After a few years, the burning of chapels, and the imprisonment of ministers, were occurrences that seldom happened; but in as far as those laws affected the political privileges of those laymen who frequented their chapels, in that part of their operation they were in no degree relaxed till 1792, when they were wholly repealed, and the Scottish episcopalians tolerated, like other wellaffected dissenters from the national establish ment. The act of parliament which at this time passed for their benefit requires them to subscribe the thirty-nine articles of the church of England. The other dissenters from the kirk are of the same variety in denomination and general character as the dissenters of England, and embrace burghers and antiburghers, now united under the title of the United Secession; Quakers, Bereans, Baptists, and Glassites. There are Catholic churches also in almost all the principal towns; in the northern parts of Scotland this religion has survived the reformation. In no country is there ampler provision for education than in Scotland: perhaps in no other part of the world is equal attention paid to the subject. To the efficacy of her institutions for this purpose is to be ascribed that general cultivation which is diffused among the mass of the people. An act passed in the reign of William and Mary, ordaining that there shall be a school and a school-master in every parish, his fee not to be under 100 merks, and not to be above 200. These establishments, in which were taught reading, writing, arithmetic, Latin and Greek, placed a superior education within the reach of the poor; every person was instructed in the ordinary branches of education; knowledge was eagerly sought after, and ignorance was accounted disgraceful. This laudable spirit is now so universally spread that a more moral, orderly, or better instructed class of people than the great body of the community in Scotland, is no where found. In consequence of the depreciation of money, the allowances to those parish schoolmasters became gradually insufficient for their decent maintenance; and in 1803 the legislature most wisely augmented the schoolmaster's salary to 300 merks the lowest, and 400 merks the highest, together with a dwellinghouse of at least two apartments, a commodious school-house, and a garden containing a quarter of an acre of ground. Besides these parishschools, there are academies in most of the large towns, where every branch of education is taught. Scotland has also four universities, namely, at Edinburgh, St. Andrew's, Glasgow, and Aberdeen. That of Edinburgh has acquired the most extensive and well merited reputation, for the great attainments of its professors in literature and science; students of medicine in particular have long resorted to it from all parts of the world; and it has often been considered the very first of medical schools. At the time of the union with England, the ancient constitution of Scotland was so far superseded, that in the parliament of the United Kingdom the Scots nobility are represented by sixteen peers. In the house of commons, the freeholders of the coun ties, amounting to 2429, are represented by thirty commissioners or knights of the shires. The royal burghs, which are sixty-five in number, exclusive of the city of Edinburgh, which sends one member, are divided into fourteen districts, which return as many members, elected by a delegate from each burgh. Scotland, however, still retains her own ancient laws and institutions; and civil and criminal justice is administered by the college of justice, instituted by James V. in 1532, after the model of the French parliament, to supply an ambulatory committee of parliament, who took on themselves the name of the lords of council and session, which the great members of the college of justice still retain. The court of session is the highest court in Scotland, and consists of a president, and fourteen ordinary lords. This court may be termed a standing jury, who determine all civil causes according to the statutes, the custom of the nation, and the civil law. No appeal lies from it but to the house of lords. In 1807 the court of session was formed into two divisions, the first, consisting of seven members, under the lord president; the second division, under the lord justice clerk, consisting of six members. In 1815 a jury court was established under a lord chief commissioner, and two other commissioners for the trial of civil cases. The court of justiciary is the highest criminal court in Scotland. It consists of a lord justice general, who has a salary of £2000 per annum; a lord justice clerk, who is president; and five other judges nominated from the senators of the college of justice. The pannel has not the power, as in England, of setting aside a juryman, without assigning a reason. He must be served with a copy of his indictment, and a list of the witnesses who are to appear against him, and another list of forty-five men, out of which his jury is to be chosen, fifteen free days before his trial. The lords commissioners of justiciary make a circuit twice a year to the different districts of Scotland. All criminal cases before this court are tried by a jury of fifteen persons, whose verdict condemns or acquits by a bare plurality of votes. The court of exchequer has the same powers, privileges, jurisdictions, and authority over the revenue of Scotland, as that of England over the revenue of England. This court consists of a lord chief baron and four other barous, two remembrancers, a clerk of the pipe, &c. All the causes are here tried by jury. In the high court of admiralty there is only one judge, who is the king's lieutenant and justice general upon the seas, and in all ports and har bours. He has a jurisdiction in all maritime causes; and by prescription he has acquired a jurisdiction in mercantile causes not maritime. His decisions are subject to the review of the court of session in civil, and to that of the court of justiciary in criminal, cases. The college or faculty of advocates answers to the English inns of court; and, subordinate to them, is a body of inferior lawyers or attornies, styled writers to the signet, because they alone can substantiate the writings that pass the sig net. The commissary court consists of four judges nominated by the crown, and has an original jurisdiction in questions of marriage and divorce, and reviews the decrees of local commissary courts. It sanctions the appointment of executors, and ascertains debts relating to the last illness and funeral charges of persons deceased, or obligations arising from testaments, or actions of scandal, and upon all debts which do not exceed £40. The keeper of the great and privy seals, the lord register, and the lord advocate, are officers of state. Every county has a chief magistrate called a sheriff, whose jurisdiction extends to certain SCOTT (Daniel), LL.D., a learned English author and critic, who received the first part of his education at Tewksbury, and finished it at Utrecht, where he was graduated. He wrote several treatises on Theology; and, in 1745, published an Appendix to Henry Stephens's Greek Lexicon, 2 vols. folio. SCOTT (John), D.D., an eminent English divine, born, in 1638, at Chippenham in Wiltshire. He was educated at Oxford; admitted a commoner in 1657, and made great progress in logic and philosophy. He became minister of St. Thomas's in Southwark. In 1684 he was collated to a prebend in the cathedral of St. Paul's. Dr. Hickes tells us that after the revolution, he first refused the bishopric of Chester, because he would not take the oath of homage; and afterwards another bishopric, the deanery of Worcester, and a prebend of the church at Windsor, because they were all places of deprived men.' In 1691, however, he was made rector of St. Giles's, and canon of Windsor. He published several works:-1. The Christian Life, which has been often reprinted; 2. Examination of Bellarmine's Eighth Note on Sanctity; 3. Texts Examined which Papists quote for Prayer in an Unknown Tongue; 4. Cases of Conscience. He died in 1695. criminal cases, and to all civil matters which are not by special law or custom appropriated to other courts. In cases of inferior importance, also, the magistrates of cities and royal burghs have a jurisdiction, which is subject to review of the sheriff. Justice of peace courts were instituted in 1809, which are in almost every respect similar to those in England, though their powers are not so well defined. There is also a small debt court held monthly in every town of any note, where cases not exceeding £5 are decided in a summary manner. See our article Law, part III., for a more particular account of the statute and other laws of Scotland. Mr. Newton's removal, Mr. Scott succeeded him in the curacy of Olney: this was in 1781. Four years afterwards he removed to the chaplainship of the Lock Chapel, near Hyde Park Corner, and held besides two lectureships in the city. In 1801 he obtained the living of Aston Sandford, in Buckinghamshire; and here he died, April 16th, 1821, much beloved and respected. Mr. Scott was an able defender of Calvinism, and a good practical expositor of the Scriptures. His Family Bible has gone through several editions. His other works are numerous, and very popular with his party. SCOTT, a county of the north part of Kentucky, United States. The chief place is George Town. Also a county of Virginia, formed in 1814 out of the counties of Lee, Russel, and Washington. SCOTUS (Joannes), or John Erigena, a famous scholastic divine, born about the beginning of the ninth century; but where is a matter of dispute among authors. All agree, however, in relating that he travelled to Athens, where he acquired a competent knowledge of the Greek and other oriental languages; and, that he afterwards resided many years in the court of Charles the Bald, king of France, who, on account of his singular abilities, treated him SCOTT (Rev. Thomas), an English clergyman as his intimate friend and companion. During of the established church, was born at Braytoft his residence with Charles, he wrote several in Lincolnshire, February 4th, 1746, 1747. His books of scholastic divinity; which, though abfather, a small farmer with a large family, was a surd enough, were at that time not sufficiently man of strong sense, and ambitious of bringing so to secure him from the imputation of heteroup one of his family to a profession. The doxy; and on that account the pope commanded eldest son, therefore, was bred a surgeon, but Charles the Bald to send him to Rome; but the died young; on which Thomas was put to school king had too great a regard for his companion to learn Latin. At the age of sixteen he was to trust him with his holiness. One of the bound apprentice to a medical practitioner at chief controversies in which Scotus was engaged, Alford; but at the end of two months he was and with which the pope was much offended, dismissed, for what cause is not stated by his was concerning the real presence of the body and biographers. He was now employed to keep blood of Christ in the wafer. His opinion was sheep, but, having a strong desire to enter into expressed in these few words: What we receive orders, he consulted a clergyman at Boston, who corporally is not the body of our Lord; but that encouraged his attempt at qualifying himself for which feeds the soul, and is only perceived by the ministry and he had acquired a competent faith.' Whether Scotus returned to England, or knowledge of Greek as well as Latin, when the ended his days in France, is a matter of doubt. bishop of Lincoln, Dr. Green, admitted him to Some historians tells us that he left France in orders in 1773. His first situation was a curacy 864; and that, after residing about three years in Buckinghamshire, where he held a correspon- in Oxford, he retired to the abbey of Malmsbury. dence and controversy with Mr. John Newton, He died about 874. Some relate that he was which ended in the conversion of Mr. Scott to invited to England by king Alfred; but in this the Calvinistic sentiments of his friend: and, on they confound him with John, abbot of Edhe I saw men scour so on their way: I eyed them Id. Winter's Tule. Even to their ships. In some lakes the water is so nitrous, as if foul clothes be put into it, it scoureth them of itself; and, if they stay, they moulder away. Bacon's Natural History. Some apothecaries, upon stamping coloquintida, have been put into a great scouring by the vapour only. ling, who was assassinated in 895; and to this mistake the various contradictory accounts of him are to be attributed. He appears from his writings to have been a man of talents, and, in point of learning, superior to any of his contemporaries. He wrote 1. De Divisione Naturæ, lib. v. 2. De Prædestinatione Dei. 3. Excerpta de Differentiis et societatibus Græci Latinique Verbi. 4. De Corpore et Sanguine Domini. 5. Ambigua S. Maxima seu Scholia ejus in difficiles locos S. Gregorii Nazianzeni, Latinè Versa. 6. Opera S. Dionysii quatuor in Latinam Ling. Conversa. 7. De Visione Dei, and several other works in MS. preserved in different libraries. SCOTUS, DUNS (John). See DUNS SCOTUS. SCOUGAL (Henry), M. A., second son of Patrick Scougal, bishop of Aberdeen, was born, June 1650, at Salton. On finishing his courses, he was appointed professor of philosophy in the university of Aberdeen. In four years, he was, at the age of twenty-three, ordained a minister, and settled at Auchterless, twenty miles from Aberdeen; where his zeal and ability were eminently displayed. In the twenty-fifth year of his age he was admitted professor of divinity in the king's college, Aberdeen. He died of a consumption on the 20th of June, 1678, in the twenty-eighth year of his age, and was buried in the King's College Church in Old Aberdeen. The principal work of Scougal is a small treatise entitled, The Life of God in the Soul of Man. SCOUN'DREL, n. s. Ital. scondaruolo. A hider. Skinner. A mean rascal; a low petty villain. A word rather ludicrous. Hudibras. Now to be baffled by a scoundrel, And upstart sec'try, and a mungrel. Scoundrels as these wretched Ombites be, Canopus they exceed in luxury. Tate. Go, if your ancient but ignoble blood Pope. SCOUR, v. a. & v. n. Goth. skurer; Dan. SCOUR'ER, n. s. skurer; Belg. scheuren; Ital. scorrere. To brush hard in order to clean; clean by rubbing; cleanse; purge; range about; to perform scouring operations: be purged or lax; rove; range; run here and there a scourer is a person or thing that scours. Divers are kept continually to scour these seas, infested greatly by pirates. Sandys. The kings of Lacedemon having sent out some gallies, under the charge of one of their nephews, to scour the sea of the pirates, they met us. Sidney. She from him fled with all her power Who after as hastily 'gan to scour. Faerie Queene. Barbarossa, scouring along the coast of Italy, struck an exceeding terror into the minds of the citizens of Rome. Knolles. were better to be eaten to death with rust, than to be scoured to nothing with perpetual motion. Shakspeare. Sometimes Bacon. Is this the scourge of France? That with his name the mothers still their babes? The scourge Id. Henry VI. This great vessel may have lesser cabins, wherein scouts may be lodged for the taking of observations. Wilkins. As when a scout, Oft on the bordering deep Encamp their legions; or with obscure wing Milton. Id. The scouts to several parts divide their way, To learn the natives' names, their towns, explore The coasts. Dryden's Eneid. As a hunted panther casts about Her glaring eyes, and pricks her listening ears to scout, So she, to shun his toils, her cares employed. Dryden. SCOWL. v. n. & n. s. Sax. rcylian, to squint; Isl. skeela sig, to look sour. To frown; pout; look angry, or sullen: a look of this kind; gloom. Miso, her authority increased, came with scowling eyes to deliver a slavering good morrow to the two ladies. Sidney. With bent louring brows, as she would threat, She scowled and frowned with froward countenance. Faerie Queene. Not a courtier, Although they wear their faces to the bent Shakspeare. Cymbeline. I've seen the morning's lovely ray Hover o'er the new-born day When a ruddy storm, whose scowl Crashaw. Id. Made heaven's radiant face look foul, Called for an untimely night, To blot the newly-blossomed light. The dusky clouds o'erspread Heaven's cheerful face; the lowering element Scowls o'er the darkened landscape snow or shower. Milton. In rueful gaze The cattle stand, and on the scowling heavens Across her placid azure sky, Burns. He feigned himself mad in their hands, and scrabbled on the doors of the gate. 1 Samuel xxi. 13. SCRAGG, n. s. Belg. scraghe. Any thing SCRAG'GY, adj. thin or lean: the adjective corresponding. From a scraggy rock, whose prominence Such a constitution is easily known, by the body Philips. being lean, warm, hairy, scraggy, and dry, without a disease. Arbuthnot. Is there then any physical deformity in the fabrick of a human body, because our imagination can strip it of its muscles and skin, and shew us the scragged and knotty back-bone? Bentley's Sermons. SCRAMBLE, v. n. The same with SCRABBLE, says Johnson. A frequent. of Goth. krama, Dan. granie, the hand.-Thomson. To catch at any thing eagerly and tumultuously with the hands; to catch with haste preventive of another; to contend tumultuously which shall catch any thing. England now is left To tug and scramble, and to part by the teeth Of other care they little reckoning make, It is not to be supposed that, when such a tree was shaking, there would be no scrambling for the fruit. Stillingfleet. As they were in the middle of their gambols, somebody threw a handful of apples among them, that set them presently together by the ears upon L'Estrange. the scramble. Because the desire of money is constantly almost every where the same, its vent varies very little, but as its greater scarcity enhances its price and increases the scramble. Loche. They must have scrambled with the wild beasts for crabs and nuts. Ray on the Creation. All the little scramblers after fame fall upon him. Addison. SCRAN'NEL, adj. [Of this word I know not the etymology, nor any other example.Johnson.] Swed. skrene.-Thomson. Vile; worthless. Perhaps grating by the sound. When they list, their lean and flashy songs Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw. They shall destroy the walls, and I will scrape her dust, and make her like the top of a rock. Ezek. xxvi. 4. Be thrifty, but not covetous; therefore give Thy need, thine honour, and thy friend his due; Never was scraper braver man. Get to live; Then live, and use it; else it is not true That thou hast gotten: surely, use alone Makes money not a contemptible stone. Herbert. Out! ye sempiternal scrapers. These hard woods are more properly scraped than planed. Cowley. Moxon. Let the government be ruined by his avarice, if by avarice he can scrape together so much as to make his peace. South. The chiming clocks to dinner call; A hundred footsteps scrape the marble hall. Pope. Have wild boars or dolphins the least emotion at the most elaborate strains of your modern scrapers, all which have been tamed and humanised by ancient musicians? Arbuthnot. Bread for toast lay on the coals; and, if toasted quite through, scrape off the burnt side, and serve it Swift. up. Never clean your shoes on the scraper, but in the entry, and the scraper will last the longer. Id. Unhappy those who hunt for a party, and scrape together out of every author all those things only which favour their tenets. Watts. SCRATCH, v. a. & n. s. Belg. kratzer. To tear or mark with slight ragged incisions: a mark thus made. The lab'ring swain Scratched with a rake a furrow for his grain, And covered with his hand the shallow seed again. Dryden. Unhand me, or I'll scratch your face; Let go, for shame. Id. The coarse file cuts deep, and makes deep scratches in the work; and, before you can take out those deep scratches with your finer cut files, those places where the risings were when your work was forged, may become dents to your hammer dents. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises. A sort of small sand-colored stones, so hard as to scratch glass. Grew's Museum. Lest by my look and color be expressed These nails with scratches shall deform my breast, The mark of aught high-born, or ever better dressed. Prior. The smaller the particles of those substances are, the smaller will be the scratches by which they continually fret and wear away the glass until it be polished; but be they never so small, they can wear scratching it, and breaking the protuberances; and away the glass no otherwise than by grating and therefore polish it no otherwise than by bringing its roughness to a very fine grain, so that the scratches and frettings of the surface become too small to be Newton's Opticks. visible. Other mechanical helps Aretæus uses to procure sleep, particularly the scratching of the temples and the ears. Arbuthnot. Be mindful, when invention fails, To scratch your head, and bite your nails. Swift. If any of their labourers can scratch out a pamId. phlet, they desire no wit, stile, or argument. SCRATCH-PANS, in the English salt-works. See SALT. Their use is to receive a selenitic matter, known by the name of soft scratch, which falls during the evaporation of the saltwater. SCRAW, n. s. Irish and Erse. Surface or scurf. Neither should that odious custom be allowed, of cutting scraws, which is flaying off the green surface of the ground, to cover their cabins, or make up. their ditches. Swift. |