and his narrative is well fortified by documentary proofs. In placing the responsibility of the defeat, he takes issue (p. 192) with Bancroft, Field, and Dawson, who charge it upon Putnam. Dawson (Battles, i. 143) gives numerous references. Carrington's Battles of the Amer. Rev. (ch. 31 and 32).

2 Annual Reg., xix. ch. 5; Parliamentary Reg., xiii.; The Impartial Hist. of the late War; Andrews's Late War, ch. 21; Stedman's Amer. War, ch. 6; Bissett's Reign of George III., i. 401, also speaks of the retreat as "masterly;" Knight's Pop. Hist. England, cited in Field, 447, and Mahon's.

8 John Adams's Works, ix. 438; letters of Franklin and Morris to Silas Deane, Oct. 1, 1776, noted in Calendar of Lee MSS., p. 7; Stuart's Jona. Trumbull; Sedgwick's Wm. Livingston, 201; Donne's Corresp. of George III. and Lord North, vol. ii.; Rockingham and his Contemp., ii. 297; Russell's Life of Fox, and Memorials and Corresp. of Fox, i. 145; Walpole's Last Journals, ii. 70.

4 This map of Hill's is reproduced in Valentine's Manual, 1857, and in Dunlap's New York (vol. ii.). 5 Campaign of 1776, p. 84.

6 Letters from America, p. 429.

7 Smith tells us that in 1766 a line of palisades, with block-houses, still stretched across New York Island, near the line of the present Chambers St., which had been built in the French war, at a cost of about £8,000. Crèvecœur described the town in 1772, and his description is translated in the Mag. of Amer. Hist., ii. 748. Cf. Dawson's account in his New York during the Revolution. There are various views of the town during the revolutionary period. One from the southeast and another from the southwest, by P. Canot, 1768, are reëngraved in Hough's translation of Pouchot (ii. 85, 88). Cf. Doc. Hist. N. Y., octavo, ii. 43. There are others in the travels of Sandby and Kalm. See Moore's Diary of the Amer. Rev., p. 311; Valentine's Manual, 1852, p. 176; Appleton's Journal, xii. 464. A view of New York as seen from the bay, found among Lord Rawdon's papers, is given in Harper's Mag., xlvii. p. 23. Gaine's N. Y. Pocket Almanac, 1772, has Prospect of the City of N. Y." A bird's-eye view of the island, as seen from above Fort Washington in 1781, is in Valentine's Manual, 1854. This last publication contains various views of revolutionary landmarks, as of Hellgate (1850,- cf. London Mag., April, 1778); the Battery and Bowling Green (1858, p. 633); the City Hall (1856, p. 32; 1866, p. 547); the Beekman house, headquarters of Sir William Howe in Sept., 1776 (1861, p. 496,- see also Gay, Pop. Hist. U. S., iii. 503); the Rutgers mansion (1858, p. 607); Lord Stirling's house (1854, p. 410); Alexander Hamilton's house (1858, p. 468). Knyphausen's quarters in Wall St. are shown in the Mag. of Amer. Hist., June, 1883, p. 409.

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