E. MOSES and SON respectfully call ALEXANDRA PARK COMPANY THE BRITISH and CALIFORNIAN

attention to their large and of Juvenile Clothing. The newest fabrics are combined with the latest and most fashionable designs, and the best workmanship. E. MOSES and SON give particular attention to this important branch of their business, and they can with confidence affirm that the prices are such as must satisfy the most economical. This department is in a distinct part of the premises, which will be found a great convenience for Ladies and Children.

1862."

Registered under "The Companies' Act,

The Alexandra Park is situated fifteen minutes from London, contains 480 acres of well timbered and beautifully undulating land, 200 of which will be laid out as a Park, and the remainder sold for building purposes.

Share Capital, £500,000, in 50,000 "A" Shares and 50,000 "B" Shares of £5 each. Debenture Capital, £300,000.

The Debenture Capital has been created principally for the purpose of paying for the Estates, and for the purchase of the International Exhibition Building of 1862, now erecting invite public attention to their large and well-assorted is anticipated that the whole of this Capital will be redeemed WINTER STOCK. by the sale of the Surplus Lands.

E. MOSES and are the Park, Messrs and

MOSES and SON'S "SANDRINGnewest and most fashionable Style of Overcoat for the Season. MOSES and SON'S READY• MADE and BESPOKE CLOTHING, for all Classes and Ages.

E. HAM" WRAPPER (introduced by them) is the

E.

The holders of "A" shares are entitled to Dividend out of the net divisible profits of the Company, at the rate of 7 per cent. per annum, and of 1-5th of the remaining profits in priority to and before payment of any dividend to the holders of " Shares. The holders of "B" Shares then receive all the remaining divisible profits of the Company. The original Allottee of five "A" Shares, so long as he shall retain them, will be entitled to a Season Ticket, admitting the holder to the Park and Building when the same are open to the Public, but subject to the Rules and Regulations of the Company, which Ticket will be forwarded on the payment for £1 per share to be paid on application and £1 on allotment. DIRECTORS. MOSES and SON'S HOSIERY and Chairman-The Right Hon the Lord Fermoy, M.P., 5 PemDRAPERY, for all Classes and all Ages. bridge square, Bayswater, W. Deputy Chairman-Lightly Simpson, Esq., 25 Gower street, W.C.

E. MOSES and SON'S CELEBRATED allotment.

H. Wellington Vallance, Esq., 12 Tokenhouse yard, London,
EC.
BANKERS.

Messrs Barclay, Bevan, Tritton, Twells, and Co., 54 Lombard

street, E.C.
BROKER.

George W. Shirreff, Esq.. 4 Bank Chambers, Lothbury.

GENERAL MANAGER
John C. Deane, Esq.
AUDITORS.

John Young, Esq. (Firm of Coleman, Turquand, and Co.)
Tokenhouse yard, E.C.

Cornelius Walford, Esq., (Chadwick and Walford) Great
George street, Westminster.

SECRETARY-Mr F. K. Parkinson.

OFFICES-No. 12 Tokenhouse yard, London, EC.

The Directors having disposed of the "B" Shares, and a | large portion of the "A" Shares having been allocated in the part purchase of the Estate and in the erection of the allot 10,000 "A" Shares to the Public

E. MOSES and SON'S ESTABLISH- Building and the harer to the publicted for, propose to

P. G. Vander Byl, Esq. (Messrs Vander Byl and Co., Cape
Town).
Frederick Harrison, Esq., Director of the London and South
American Bank.

Richard B. Wade, Esq., Director of the National Provincial
Bank of England.

William Tabor, Esq, Director of the Imperial Bank.
William J. M xweil, Esq., Director of the National Provin-
cial Bank of England.

George Campbell, Esq. (Messrs H. N. Dickson and Co.,
London, and Dickson, De Wolf, and Co., San Francisco).
George E Scaramanga, Esq. (Messrs Scaramanga Brothers,
London and New York).

Robert Rodgers, Esq. (Mes-rs Robert Rodg rs and Co., Liver-
pool, and Rodgers, Meyer, and Co., San Francisco).
BANKERS.

The London and County Bank, Lombard street, and its
Branches.

The City Bauk, Threadneedle street, and 34 Old Bond

street.

The Bank of Liverpool for Liverpool.

12 Table Spoons...
12 Dessert Forks
12 Dessert Spoons.
12 Tea Spoons...

6 Egg Spoons, gilt
bowls......

2 Sauce Ladies......

1 Gravy Spoon...
2 Salt Spoons, gilt
bowls

1 Mustard Spoon, gilt
bowl

King's wick or Lily,

Fiddle
Thread
or Old
Bead or Bruns-
Silver Pattern.
Pattern.

Pattern.

&c.

d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d.

I 13 0 2 0 0 2 4 0 2 10 0 1 13 0 2 0 024 0 2 10 0 1 4 0 1 10 0 1 12 0 1 15 0 1 4 0 1 10 0 1 120 1 15 0 0 16 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 50

0 10 0 0 12 0 0 12 0 0 13 6 0 6 00 8 0 0 8 009 0 0660 9 0 0 10 0 0 11 0

0 3 4 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 6

0

1 Pair of Sugar Tongs 0

1 80 200 200 23 2603 6 0 3 6 0 4 0

1 Pair of Fish Carvers 1 4 0 1 10
02604

1 Butter Knife

0 1 10 0 1 10 0 01 0 5 6060

The National Fr vincial Bank of England for Manchester, Cried assortment of TABLE CUTLERY in the world,

Birmingham, and other Branches.

The Agra and United Service Bank for India and China.
The Bank of Australasia for Australia and New Zealand.
Mous. Pierre Rod conachi f r Paris.

H. Tailors, GUINEA WATERPROOF IS, Court Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, the 21st, 22nd, and 23rd this sans is established to supply these facilities which

COATS may be obtained at their Establishments, at 114, 116, 118, and 120 Regent street; 22 Cornhill, London; and 10 Moseley street, Manchester; or of their Agents throughout the country.

Homœopathic Practitioners, and the Medical Profession generally, recommend Cocoa as being the most healthful of all beverages. When the doctrine of Homœopathy was first introduced into this country, there were to be obtained no preparations of Cocoa either attractive to the taste or acceptable to the stomach: the nut was either supplied in its crude state or so unskilfully manufactured as to obtain little notice.

J. EPPS, of London, Homeopathic Chemist, was induced in the year 1839 to turn bis attention to this subject, and at length succeeded, with the assistance of elaborate machinery, in being the first to produce an article PURE in its composition, and so refined by the perfect trituration it receives in the process it passes through, as to be most acceptable to the delicate stomach. For general use,

EPP S'S сосод
is distinguished as an

INVIGORATING, GRATEFUL
BREAKFAST BEVERAGE,
possessing a most

DELICIOUS AROMA.

Dr Hassall, in his work on " Adulterations of Food," says: "Cocoa contains a great variety of important nutritive principles; every ingredient necessary to the growth and sustenance of the body." Agaiu, "as a nutritive, cocoa stands very much higher than either coffee or tea."

Directions: Two teaspoonfuls of the powder in a breakfast cup, filled up with boiling water or milk. Secured in tin-lined lb., lb., and 11o. packets, labelled, and sold at 1s. 6d. per lb. by Grocers, Confectioners, aud Chemists.

General Priced Catalogue post free.

6 Edwards street, Portman square, London, W. N.B.-Sole Proprietors of the Receipt for Harvey's Sauce.

TURTLE.-MCCALL'S WEST INDIA. Superior quality, prepared by new process. Flavour unsurpassed. Real Turtle Soup, quarts, 10s. 6d. ; pints, 5s. 6d. ; half-pints, 3s. Callipash and Callipee, 10s. 6d. per pound. Sold by leading Oil and Italian Warehousemen, Wholesale Chemists, and others.

J. McCALL and CO.,
PROVISION STORES, 137 HOUNDSDITCH, N.E.
Prize Medal for Patent Process of Preserving Pro-
visions without overcooking, whereby freshness and flavour
are retained.

SAUCE.-LEA AND PERRINS'
WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE.

This delicious condiment, pronounced by Connoisseurs
"THE ONLY GOOD SAUCE,"

is prepared solely by LEA and PERRINS. The Public are respectfully cautioned against worthless imitations, and should see that LEA and PERRINS' Names are on Wrapper, Label, Bottle, and Stopper.

ASK FOR LEA AND PERRINS' SAUCE. Sold Wholesale and for Export, by the Proprietors, Worcester; Messrs CROSSE and BLACKWELL; Messrs Barclay and Sons, London, &c., &c.; and by Grocers and Oilmen universally.

OLLOWAY'S PILLS.-REMARKABLE RECOVERY.-Mr Gamis, Chemist, Yeovil. writes that a Lady re iding in that Town had for many years been suffering severely from indigestion and liver co plaint, for the relief of which her medical man told her he could do nothing fu ther. Unnerved by this announcement, she sought sympathy from friends, one of whom recommende Holloway's Pills, which were at once procured. The invalid, Carefully attending to the accompanying directions, took the Fills and soon perceived a change which equally astonished and delighted her. She gradually got quite well. - Pains i the side, heaviness in the head, confusion of thought, gidd ness, low spirits, and many other sufferings indicative o disordered liver, can be dispelled with ease and certainty by

this Medicine.

all warranted, is on sale at WILLIAM S. BURTON'S, at prices that are remunerative only because of the largeness of the sales.

31-inch Ivory Handles
3-inch Fine Ivory Handles
4-inch Ivory Balance Handles
4-inch Fine Ivory Handles
4-inch Finest African
Handles

Ivory

Ditto, Carved Handles, Silver
Ferules

Nickel Electro-Silver Handles,
any Pattern

...

...

Ditto with Silver Ferules

Silver Handles, of any Pattern... 84 0
BONE AND HORN HANDLES.-
KNIVES AND FORKS PER DOZ.

requires. It is remarkable that while British capital has
been seeking investment in Joint Stock Banking operations White Bone Handles
in every part of the world, California has been hitherto
the part of the merchants and traders of that State, and the

Ditto Balance Handles
Black Horn Rimmed Shoulders...
Ditto Very Strong Riveted
Handles
The largest stock in existence of Plated Dessert Knives
and Forks, in cases and otherwise, and of the new Plated

BRAZIL and RIVER PLATE four years ago in the new territory of Nevada, are now pros Fish Carvers.

STEAMERS.

overlooked. This omission has excited no little surprise on
establishment of this Bank will be eagerly hailed by them.
A large field of operations will be open to this Institution.
The yield of the Gold Fields is above £8,000,000 per annum,
and is steadily increasing. Silver mines, discovered about
ducing £200,000 sterling per mouth. Great progress has
been made in agriculture, and instead of importing grain,
as the Gold Colonies of Australia do, California exports
largely. The population of the state exceeds 500,000, ex-
clusive of the Chinese and Indians, and is on the increase.
Applications for Shares must be made in the form attached
to the Full Prospectus, which may be obtained at the Offices
of the London Financial Association (Limited), of the
Brokers, or of the Bankers.

Silver
do.
Marine Chronometers
35 29
Gold and Silver Pocket Chronometers, Astronomical,
Turret, and Bracket Clocks of every description. An elegant
assortment of London-made Fine Gold Albert and Guard
Chains, &c.

DENT, 61 Strand (adjoining Coutts's Bank); 34 and 35
Royal Exchange; and at the Clock and Marine Compass
Factory, Somerset Wharf, Strand, London.

CHANDELIERS in BRONZE and

ORMOLU for DINING-ROOM and LIBRARY. Candelabra, Moderator Lamps, in Bronze, Ormou, China, and Glass. Statuettes in Parian, Vases and other Ornaments, in a Show Room erected expressly for these articles. OSLER, 45 Oxford street, W.

CHANDELIERS.
Wall Lights, and Mantel-piece Lustres, for Gas and
Candles, Table Glass, &c.

OSLER'S GLASS

Glass Dinner Services for 12 persons, from £7 15s.
Glass Dessert do. do. do. from £2
All Articles marked in plain figures.
Ornamental Glass, English and Foreign, suitable for

Presents.

Mess, Export, and Furnishing Orders promptly executed.
LONDON-SHOW ROOMS, 45 OXFORD STREET, W.
BIRMINGHAM-MANUFACTORY AND SHOW ROOMS,
BROAD STREET.-Established 1807.

UPERIOR DINING-ROOM FURNI

In consequence of a decision of the Committee of the Directors will not demand from allottees the 11. 10s. per share (specified in the prospec us as being first payable) before the payment of the 21. 10s. per share, but the whole 47. per share in one sum will be required to be paid on or before the 11th of March The List of Applications for shares in this Bank will be positively closed in London at Two o'clock on Saturday Next. the 20th instant; and in the provinces and abroad on Monday next, the 22nd instant.

next.

The Directors will meet for allotment of shares on Thurs-
day, the 25th February.
By order of the Directors.
SAMUEL MAGNUS, Secretary.

Feb. 17, 1864.

THE

MARITIME

INSURANCE

COMPANY (LIMITED.)
Incorporated, with Limited Liability, under the Companies'
Act, 1862.

CAPITAL, £1,000,000, in 100,000 SHARES of £10 each.
First issue 50,000 Shares, instead of 25,000 Shares, as before

announced.

Deposit on Application £1 per Share. Further Payment on
Allotment £1 per Share.
DIRECTORS.

GENERAL

WILLIAM S. BONMONGER, by appointment

to H.R.H. the PRINCE of WALES, sends a CATALOGUE gratis, and post paid. It contains upwards of 500 Illustra tions of his illimited Stock of Sterling Silver and ElectroPlate, Nickel Silver, and Britannia Metal Goods, Dish Covers, Hot-water Dishes, Stoves, Fenders, Marble Chimney. pieces, Kitchen Ranges, Lamps, Gaseliers, Tea Trays, Urns, and Kettles, Clocks, Table Cutlery, Baths, Toilet Ware, Turnery, Iron and Brass Bedsteads, Bedding, Bedroom Cabinet Furniture, &c., with Lists of Prices, and Plans of the Twenty large Show-Rooms, at 39 Oxford street, W.; 1, la, 2, 3, and 4 Newman street; 4, 5, and 6 Perry's place; and 1 Newman yard, London.

OLD GOODS RE-SILVERED, EQUAL TO NEW. RICHARD and JOHN SLACK beg to call attention to their William Harrison, Esq. (Messrs Harrisons and Latham.)-process goods, however old, can be re-silvered equal to new. superior method of ELECTRO SILVERING, by which -Estimates given for re-plating.

Chairman.

Francis Boult, Esq. (Messrs Boult, English, and Brandon).
Alexander Duranty, Esq. (Messrs A. Duranty and Co.)
W. H. Haynes, Esq., Merchant.

Patrick Hunter, Esq. (Messrs Browne, Hunter, and Co.)
George B. Kerferd, Esq. (Messrs George B. Kerferd and
Co.)

Peter Maxwell, Esq., Merchant.

P. M. Miller, Esq. (Messrs Miller and Mossman).
William Nicol, Esq., Merchant.

Daniel Powell, Esq. (Messrs Daniel Powell and Co.)
T. Harrison Ridley, Esq. (Messrs Ridley, Son, and Co.)
J. Barkeley Smith, Esq. (Messrs. Houghton, Smith, and
Co.)
With power to add to their number.
MANAGER AND UNDERWRITER-Henry Case, Esq.
BANKERS.

The National Bank of Liverpool (Limited).
The National Bank, Old Broad street, London.

STURE. Fifty sets of Dining Tables, and Sixty Sideboards, And is Branches in Ireland.

of elegant designs; also, an immense variety of Dining-
room Chairs, with the prices marked in plain figures, are
now on View in the Show-Rooms of Messrs DRUCE and
Co., 68, 69. and 58 Baker street.

Wardrobes, to select from. A Warranty for Twelve Months
N.B.-500 Easy Chairs and Settees, and 100 Fashionable
is given. Down Quilts, 5s. 6d. cach.

COUGHS, ASTHMA, and INCIPIENT

CONSUMPTION are EFFECTUALLY CURED by
KEATING'S COUGH LOZENGES,
Which are DAILY RECOMMENDED by the FACULTY
- Testimonials from the most eminent of whom may be in-
spected-as the most effectual, safe, speedy, and convenient
remedy for Cough and all Disorders of the Lungs, Chest,

George Edward Schulz, Esq., Manchester buildings, Tithe-
barn street, Liverpool.

Edward Fox, Esq., 51 Dame street, Dublin.
Frederick Fielder, Esq., Cross street, Manchester,
Charles Boult, Esq., 35A St Ann's square, Manchester,
AUDITORS-Messrs Harmood Banner and Son.
SOLICITORS-Messrs Littledale, Ridley, and Bardswell.
TEMPORARY OFFICES-4 and 5 Brown's buildings,
Liverpool.

NOTICE-Wednesday next, he 24th instant, is the last
day upon which applications for shares may be made.
Forms of application may be obtained from the Brokers,
and also at the Temporary Offices of the Company, 4 and
Brown's buildings, Liverpool.

5

SLACK'S TABLE CUTLERY.
IVORY TABLE KNIVES, best quality, warranted not to
come loose in the handles, and to balance.
1st size.
2nd size.
3rd size.
1 Dozen......... £0 16 0 £1 0 0 £1 2 0
1 Pair Carvers.. 0 4 6
056
069
Messrs SLACK have been celebrated fifty years for their
superior manufacture of Table Knives.

SLACK'S ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
GRATIS, or sent post free, containing upwards of 350
Engravings, and Prices of Fenders, Fire-irons, Furnishing
Ironmongery, Slack's Nickel and Electro-Plated Wares,
Table Cutlery, &c. No person should furnish without one.
RICHARD and JOHN SLACK,
Fronmongers to Her Majesty,
336 Strand, opposite Somerset House.

VERLAND ROUTE.-Communication by STEAM to INDIA, AUSTRALIA, &c, via EGYPT. -The PENINSULAR and ORIENTAL STEAM NAVIGATION COMPANY BOOK PASSENGERS and RECEIVE CARGO and PARCELS at their LONDON OFFICE, for GIBRALTAR, MALTA, EGYPT, ADEN, CEYLON, MADRAS, CALCUTTA, THE STRAITS, and CHINA, by their Steamers leaving Southampton on the 4th and 20th of every month. For GIBRALTAR, MALTA, EGYPT, ADEN, and BOMBAY, by those of the 12th and 27th of each month; and for MAURITIUS, REUNION, KING GEORGE'S SOUND, MELBOURNE, and SYDNEY, by the Steamers leaving Southampton on the 20th of every month.

For further particulars apply at the Company's Offices, 129 Leadenhall street, E.C., London; or Oriental place, Southampton.

With an Illustration by Frederick Walker, and a Portrait of
the late Mr Thackeray, Engraved on Steel, from a Drawing
by Samuel Laurence.

Whether Walking, Riding, Driving, Hunting, Shooting. Fish-ray
ing, or at Home, may be secured by an Annual Payment of
£3 to the

Railway Passengers' Assurance Company,
64 CORNHILL, LONDON, E.C.
MORE THAN 8,000 CLAIMS FOR
COMPENSATION

have been Promptly and Liberally Paid.

YUY'S NEW BRITISH SPELLING. numerous Engravings from W. Harvey's designs." The New Edition, 12mo, price la 64: THE ADVENTURES of a SUMMER EVE.

"Always admirably good, Debrett's Peerage is better than Now ready, Second Edition, with Additional Notes, price is
ever in this its latest issue."-Sun.
PEER- THE SUGAR DUTIES DISCUSSED.
By HENRY NELSON,

Stations, of 10 REGENT riddlesex-The Study of Antiquities-DEBRETTSLLUSTRA64, price 75. Under
For particulars apply to the Clerks at any of the Railway Supply of Water for Jerusalem-The late Leo Von Klenze of

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to ANNE. Edited from the Papers at Kimbolton. By
the Duke of MANCHESTER. 2 vols. 30s. Portraits.
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No. 2,926.]

THE POLITICAL EXAMINER.

If I might give a short hint to an impartial writer it would be to tell him his fate If he resolved to venture upon the dangerous precipice of telling unbiassed truth let him proclaim war with mankind-neither to give nor to take quarter. If he tells the crimes of great men they fall upon him with the iron hands of the law; if he tells them of virtues, when they have any, then the mob attacks him with slander. But if he regards truth, let him expect martyrdom on both sides, and then he may go on fearless; and this is the course I take myself

SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1864.

the Americans on

PUBLIC EXECUTIONS.

"The publicity of executions is intended," says Sir George Grey, "to remove any possible doubt or supposition into effect; but it has also the object of deterring persons as to the sentence not being actually and duly carried by the awful spectacle which is presented from subjecting "themselves to a similar fate. Who can say how far that operates?" Ah, who indeed?

66

of his supporters in Tuesday night's debate tell us what it is possible? The doctrines propounded by Mr Walpole there was to be afraid of in Mr Seward's rhetoric or Mr and Sir Hugh Cairns savour more of the lawlessness of Adams's more temperate expostulation? If public opinion feudal barbarism than of the polity of a civilized nation. be with the building of buccaneering vessels in our ports, The Executive, it is said, may make a mistake, may act Contrary to the obvious meaning and intent of the Statute lightly, partially, or upon insufficient grounds of probability; law, would not a trimming and time-serving Minister be and when they do so, they ought to be censured in the strongfar more likely to yield, to court its smile preparatory est language and driven from power. But manifestly to a general election, than to yield to the feeble frown it is impossible to form any judgment regarding them of a distant disorganized and disaster-stricken Govern- in this respect until the case has been heard ment? In other words, what conceivable motive could in a court of justice and there disposed of. To ask THE DEBATE ON THE STEAM RAMS. the Foreign Secretary have had for acting against his them to show their accusers beforehand the proofs The Tories are said to be dreaming of office; they conviction of what was right regarding the detention on which they rely as prosecutors of the alleged violators certainly talk like men in their sleep. They are impatient, of the rams? Knowing the feverish susceptibility of of the law, would be absolute nonsense. If, pending the angry, and loud, but there is no coherence in what they incredulously to their earlier statements respecting these the confidence of Parliament or of the country, that may the subject, he naturally listened suit by the Crown, Ministers should be deemed to have lost say; and when asked the simplest question they cannot vessels. In a spirit of courtesy he invited the be an excellent reason for setting up other men in their give an intelligible answer. To make out against Ministers member for Birkenhead to say, on the honour of an stead; but it is no reason whatever for letting the rams a case of oppression and cruelty they dwell on the English merchant and an English gentleman, for what put to sea or exonerating their builders from the penalties of arrest of the Confederate rams on the eve of their going foreign Power these unmistakable ships of war were a wilful and deliberate infraction of the law. intended. He received for answer that they had been forth from the Mersey to prey on the mercantile marine of ordered by a Paris agent, M. Bavray, for the Pasha of manly protest against the motion of Mr Fitzgerald and the Mr Thomas Baring did himself very great honour by his a people with whom we are at peace; and to prove this Egypt. Mr Adams at once branded the story as a fable, arguments of his supporters. His instinctive good sense and despotic intention and temper they dwell upon the offer to and warned the Government not to believe it. By good feeling overbore all mere considerations of party; and buy the vessels for the use of the Admiralty at their full telegraph the question was asked at Alexandria, and the majority of the House of Commons justly cheered the value, and taunt the law officers of the Crown with not M. Bavray and his order were unconditionally repudiated. first of English merchants when he, though a Tory and having indicted Messrs Laird for building the Alabama, but for a time they were baffled, and he did not driving the country into connivance at wrong on the empty Lord Russell ordered inquiries to be set on foot; sitting on a Tory bench, denounced the factious impolicy of and getting her by stealth out of port. A great principle, feel himself at liberty to act upon surmise or suspi- pretence that our honour was touched by some idle sally we are gravely told, is at stake. Constitutional freedom is cion. When pressed at the beginning of September in an uncommunicated despatch from Mr Seward. No in jeopardy. With solemn face, Mr Walpole warns the by Mr Adams for an answer to his previous communica- country in the world, as Mr Baring truly said, has so deep House of Commons against applying to international tions, he had no choice but to say that up to that time no a stake in the recognition and observance of the correlative adequate information had been furnished to him on which duties and rights of neutrals. He might have added, that questions the principles of justice with which we are he could act, but that every diligence would still be used no country would be held by the civilized world so inexfamiliar in municipal law; with an amusing affectation of in the matter. What sort of man would the American cusable as England, if in a paroxysm of party madness she liberalism Sir Hugh Cairns likens the stoppage of noto- Minister have been if under the circumstances he had suffered those rights and duties to be set at nought. riously unlawful ships to the power formerly assumed of received such a reply with equanimity? He knew the issuing general warrants for the seizure of persons and of his country by the Alabama; he knew that the El Mofearful havoc already wrought upon the unarmed shipping papers; and, outrunning as usual his leaders in rashness, nassia and El Tousson were rapidly approaching compleLord Rupert Cecil informs us that it is an evil day for tion, and that, once escaped from the harbour of Liverpool, England when Parliament refuses to censure a Govern- there was no limit to the devastation and ruin they were ment which, at the dictation of a foreign Power, had "set likely to spread. Would he have been worthy of the "at defiance every safeguard that the law had placed which even his Parliamentary critics speak of him, if he name he bears, or of any one of the terms of respect in "around private rights." If he had said pirate rights there had not promptly made one more earnest appeal to our would have been more candour, though not more sense or Foreign Office against suffering the acknowledged law of justice in the farrago. Can any one in his sober senses the land to be evaded, to the ruin of all international" believe that if the Administration had really been guilty of friendship and amity? It is admitted on all hands that anything of the sort imputed to them, the House of even then his language was measured, polite, and calm, Commons would hesitate in saying so, and in driving them and that there can be garbled from it no phrase or word from their places? This is Lord Derby's Parliament, and offensive to national dignity. What more than this could it is five years old. Though not containing at first as the haughtiest stickler for the honour of England ask? First let us ask why it is apprehended that the rule many members of the Carlton Club as those who called what less than this could the Envoy of the pettiest Con- de non apparentibus et de non existentibus would be applied it into existence hoped for, the ranks of the minority, we servative Court have been expected to say? Meanwhile, to executions unseen by a mob. No punishments are are daily reminded, have been gradually reinforced, by more decisive proofs of the destination and ownership of public except capital punishments, but no doubt has ever returns like those for Southampton and Brighton, by the the rams reached the Foreign Office. In proportion as existed whether sentences of penal servitude and imprisondefection of the Catholic party, and by the change of sides Lord Russell had previously been cautious not to promise ment, with or without hard labour, are carried into effect. of men like Messrs Lindsay and Roebuck. Parties are interference without sufficient prima facie ground to jus- The public does not see the prisoner on the treadmill, or thus nearly balanced in Parliamentary numbers, and a day tify it, so now he was prompt in volunteering the intima- the convict in his solitary cell, but the public is sufficiently of reckoning at the hustings is at hand. If, then, any tion that he at last had obtained evidence of a more tangible sure that they are undergoing their punishments, such as real case could be made out of such an assumption of nature, and that the whole case was consequently under they are. oppressive power by the Executive as the reckless and reconsideration. A week later this reconsideration led to The fact is, that only three punishments have ever been eloquent expectants of office pretend, why do they not give an embargo being placed on the vessels until the mystery public spectacles, death, the pillory, and whipping. And the House of Commons an opportunity of saying so in about them should be satisfactorily cleared up. A month there was a time when all the arguments for the publicity plain terms? That was not the way that opposition was given to M. Bavray and to Mr Laird to disclose, or to of hanging were used for the exposure of the pillory, and behaved on Lord Clarendon's conspiracy bill. Parliament devise a story that would hang together better than the the flogging at the cart's tail from Newgate to Tyburn. was then young, and had no immediate fear of dissolution Egyptian tale; and on their failing to do so, they were Humanity and decency have prevailed, however, against to quicken its sense of national honour: and it was a allowed the opportunity to get out of the scrape they were these two latter exhibitions for public edification. Parliament called into being by the Cabinet of which the in by realizing the outlay theretofore incurred. They The great fallacy lies in confounding the spectacle with noble Earl was a member. But the moment it was shown refused to give any lawful account of their proceedings; example. The spectacle is confined to the mob collected that at the dictation of a foreign Government the Cabinet they refused to sell what the law has branded as the about the gallows; the example goes forth to the whole of 1858 was tampering with our municipal law, the doom means of piratical adventure; and then, but not till then, world in the fact that the murderers have suffered for their of that Cabinet was sealed. A majority of that Parliament the ships were seized in the name of the Queen. And guilt. The example does not require the spectacle, and sits in the Parliament of to-day. The precedent is too this is what is called a case of partiality and oppression, would be more solemn and effective without it. recent to be forgotten; why is it not followed? We will and of usurpation by the Executive of unconstitutional No one will contend that there is no example of setell Sir Hugh Cairns and Mr Walpole: because they cannot powers! condary punishments because there is no exhibition of convince anybody, not even themselves, that Earl Russell Not any one member of Opposition ventured in the late them. When transportation existed, was there no example has made the blunder with respect to America which Lord debate to hint his disbelief that the rams-of which the of the punishment because it was unseen by the public in Clarendon made with respect to France. order has been openly confessed in a Confederate official any of its stages? No mob saw the convict put into the But there is absurdity and incoherency in the charge, navy_report-were Confederate property; and not even ship, or if they did, could have any certain knowledge that in whatever aspect we view it. Parliament is justly Mr Horsfall or Lord R. Cecil had the temerity to deny the ship would convey him to the penal settlement. Yet jealous of whatever looks like truckling to the menace of a that, if built for the Confederate Government for pur- about this, and all other punishments not submitted to the foreign State; and the nation, though ready to waive many poses of war, the scope and intent of the Foreign En- public eye, there never has been any doubt, reasonable or a punctilio for the sake of preserving peace, is always tena- listment Act has been violated. Well then, if so, what unreasonable. We may, and do indeed, doubt whether cious of its dignity, and prompt to resist dictation from an was it the duty of Government to do? If a breach of the punishment is what it ought to be, but not whether overbearing neighbour. But then the neighbour must be the peace is about to be committed in a particular street, the convict is in gaol undergoing some sort of punishment. in a condition to overbear. The English people and if credible information is given upon oath that a con- Next to the argument that a punishment unseen by the English Parliament cannot be worked up into a rage at spiracy exists to set fire to a particular house, if deadly public would not be believed, is Sir George Grey's reliance paulo-post-future expressions of resentment on the part of weapons are sworn to have been provided at a par- on the deterring effect of "the awful spectacle" of an a country whose military resources it believes to be well- ticular spot for the purpose of being thence suddenly execution.

And this is the pith of all the Home Secretary has to say for disgusting, brutalizing exhibitions like that of Monday, and against the substitution of execution in comparative privacy.

nigh exhausted, and which is still writhing in the agonies of snatched up in order to maim unoffending citizens, what There is nothing awful in the spectacle. The mob wait a fearful civil war. Nothing can be more unlike the attitude would be thought of the directors of police who stood by for it, making ribald jests, and laughing at every nonsense of France in 1858, flushed with recent triumph and full of passively and used no interposition to prevent the perpetra- or brutality, and they go away in the same mood. The men, money, and arms, than the position of Federal tion of a heinous crime? What is meant by the protection common reflection, after witnessing the last short struggle, America in 1863. If it be not a Tory secret, which we of life and property, if the furtive designs of selfish and un- is "Well, it is not much, after all." And the dread of a have no right to ask, will Mr Seymour Fitzgerald or any scrupulous men are not to be watched and baffled whenever similar fate, upon which the Home Secretary reckons so

much, is more diminished than increased in ill-disposed to it more universal and more formidable. And the elements | chiefly got the benefit of them, and there is every reason minds by the grotesque view of death that has been pre- of discontent and opposition to the existing system of to believe that but little improvement has been effected in sented. "It is soon over," says a brutal fellow, and goes Government, gathering strength in Prussia and through- that respect. But Lord Grey protests against a return to away rather comforted if it should come to the worst out all Germany, must infallibly produce sooner or later the old system of certain punishments because it has been with him. an outburst and a struggle, which would be one of life and condemned by all officers charged with the custody of For decency a cap is drawn over the face of the sufferer, death to the princes on the one hand and to the people convicts. No doubt; for the great concern of these gentle. we trust the time will come when a prison wall will screen and to their cause on the other. This is a struggle we men is to save themselves trouble by sparing the prisoners all from public view, and lend death the most vulgar some should be glad to see avoided. And it could be avoided if pains, and making things as smooth and easy as possible. of the awe of mystery. the Prussian Government were to strike once more into the The public interest is in the reality of punishments, the Constitutional path. Of this, however, there seems so custodian interest is in making them light, so that the little chance or possibility that we cannot look forward prisoners may be coaxed into good humour and docility. with hope to a pacific solution of the manifold embarrass- Lord Carnarvon consistently says, adopt supervision or ments now tormenting Germany. The unfortunate Danish abandon the ticket of leave; Lord Grey accepts supervision, question has brought matters there to an extremity, and but at the same time he shows that it is fatal to the the combat between military and popular ascendancy may licensed convict in this striking picture of that unhappy oven before long have to be fought out. being's condition :

another.

SECONDARY PUNISHMENTS.

he

GERMANY AND THE CONFERENCE. The lesser German Princes have passed from an access of choler into one of fear, and not without cause. Last summer they were lords of the ascendant. Austria was at their feet, defending their rights, asking for their support, It was clearly proved to us that the great instructors in crime, and offering to sacrifice its supremacy to the omnipotence of seducing youth and teaching them the arts of felony, are the the Bund. On the strength, perhaps, of this, the majority discharged convicts; and whatever pains you take to reform and of the German Diet, consisting of those same minor princes, improve these men in prison-whatever care you take in watching over them when they are discharged, I believe that, practically, a raised the Duke of Augustenburg upon their shields, and Penal servitude has been well discussed in the House of very large portion of them indeed will again become criminals. And not only proclaimed, but prepared to make him Duke of Lords. Lord Carnarvon, who has taken the lead in the for this very reason they have no other resource. They are placed Holstein. Prussia and Austria step in, setting aside with consideration of this subject, holds the supervision of the under temptation which it is hardly in human nature to resist. "They ignominy those whom they so lately flattered. And Gerfind every profitable employment closed against them. It is quite police over the licensed convicts to be essential, the sine true that some masters, out of charitable motives, will employ them; many, which some months ago presumed to be one, shows quê nạn. but even in Ireland, where the difficulty is less than in this country, itself split into three. There is one Power, and that is Great Britain, which, if Do not attempt to have two things which are perfectly incom- Mr Organ, a gentleman who has been of extreme use in this matter, it has held its hand amidst all the agitation, has at least lutely necessary, and if you cannot have the latter you ought to give master has no choice, or the men would strike in a body. After all, patible. If you have tickets of leave, police supervision is abso- told us that if the fellow-labourers of a convict came to find out the fact there was an end of his employment. He must leave; the not held its tongue. It has been most lavish of advice, up the former and fall back upon some other system.... Either and even not sparing of threats. It has warned and warned adopt one system or the other. Either adopt the system of tickets cannot say that this is a feeling to the discredit of the labourer. I am not quite sure that it is desirable to get rid of it, because the the German Powers, Saxony especially, that their sole of leave, coupled with its only safeguard, namely, strict police super-existence of a general persuasion among the labouring classes of the vision, or, on the other hand, throw that system overboard and adopt country that a man who forfeits his character and gets into prison existence depends upon treaties and treaty guarantees, and will for the rest of his life have a mark fixed on him is a great that if these be done away with, they are at the mercy of His lordship then proceeds to show that the supervision security for integrity. But still I say the evil exists. The man finds the first big bully who may choose to invade them. Up to of the police is not, as Sir George Grey asserts, imprac- cannot get employment by which he can honestly maintain himself, and the present time they have maintained their inviolability, ticable, and that certain officers are willing and ready to therefore stealing is again his only resource. This often happens: A chiefly upon the noted rivalry existing between Austria man goes into a part of the country where he is not known under and Prussia. But should these Powers show themselves undertake it. The practicability, however, is one thing mother name. He gets into honest employment, and for a while and the advisability is another. Supervision, doubtless, behaves well; but, unfortunately, some one who was formerly united, as they have done for the spoliation of Slesvig, what chance is there of resisting them? Saxony has sub-may be established, but it would cut off the convicts from associated with him in crime or in prison casually recognizes sisted by Austrian favour against the ill-disguised enmity return to crime for subsistence. employment, and doom them either to starvation or to a him. He says, "I know who you are, I will tell your employer; of Prussia. But if Austria gave up Saxony to Prussia, in servant or a workman who was under the eye of the and even compelling them to join in schemes for robbing their you must pay me something." So the thing goes on. The secret is Who would keep a used as a means of extorting money from these unfortunate people, Austria, where is there any safety? England, it is true, police? How would the master of a family or the pro- employers. If we knew the secret history of the manner in which guaranteed Saxony to its present dynasty, as it guaranteed prietor of a workshop like to learn that his house was convicts discharged are again brought into crime, I am quite certain Magdeburg and Cologne to Prussia. But what is the watched by the police? Would he not speedily rid himself that in many cases we should feel much more pity than indignation of the person who had attracted such discreditable notice? against the unfortunate men who are thus dragged back into that worth of a guarantee? The minor German Sovereigns have met at Wurzburg to supervision does not work prejudicially to its objects, but The example of Ireland is always cited to show that We contend that these indisputable truths tell against consider their position. And the mere fact of this meeting the feeling in that country is wholly different from the supervision, because under supervision the licensed convict apart from, and in antagonism to, Austria and Prussia, is feeling in this regarding offences. There is in Ireland an would have in power over him to denounce him, not only important. They talked of raising more troops, and of indulgence or actual favour for lawless acts, unknown here. those who might have happened to have known him in his sending them to Holstein. But Bismark has, it seems, The general character of crime is different, and it does not gaol, but also the police of the district in which he might threatened Saxony with a Prussian army should it do any excite the alarm and antipathy which are on the side of be endeavouring to get employment to earn his bread such thing. Here is a disruption. In what it may end, honestly. He would be as the toad under the harrow with or how seriously and how far an independent Germany The old doctrine was that a criminal who had suffered these many masters. And the power of denouncing and may rise against an Austro-Prussian one, depends upon the conduct of the Princes. Had these the heart to fling Punishment was purged of his offence, restored to all his ruining the licensed convicts would be too likely to tend rights, and in every sense of a free man, with the to the corruption of the police, as it would be worth while themselves on the popular party, to encourage it, protect locus penitentiæ open to him, and such, indeed, is the to bribe them to secrecy as regards the public, and favourit, and lead it, the armies of Austria and Prussia would scarcely suffice to extinguish the conflagration. There is condition of the ill-conducted convict who has earned able report as regards the magistracy. A very important fact is brought to light by Lord no doubt that France would take advantage of it. And no remission, and undergone the whole term of his sentence. He goes forth free, and with no broken fetter to be laid Carnarvon, that what are called the lighter punishments thus a civil war would arise and be carried on throughout hold of by the police, to betray what he has been. But allotted to the smaller offences are really the heavier, the Germany between the population and the military parties. the licensed convict is in the unfortunate state of being punishments longer and graver in name being really the Even if France did not take advantage of such a circum- half trusted and half distrusted. He is allowed to go

return for Prussia's abandonment of the smaller States to

justice in England.

fatal career.

less severe !

stance, Italy certainly would. Hungary and Poland would forth before the time when he would have a right to full It seems to me a most monstrous anomaly in the administration of scarcely be quiescent when the armies and populations liberty, with conditions, and under supervision, stamping lighter punishment, and a lighter offence with a heavier punishment. justice in England that positively a heavier offence is visited with a were engaged in strife upon a neighbouring soil. To see him a jail-bird, according to the theory of the system. Every gentleman who has had experience at petty sessions knows one's way through all this, or to descry the end of it, Practically, indeed, he may be in the same condition as the that eighteen months of ordinary imprisonment in one of the country gaols would surpass every power of prophecy which a political discharged convict, but he has not the same sense that he is a more severe punishment than three years of penal servitude; and that writer might pretend to or indulge in. has squared accounts with justice, and quits.

A Conference is to be held in London for the settlement;

to Denmark we shall not here discuss. But the effect of

five years of penal servitude is not as severe a punishment as two years' imprisonment awarded to an ordinary prisoner. From the very If there be the disposition to return to or to begin an honest important evidence given on this point by the Governors of Wakefield of the affairs of Denmark. What it may do with respect life, the discharged convict has a fairer field for a begin- and Leicester Gaols I shall read two extracts. Both these gentlemen that Conference upon Germany is surely to be looked to. ing than the licensed man, still tethered, as it were, to the have had much experience in the management of criminals, and the The German Diet is to be asked to send a plenipotentiary. jail. And for this system, so imperfect in mercy as well gaols of which they are the governors may be said to stand at the Will it do so? And if it does, is diplomacy to behold for as in justice, the example of punishment is affected with extreme point of our system. The Governor of Wakefield Gaol says: "The prisoners on the West Riding side prefer the Government the first time a representative of independent Germany, the very highest degree of uncertainty. Upon this and all side to the Wakefield side. I have heard it frequently said by prisoners, Do let us be transferred over to the other side and then sitting, speaking, and voting in strong opposition to the other points we heartily agree with Lord Wodehouse. we shall get more to eat.'"--2,934. The Governor of Leicester Gaol German Powers? This representative of the Diet, should No doubt it is advisable to offer to the convicts inducements to good gives this evidence on the same point: he come, stands a great chance of being isolated. He will behaviour by indulgences and by relaxations of discipline, on the "The inspector reports that you have had a great deal of diarrhoea be like Prince Talleyrand at the Congress at Vienna, with same principle as was recommended in the report of the committee in your prison. Do you attribute this to any particular cause?—Yes, on county gaols; but I do not believe that it is advisable to offer such it was confined chiefly to Government convicts, and I attributed it and out a friend at Court. But France may come to the inducements by shortening sentences. By doing so you introduce suggested it to the medical inspector that it arose from the richness of German representative's aid. And the result of the great uncertainty into punishments, because, however we may under- their food. This was also the opinion of the surgeon, and in conseLondon Conference may be what was that of the Vienna stand the theory of the existing system-and a very complicated quence of this the ox-head cheeks were withheld from the soup and Congress, those who came together as friends and allies, system it is depend upon it that, in practice, the criminal popula- the men's health improved. We had no diarrhoea to speak of amongst tion believe that the sentence inflicted is not meant to be, and never the prisoners working at the crank. separated as enemies and antagonists. will be, entirely carried out. Of course there are criminals of This, it may be said, will be all the better for Denmark. different classes, and upon persons who have been led into crime by Government convict establishments over your gaol-Yes. "Do you believe that the prisoners entertain a preference for When rogues fall out, honest men come by their own. But unbridled passions or by some passing temptation the reformatory "Then they would prefer a sentence of three years of penal servitude the power, the independence, and the balance in Germany process may be effectual. But in the case of professed criminals, who to eighteen months with hard labour?--I should say decidedly that a is of even wider political importance than the state of it is hoped may be induced while under sentence to adopt habits of sentence of three years' penal servitude is less in amount than a honest industry, their reformation is far more difficult, and I doubt sentence of eighteen months with hard labour."-1859-61. Denmark, although morally there can be no question more extremely whether the remission of sentence conduces to any such important than that raised by the German soldier-burglars result. What does society gain by these remissions? His term of No wonder that prisoners thank judges for their sentences of free license for rapine and impunity of wrong. The punishment being very much shortened, you send forth an offender of penal servitude, and that ricks are fired to obtain the Conference in London to settle Danish affairs may possibly who probably within a short period returns to his old haunts of vice, benefit of the comforts and good living in convict prisons. be followed by the much dreaded Congress in Paris to and as there is no police supervision, society has no safeguard against To what a pitch has the uncertainty of punishment been regulate the affairs of Central Europe. whether the punishment inflicted has had a salutary effect. I think brought! the evil considered the very greatest that can It may happen, however, that the minor German Princes it would be far better not to reduce the period of sentence, and, having befal justice, by all the writers of authority on juriswill be cowed, and many of their powerful neighbours inflicted the whole of the punishment ordered by the judge, to send prudence. may desert what is considered to be the popular cause. the offender out a free man at the expiration of his full sentence. The In that case the Diet, instead of continuing in oppo-portant advantage, and you would not then be deluded by the theories certainty of punishment which would thus be gained would be an imsition to Austria and Prussia, would succumb and bow of persons, no doubt of great humanity, who hope, under the present INDIAN WASTE-LANDS AND REDEMPTION down, as their accomplice and their slave. OF INDIAN LAND-TAX. In that system, to reform a class, very few of whom, I fear, can ever be case the insurrection against the two great military reformed. The two questions of Indian Waste-lands and redempdynasties would be deferred. Some even might deem Lord Grey, whose opinions must always be heard with tion of Land-tax, which are really the most important of it adjourned altogether. But the national party in respect, thinks with Lord Carnarvon that the ticket-of- the many connected with the future welfare of our Indian Germany cannot thus be extinguished by the leaders leave system cannot work safely without the superin- Empire, are to be found fairly, fully, and ably treated in proving recreant. On the contrary, the confirmation of tendence of the police. As for the remission of punishment, the speech in Parliament of Mr Henry Seymour, with the liberal mind becomes the stronger, and their adhesion he admits that up to a certain time "the best hypocrites" Preface and Appendix, published by desire of the Land

his return to crime, and there is no check by which you can see