holders' Association of India. Of the ample knowledge of a general insurrection. A similar assessment, considered | not much to the honour of our science in building that we one who has had both personal and official experience of at the moment to be on a liberal scale, was made in the have always to follow the French, and, as we servilely do India, we avail ourselves in the present sketch." Bombay territory, but the very functionaries themselves are so in improvement, we do so also blindly in their faults. We begin with the Waste-lands. The estimate of the now, after a brief experience, compelled to admit that We have repeatedly adverted to the delusion that preunoccupied and unowned lands of India is not less than the only real remedy is a redemption of the land-tax. "By vails as to the Warrior's reputed success. The Bellerophon one-third part of its whole area, that is, 200,000 square" the heavy pressure of our land-tax the Indians are has put her to shame. Instead of the Warrior's 6,000 miles, or more than twice the extent of Great Britain," reduced," says Mr Seymour, "over an area as large as tons the Bellerophon is 4,200, and with 1,800 less tonnage "a field," says the late able and enlightened Finance" Europe, to the condition of pauper tenants depending on she carries plates of 6 inches instead of the Warrior's Minister of India, Mr Laing, "as fertile as and vastly more "the State as landlord. The tax-gatherer comes to them 4-inch, and an armament that will throw a broadside of "extensive and accessible for labour than the West Indies" for a heavy payment almost every month, and if they three-quarters of a ton of iron or steel, which is more than "in their most palmy days, or than Ceylon and the" cannot pay they are sold up, and reduced to beggary." the Warrior can do. Her speed is expected to equal what "Mauritius." The actual state of British India in respect Such was the abomination which Lord Canning proposed is also expected of the Pallas, but here again Lord Clarence to population is this. Some provinces have 600 inhabitants to abate by his scheme of redemption. His plan was no Paget deals in vague generalities, and does not specify the to every square mile, and others have no more than fifty, rash one, but was to be gradual and progressive, the power rate. while one-third part of our whole domain is without of redemption being confined in the first instance to one- If these vessels prove successful the Admiralty will inhabitants at all. The lands of Ceylon, of distant tenth part of the land revenue in each district, and for such deserve great credit for the improvement. But still we Mauritius, and the still more distant West Indies-even a sum as, placed in the public funds, would produce a value have to ask at what minimum of tonnage, and with what the lands of the tropical possessions of France, are cultivated equal to the amount of the tax redeemed. Loss of re- build, is to be obtained the maximum of speed, combined by emigrant labourers from British India, while one-third venue under such a plan was impossible. But the old with the best protection and the most effective armamentof the lands of India itself are in a state of primeval functionaries of Leadenhall street, who have carried their effective not in the mere number of guns, but range and nature! The reason is obvious. The lands of all the principles of government to Victoria street, at once set weight of metal. As for complete protection against countries above enumerated are held in fee simple by their faces against it, and so mauled or massacred the improved and improving gunnery, it is confessed to be enterprising European proprietors, while the waste-lands measure of Lord Canning as to reduce it to a dead letter. impracticable. It will be something gained, however, to of India itself may be said to be tabooed against emigra- The argument of these parties amounts simply to this, that have got from the unwieldy, unhandy Warrior of 6,000 tion, through want of enterprise and capital, so that the the rude Asiatic Government which preceded our own tons to the Bellerophon, her superior both in defence and redundant population of one province cannot relieve the depended for revenue almost wholly on the rent of land, and power of attack, of 4,200, and in process of improvepaucity of another or its total absence in a third. that the poverty of the Indian population was such that no ment a vessel may be built as superior to the Bellerophon It was the crowning measure of the enlightened and, other means of raising a revenue existed. It is needless to as she is to the Warrior. And in the same proportion although difficult, successful administration of the late say that this is most absurdly mistaken. While we smaller, cheaper, and in every way more efficient. At last Lord Canning to abolish this pernicious and barbarous were ourselves a rude people, our chief source of revenue we may come to a floating fleet gun-carriage, a vessel of system. He supplanted the dog-in-the-manger practice by was the land-tax. It forms now about one-fortieth part of the greatest speed and handiness, able to carry one or two liberal and practical rules for the sale of wild-lands in fee- our income, and if the whole were redeemed to-morrow our guns of the longest range and heaviest weight of metal, simple, which had the support and approval not only of Treasury would not be the worse for it. But we have and this is the great desideratum. the whole Indian public, native and European, but of a profitable example in India itself. The provinces of every public Indian functionary whose opinion was worth Bengal, in which the land-tax has been fixed in having. His plan was opposed only by the Indian Council, perpetuity, pay, as already stated, a land-tax, in round composed of Indians of the old school of politics, headed numbers, of 4,000,000l., and the people of Madras by a clever President with the soul of a Chairman of East about the same sum; but the other sources of taxaIndian Directors of the eighteenth century. Thus speaks tion in Bengal, opium included, yield 9,500,000., while Mr Seymour on the subject of this perverse opposition: those of Madras yield but a poor 2,000,0007. "Among English commercial men who have dealings with ment of the sages of Victoria street amounts simply to this, The argu"India there is not, as far as I am aware, one dissentient that a State can not only live and thrive without a landed "voice, and the Home Government in opposing the policy proprietary, but can do better without it than with it. "of Lord Canning have the sympathy of few beyond a There is, indeed, no escape for them out of this truly ridi"minority of persons, such as may always be found to culous dilemma. Practical men of business take a very "support an old system merely from a dislike of change. different view of the question. There was lately estab"The contest really is between the Home Government and lished in this country a Land Bank for India, headed by "a few old Indians on the one side, and on the other the late Indian Finance Councillor, and the Directors "Lord Stanley, Lord Elphinstone, Sir Frederick Halliday wisely and, indeed, necessarily confine their operations to (late Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal), and nearly all the the only parts of India in which the land-tax has been fixed "authorities who have a practical knowledge of India in in perpetuity, that is, to the only part of the country in which "its present state, or who have large pecuniary interests a landlord class really exists, or, in other words, where the land could be a valid security.

"involved there."

The result of this policy is disastrous to India. The little colony of Ceylon, without any advantage of soil or climate over British continental India, but where the soil is in possession of intelligent and enterprising European and native proprietors, produces, and this through emigrant labourers from India, ten times as much coffee as the whole of our continental possessions, and the far smaller colony of Mauritius more sugar than the great valley of the Ganges, the only part of India that produces sugar at all.

PROGRESS OF BUILDING IN THE NAVY.

THE COLONY OF SINGAPORE.

the Indian to the Colonial department of administration, is The colony of Singapore, about to be transferred from the first and most successful example in British history of the beneficial effects of freedom of trade. Singapore has an larger than the Isle of Wight; but even of this small area area of about 200 square miles, or is by about one-third but a few square miles are as yet cleared of a forest, the trees of which would for size and frequency do honour to the which yearly destroy more human beings than cattle, but region of the Amazons. This forest harbours royal tigers, only because of the two the human herd is the more numerous. The island lies but eighty miles from the Equator and is hot, yet being well ventilated by monsoons and land and sea winds, it is eminently healthy. Its main advantage consists in its position, for it lies on one of the two great highways through the Malayan Archipelago which connect the Eastern with the Western World, while it has a roadstead and a harbour safe and accessible at every season.

The

Singapore became a British possession in the month of February 1819, and is consequently as a British colony just forty-five years old. It was ceded to us by a very poor chief, the head of a band of Malay fishermen, not indisposed to piracy when opportunity offered. grandson of that chieftain is a well-educated man, a proprietor of land, and in the enjoyment of a yearly income of 30,000l., a fact which tells well for the prosperity of the colouy and the justice and liberality of those who have administered it. He is probably the wealthiest Malay that ever lived, and he could certainly buy and sell all the Malay princes of the Archipelago.

Two or three years ago there was great activity in the French dockyards, 80, says Lord Clarence Paget, it was necessary that we should go ahead, which we did at a great rate in blunders. We capped all the errors in the French yards. We built huge ships which would not turn, naval But now a few words for the redemption of the land-tax, crocodiles, and when the defect was discovered we only built which, as we have already stated, is substantially the same more of them. The Warrior and the Black Prince having question as the sale of wild-lands. With the exception of been found unhandy, the Minotaur, Agincourt, and four great provinces, in which the land-tax was fixed in Northumberland, the largest ships ever built, as Lord C. perpetuity seventy years ago, the real proprietor of the Paget says, were added to the unwieldy class. land is the State, since it takes in the shape of tax all that It had then been ruled that an armoured ship of the Singapore has been a free port in the most comprehensive it can grasp of the rent. In the four provinces in question greatest speed could not be of less tonnage than 6,800; sense from its first establishment, for no duties are levied on the land-tax amounted in round numbers to 4,000,000l., or but Mr Reed, the present constructor, represented to the ships or cargoes, and this without reference to nationality. double the amount of the same impost for Great Britain. Admiralty that they were building ships of an enormous The result is striking and exemplary. The population of Two generations back the rate of the tax was so over- tonnage and proportionate cost, having the fault men- some 200 beggarly and barbarous fishermen has risen to whelming that most of the proprietors were ruined, but tioned of steering badly, which would expose them an industrious community of 100,000. Of these the Eurosince then the population has more than doubled, and the in action to be outmanoeuvred and run into; and he pean inhabitants of all nationalities, but the majority productive industry of the country having increased in a undertook to furnish vessels much smaller, handier, English, do not exceed a few hundreds. About threestill greater proportion, the real landlord's rent of the and well protected, at a much cheaper rate. And accord-fourths of the population are Chinese, a few of them existing proprietary now far exceeds in amount the assess-ingly he has built a vessel under 1,000 tons, which, plated Creoles, but the greater number emigrants from China, ment that overwhelmed their predecessors. For the rest fore and aft, will carry the heaviest guns, also another, including without the last year or two a few females. of India the Sovereign is substantially the real proprietor, somewhat larger. Lord Clarence is not as communicative The bulk of the rest of the inhabitants consists of various and the tillers of the soil are for the most part but tenants as could be wished about the performances of these vessels. nations of the Malay Archipelago and of various nations holding short leases. In the territory of Madras the He says in general terms that their behaviour at sea is of Hindu origin, to which may be added some Arabs, assessment to the land-tax amounted to from 60 to 70 per satisfactory, but not a word about their rate of speed, Persians, Armenians, and Jews. cent. of the gross produce of the soil, an exorbitant im- which is the main point. For if Mr Reed's ships, And now for the commerce, which has brought together post, which never was and never could be paid; and it thoroughly well protected, can carry the very heaviest this miscellaneous population. We have before us the rehas been gradually reduced to 30 per cent., but even this guns at the highest rate of speed, they must be more turns for the official year 1862-63. The imports amounted equal to a full landlord's rent in England. There is, than equal in efficiency to the huge unwieldy ships in value to 6,461,7201, and the exports to 5,555,5731., therefore, truly no proprietary class in this part of which cannot turn within the compass of a league or so. the first exceeding those of the previous year by 889,2001., India. "No wonder," says Mr Seymour, "that the ryots And farther, Mr Reed's success would dispose of the and the last by 594,0201. The number of square-rigged "of Madras have been reduced to such a condition that assumption that short of the tonnage of 6,800 the highest vessels which entered was 1,279, of 471,440 tons "out of 1,409,720 tenants no less than 884,190 rent for speed is not attainable together with complete arma burthen, and the departures 1,241, of 396,599 tons, sums below 21., and give an average assessment of 7s. for ment, defensive, and offensive. But Lord Clarence but this is exclusive of native craft of many descrip"each assessment. The assessment is due in eight monthly Paget is unfortunately generally reserved upon the point tions. Full one-half of this shipping is British, the "payments, while the crops are getting in, and the native of speed. He tells us, however, that a vessel is building rest sailing under no fewer than twenty different national "officials then come to levy direct for the Government of great promise in this all important particular-the flags, of which the most considerable are the American, "about 10d. from each miserable tenant. As the officials Pallas. Indeed, he goes so far as to say that if she the Dutch, the French, the Hamburg, the Bremen, and are notoriously underpaid they levy also on their own succeeds she will be the most remarkable vessel the the Siamese. The great majority of the shopkeepers and account, and under such a system we cannot wonder at country ever possessed. Her model is copied from the brokers are Chinese, but among these also are found wealthy 13,000,000 of assessed acres of the estimated yearly value French, and its peculiarity is what Lord Clarence Paget merchants and shipowners, with correspondents in London, "of 1,500,000l. lying uncultivated in Madras, while the describes as an elongated bow, which we take to be an Liverpool, and Glasgow. Englishmen and foreign Europeans "peasantry emigrate by thousands to all parts of the world." upright stem, to support her in a head-sea and prevent are the chief merchants and bankers. Next to Bombay and The assessments of the great North-western provinces of plunging. Lord Clarence says the principle is adopted by Calcutta Singapore is the greatest commercial emporium of Bengal are on a similar principle to those of Madras, but the Admiralty, and oddly enough, in the next breath pro- British India, and this is the result of freedom and a rather more liberal, yet they also have failed from their ceeds to state that two small vessels are building, one with happy geographical position. excessive rate, and contributed more than any other cause the elongated bow and the other without, which is a whimto produce the insurrection which spread from the Sepoys sical mode of adopting a principle. But so it is, that every to the native community at large, amounting in reality to thing is experimental in our naval construction. And it is

But how fares it with financial matters? Surpassingly well. The revenue, a nett one, amounted in the year quoted to 125,210., and the expenditure, civil and mili

Correspondence.

THE BRIGHTON ELECTION.

tary, to 105,555l., giving a clear surplus of 19,855l. This, |lutely compelled to do so. But, on the other hand, we think | however, is not the real state of the account, for the local that the flourish of trumpets, to the tune that a colony must revenue is charged with the maintenance of all the convicts not be allowed to dictate to the mother country, had been of British India, amounting in number to some 3,000. much better spared. Eastern Australia has dictated to the Sir, I beg permission to direct your attention to an article This is exactly as if the revenues of the colony of Western Queen's Government, and the Queen's Government has on the Brighton Election in last Saturday's Examiner. Australia were to bear the charge of all the felony sent to submitted to the dictation. Most agreeably shall we be

The latter part of this article strongly blames one of the

it from England. The amount of this charge is 11,900l., surprised if she follow the good advice offered to her candidates, Mr Julian Goldsmid, and extends its censure to and adding it to the surplus already stated, we find the by the Times, to rest contented with the signal triumph the religious community of which he is a member. I do not income to exceed the expenditure by better than 30,000l. she has achieved; and if she do not, on the contrary, feel Propose to defend the young candidate. He has vindicated When, therefore, Singapore comes under the direct admi- emboldened by that very triumph, to enter upon a fresh 19th, which I think you had probably not seen when your his own conduct in a letter published in the Globe of the nistration of the Crown, a consummation devoutly desired course of dictation, as regards the 500 or 600 convicts last number appeared, as it seems to me that no impartial by the inhabitants, it will be the only colony out of forty whom it is still in contemplation to send yearly to the judge, after reading that letter, could have pronounced or that, while conferring great advantages upon the nation, Western Province. Time can alone decide, and meanwhile, sanctioned the condemnation passed by the Examiner on Mr will be no burden on the mother country. The colony, it -FLOREAT HUMBUG.

is almost superfluous to add, has an abundance of skilled artificers, with wet-docks capable of accommodating vessels

of large burthen with a cheap supply of good timber for THE LAW'S PROTECTION OF FEMALE PURITY

their construction.

PRISON (SO CALLED) DISCIPLINE.

AND NOBLES' PORTMANTEAUS.

Goldsmid. The matter with which I desire to deal has far more than a personal interest. The Examiner not only suggests that English constituencies are likely to treat the the election of other Jews, but also itself adopts this strange political error it imputes to Mr Goldsmid as a reason against system of vicarious responsibility by stating that the Jews have, "by their unscrupulous conduct at Brighton, succeeded If there be any sincerity in the deploration of the social in adding another supporter to Toryism in Parliament." evil there should be the greatest care to throw all possible Nothing can possibly be more unjust. The Jews had as protection round female purity, especially in early youth; little to do with Mr Goldsmid's standing for Brighton, or We read in the Times' report of the debate of the 18th but yet we observe with amazement the leniency of the with the way in which he or his supporters conducted the inst., on the introduction of Sir George Grey's bill, the punishment awarded to the very worst indecent outrages. contest there, as the Editor of the Examiner himself. Mr following passage: "The life of the prisoners is extremely The smallest offence against property is generally far more Goldsmid offered himself for Brighton, not because he is a "monotonous. Having been used in most cases to constant severely punished than the wrong which sullies the purity Jew, not at the instance of the Jewish body, but because, his change and excitement, they are debarred from all of a child and probably breaks down the first barrier of family being connected by property with the place, he became "pleasures and amusements, and are compelled to pass modesty, for after life. Many an unfortunate woman has "their time in a dull, unvarying routine of distasteful had to confess that her seduction was made the more easy "labour." Some waggish member seemed here to have taken by a brutal wrong she suffered when emerging from childthe subject in hand, since, in correcting abuses, humour hood. And what is the punishment of the wretch who and sarcasm often prove more effective than grave argu- does this foul wrong to an innocent child, and too probably ment. Great, therefore, should have been our astonishment prepares her to become an abandoned woman? Eighteen when we found that the foregoing sentence was an extract months' imprisonment at the utmost, sometimes not half from the report of the Royal Commission, which the Home that term.

acquainted with some of the leading electors, and because a large majority of the committee appointed at a public meeting of the town, preferred him to any other of the candidates (except Mr Otway, who had retired), and were confident of securing his return.

Nor is such sweeping reprobation as that of which I am complaining less unusual than it is unfair. Within the last two years an experienced Liberal member of Parliament persisted, notwithstanding the remonstrances of friends, in at once resigning his seat, because he doubted his being able to keep it at a general election, and felt certain of being chosen

Secretary had read to the House as establishing the highly A miscreant, named Paixton, committed indecent assaults penal character of prison discipline. Sir G. Grey himself upon children, for which he had fifteen months' imprison- in another place where a vacancy had occurred. The result must have seen the joke in it as he gave this piece of ment. But he afterwards stole Lord John Hay's portman- was that he was succeeded by a Conservative in the city information to the Commons. A monotonous life! That teau, which in the eye of the law is a far more serious from which he retired, and defeated by a Conservative in the is to say, a quiet, gently-worked, well-fed existence, instead offence, Justice having a far more jealous care of port-borough for which he stood, and where another Liberal could of the bouts of debauchery and revelry of the successful manteaus than of infant purity. Fifteen months' in- easily have been returned. The unlucky senator thus lost by thief, alternating with periods of misery and hunger when carceration was punishment enough for outrages against his own unaided efforts two seats to his party. Yet I am his booty is expended;-the want of "change and excite-helpless innocent children, out the protection of portman- not aware that any one threatened him with "political "ment," contrasted with his inspiriting adventures with teaus called for a far severer measure of chastisement. ostracism," as the Globe has lately threatened Mr Goldsmid. the bludgeon and the centrebit. So that we are told in Paixton, therefore, who had escaped so lightly for his And assuredly no one inquired whether the retired member the same breath that by the lenient course pursued towards filthy offence against modesty, is sentenced to five years' body, in order that in the latter case all persons of the same belonged to the Established Church or to any Dissenting convicts they will gradually fall into habits of regularity of penal servitude for his transgression against property. religious community might be warned, as the Examiner half and good conduct, which will become a second nature, and Justice will tolerate no liberties with portmanteaus, how-warns the Jews, against appearing on any English hustings. stick to them after they are let loose; and yet that this ever lightly it may deal with liberties of another nature, For another illustration of my meaning I need not go beyond very monotony and absence of excitement is so distasteful from which may be dated the debauchery and ruin of a the Brighton Election. Mr Dumas had but a few votes. to them that it forms a material portion of their punish-girl. But purity is not a property in the eye of the law, Yet few as they were they would, if they had been all added ment. Well might the Times (on the 20th) observe on either real or personal, and it has not even the degree of to Mr Fawcett's poll, have given him a majority over the the forbearing tone of the House towards the Home Secre- protection thrown around the meanest chattel. Hence, to Conservative. And the very smallness of their number must tary, since not one member was found to rise and laugh to rob a child of her purity is treated as an offence not a third have made it much easier for Mr Dumas than it was for Mr scorn this puling, drivelling enumeration of the felon's so grave as to rob Lord John Hay of his portmanteau. A woes. It really is scarcely credible that a number of treatise on the equations of justice is a work much wanted, English legislators and statesmen should thus consent to and for which there is abundant highly curious matter. stultify themselves and their office. After expressing some- We take five offences and their sentences, without selecthing very like sympathy with these oft-convicted felons, tion, in the consecutive order in which they appear reported as being "debarred from pleasures and amusements," one in the Times of Thursday, under the head of Middlesex should scarcely be surprised at finding the Royal Commis- Sessions. sioners recommending the introduction of private theatricals or tableaux vivants into the gaols, to dissipate the ennui of these poor victims.

The Report tells us that the very general impression respecting the little work, excessive diet, and unnecessary indulgences prescribed to the convicts is, upon the whole, erroneous. Yet it is only necessary to go back to the columns of the Times, of about twelve months since, to see the whole of these charges against the system fully and repeatedly established by unimpeachable authority. It has frequently been attempted to account for the strong public feeling on the insufficiency of penal repression by calling it a 66 panic." If to take precautions against throttling and house-breaking deserve the name of panic, the humanitarians are welcome to the term; but the taunt comes with a marvellously bad grace from functionaries whose own weakness, we fear we must add cowardice,-forbid the exercise of adequate measures of severity. Sir Joshua Jebb himself more than half avowed that his " system was partly based on the fear of exasperating those "iron"hearted men," by punishment or privation at all proportioned to their crimes. By the way, Sir Joshua's name has been invoked upon the present occasion; and if the object be merely to do honour to his memory, most cordially do we join in praise of his character. A more excellent man, a kinder friend, or more thorough gentleman, never existed; but his system of prison discipline has notoriously and confessedly,—except by the doctrinaires who adopted it, and are now endeavouring to bolster it up,-turned out a failure.

With the exception, then, of raising the minimum of sentences to penal servitude to five years, the "System

We begin, with an indecent assault, for which twelve
months' imprisonment, with hard labour, was deemed suffi-
cient punishment. The theft of a watch comes next,
punished with three years' penal servitude. The same
punishment for a case of shoplifting. Next, four years for
the theft of seven yards of linsey worth 4s. 6d. And lastly,
one year for nothing at all, the precise equivalent to Richard
Morris's sentence for an indecent assault.
Richard Morris, 21, was indicted for indecently assaulting Clara
Jane Mudd.

The prisoner was found Guilty.

hard labour for twelve calendar months.
The Assistant-Judge sentenced him to be imprisoned and kept to
hard labour for twelve calendar months.

the property of Robert Schramm, from his person.
Henry Wilson, 21, was indicted for stealing a watch, value 81.,
The jury found the prisoner Guilty.

The Assistant-Judge sentenced him to be kept in penal servitude
for three years.

Mary Jones, 57, was indicted for stealing four pieces of mohair
cloth, value 41., the property of B. Hartshorn.
This was an ordinary case of shoplifting from the shop of the
prosecutor, a draper, at the Triangle, Hackney, and the prisoner
pleaded Guilty to the charge.
The Assistant-Judge sentenced her to be kept in penal servitude
for three years.

Emma Smith, 24, and Ellen Leary, 23, were indicted for stealing
seven yards of linsey, value 4s. 6d, the property of J. Griffiths.
There was a second indictment for stealing a roll of riband, the
property of G. Emery.

The jury found the prisoners Guilty.
The Assistant-Judge said that Leary had had abundant warnings
without effect, and the sentence upon her was that she be kept in
penal servitude for four years. With regard to Smith, there was
nothing proved against her, and the sentence on her was twelve months'
imprisonment.

Goldsmid to know beforehand that he had no chance of

success. Accordingly the Examiner blames Mr Dumas; but it does not ask to what place of worship he goes, nor foretel that all Liberal electors will inevitably put those who listen to the same preacher under a ban. The fact that only one Catholic is returned by any English constituency, a fact upon which the article under consideration so strongly relies, has no relevancy to the case of the Jews. Any unpopularity of the Roman Catholics is owing, not to some one Catholic or seat was lost to the Liberals, but to a belief (it is not for me his supporters having taken part in an election in which a to decide whether well founded) that they are inclined to use their political influence in and out of Parliament in order to promote the interests of their own religion, as opposed to that of Protestantism. But no such suspicion exists against the Jews. The synagogue is not accused of any aggressive designs against the Church. Nor has it been, nor can it be, suggested that the few Jews who sit in the House of Commons have not voted with strict fidelity to the Liberal cause.

But more than this. If the principle could be conceded that a religious community is to be charged with the political error of one of its members acting for himself, it must by parity of reasoning be entitled to credit for political services rendered by its individual members. Those who know the history of recent elections and politics cannot fail to be aware that many a seat has been saved or gained for the and that in this and other ways the Jews have testified their Liberals in part by the aid of the leading Jewish electors, attachment to the principles, and their gratitude to the party, lishmen. If, then, a debtor and creditor account were to be to which they owe their full enjoyment of the rights of Engkept with the Jews of this country, comprising on the one side their efforts on behalf of the Liberal cause, and on the other a single electoral loss in which one of them is accused of having had some share, I should have no fear but that the result would be a large balance in their favour.

I take my stand, however, on higher ground. I protest able for an electioneering mistake, supposed to have been altogether against the Jewish community being held answercommitted by a Jew. I protest against that being done with respect to them which is not attempted with respect to any other religious body. I appeal to your readers, I believe that I might appeal to yourself, against such unfairness, as In saying there was nothing proved against Smith, the inconsistent with that great doctrine of civil equality among remains pretty much as it was. A full and generous diet, Judge must have meant no previous convictions, but for her persons of different faiths, of which, with hardly an excepthe envy of the honest labourer, and exceeding what the share, and a share only, in stealing linsey of the value of tion, I have for many years found-and, notwithstanding the convicts can consume, as is proved by their exchanging 4s. 6d., this woman gets the same punishment as Richard article of last Saturday, believe that I shall long continue the surplus for spirits and tobacco;-moderate exercise, Morris for an indecent assault. So that we have now an to find-in the Examiner an earnest, able, and consistent humorously called hard labour, scarcely enough to keep exact measure of the protection the law gives to portman-supporter. the patient in health, quite insufficient to repress obesity, teaus and to linsey, in comparison to what it gives to the and for which, moreover, these sufferers receive pay- purity of female childhood, modesty and chastity. ment; the cumbrous machinery of marks, badges, and gratuities, intended, as Mr Adderley remarked, as a method

February 22, 1864.

I am, &c.,

A JEW.

[Our intention was certainly not to counsel a wrong, but to point to a danger; and we frankly retract every word that can bear a different interpretation.-ED. Ex.]

DR PUSEY'S LETTER TO THE RECORD.
Sir,-Whether Dr Pusey, in proposing an alliance with

ACCLIMATISATION IN AUSTRALIA.-According to the last report of of bribing the prisoners to submit to authority;-all this the Victorian Acclimatisation Society, thirty-nine varieties of birds seems likely to remain unchanged and unimproved. As have been introduced into Victoria. The introduction of the Ligurean regards the question of transportation to Western Australia, bee is likely to be a success. 41. each is offered for the first twenty we quite agree that it would be unwise to quarrel with any attempts to introduce salmon. Ceylon elks have been liberated in the Editor of the Record and the school which he represents, English hares landed alive. Tasmania has spent 2,0007. in unsuccessful of our colonies, on that or any other account, unless abso-order that they may spread over the colony of Victoria. is adding grace and dignity to the close of a memorable

career, is a question of taste into which there is no need to

milk, and sweet like must, and maketh drunk like wine, so that the

The Town of the Cascades. By Michael Banim, Survivor of the "O'Hara Family." Author of Crohoore of the Bilhook' and several other of the O'Hara Tales. In Two Volumes. Chapman and Hall.

Tee

First of these is a certain tree called Nargil (the Persian name of fair play, a faithful and good observer; and we recommend enter. But there are one or two points connected with his the coco-palm); which tree every month in the year sends out a his book, with the judicious and enlightened commentary letter which it may be worth while to bring under the test of beautiful frond like (that of) a (date) palm-tree, which frond or branch of Colonel Yule, to the attention of our readers. common sense. Dr Pusey seeks the alliance of the Record produces very large fruit, as big as a man's head. There often grow against "the common enemy of unbelief;" in other words, on one such stem thirty of those fruits as big as I have said. And he is ready to wage war against the writers of "Essays and the first month and going up gradually to the twelfth; so that there both flowers and fruits are produced at the same time, beginning with Reviews," &c., in the same ranks with Dr Macneile and are flowers and fruit in eleven stages of growth to be seen together.. A Canon Stowell. But his name is associated throughout Eng-wonder! and a thing which cannot be well understood without being land and in other countries with a very definite and a very witnessed. From these branches and fruits is drawn a very sweet technical theology; and it is patent as the face of day that water. The kernel (at first) is very tender and pleasant to eat; afterthe Record and its disciples have shown themselves always wards it waxeth harder, and a milk is drawn from it as good as milk of This is a novel that deserves triumphant welcome from the keenest antagonists of that theology in its elements and almonds; and when the kernel waxeth harder still, an oil is made in all its applications. If Dr Pusey still clings to the con- from it of great medicinal virtue. And if any one careth not to have every teetotaller who speaks the English language. victions which he has avowed ever since the old days in fruit, when the fruit-bearing stem is one or two months old he maketh totalism is not, on the whole, well represented in art or which he thought that we had no right to fling stones even a cut in it, and bindeth a pot to this incision; and so the sap, which literature, but it has in art one man of genius, Mr George against "German rationalism," he must know that his letter would have been converted into fruit, drops in; and it is white like Cruikshank, who devotes his best skill to its service; and was addressed to those who regard all those convictions as natives do drink it for wine; and those who wish not to drink it so, now also in literature its cause is honoured by an Irish worse than worthless. He knows that the Record utterly boil it down to one-third of its bulk, and then it becometh thick, like novel from the hand of Michael Banim, which is more than repudiates his doctrine of regeneration in and by baptism, that honey; and 'tis sweet, and fit for making preserves, like honey and a book for a season. The charm of its wit and pathos it will have nothing to say to his Apostolical succession, that the honeycomb. One branch gives one potful in the day and one in is true and should be enduring, in spite of the touch of it protests against his theory of the real presence, that it the night, on the average throughout the year: thus five or six pots false emphasis inseparable from an apostleship of total hates his exercise of the power of the keys, and despises his may be found hung upon the same tree at once. With the leaves of tests of Catholicity. These are not accidents-they are the this tree they cover their houses during the rainy season. The fruit is abstinence. It is an honest, earnest, wholesome, thoroughly essential features, the very foundations of Dr Pusey's creed; that which we call Nuts of India; and from the rind of that fruit is substantial book; a book with a soul in it of simple unoband plain Englishmen would say, on learning this, that Dr made the twine with which they stitch their boats together in those trusive piety; a book with a sense of the beauty of nature Pusey professed one religion and the Record another. And parts. expressed in its pictures of scenery, and in its sketches of yet he can waive the most vital elements of his faith to join The Bishop's account of the Banyan or sacred fig-tree character a depth of the truest human sympathy reflectin a hue-and-cry against those who venture to say that God of the Hindus is not less accurate. He would seem to ing all the sunshine that falls on it from the sparkling will deal justly and mercifully with his sinful creatures. He have thought it certain that not one word of what he said ripples of its surface. Mr Banim meant clearly to is ready with the Record to impute thorough infidelity to about it would be believed by his European readers, and put laughing, dancing water on his title-page when he those who will not believe in a literal fire. While asserting yet there is not the smallest exaggeration in it. that this doctrine is taught in the Gospels both positively entitled his book The Town of the Cascades.

THE LITERARY EXAMINER

and

The description of the great Indian bat is equally faithful.

He

He had, before that date, taken up the profession-if such it may be called-of a literary man. He had laid by the painter's pallet, which he had in the first instance adopted as his escutcheon, and bad mounted the insignia of his future vocation, the pen. By the pen he was thenceforth to gain his subsistence.

and negatively, he quotes the verse which speaks of the There be many other trees, and wonderful ones; among which followed a fancy in accordance with his purpose when undying worm and the fire that is never quenched, and adds, is one which sendeth forth roots from high up, which gradually grow he placed the Cascades under the town bridge on "No one to whom our Lord spoke would doubt the literal down to the ground and enter it, and then wax into trunks like the which his knot of topers usually met, called after them the meaning of his words." Perhaps that is not so much the main trunk, forming as it were an arch; and by this kind of multipli- unnamed town itself, which is the chief scene of its story, question, although it seems impossible for us to answer it. cation one tree will have at once as many as twenty or thirty trunks and kept his characters for the most part within earshot of beside one another, and all connected together. 'Tis marvellous! And But does Dr Pusey himself believe in the literal worm-i.e., truly this which I have seen with mine eyes, 'tis hard to utter with the music of the running water. It would be easy to talk that each lost sinner will have a worm or snake coiled round my tongue. of defects incident to a story of which the moral is that him through unending ages? He has not said so; and until he does say so, we may well suppose that he would hesitate strong drink is a devil; it might even be said, with a little truth, that the vivid sketch of drunkard jollity, placed in to assert this. If he does not believe this, he is playing fast and loose with a book which he holds to be infallible; There be also bats really and truly as big as kites. These birds fly manner of a lecturer who is improving an occasion. But there the middle of the book, is too much prolonged, after the there is no distinction in kind between him and the man nowhither by day, but only when the sun sets. Wonderful! By day who explains away the whole eschatology of the New they hang themselves up on trees by the feet, with their bodies has been special need in Ireland of such lecturing. Here Testament. downwards, and in the daytime they look just like big fruit on the and there, too, one may detect just a little of the stiffness of It is very easy to fling about hard names; nor is Dr Puseytree. what fast novelists of to-day might call the old school of their sparing in the use of them. Indeed, from the tone of the But perhaps the Bishop's chef d'oeuvre in description is fathers in descriptive passages. But it is only just a little; Guardian and other papers, it seems evident that the strife, his account of the elephant, which we think that all hardly more than enough to remind us that we are not in which has not brought them success in the Law Courts, is to acquainted with the character of this animal will admit the hands of a slipshod writer, but that a man whose indibe continued elsewhere in something like the dialect of Billingsgate. Surely it is the bounden duty of all who apprecan hardly be excelled. vidual genius is very manifest, brings in mature years a ciate the meaning of toleration and freedom of thought, to Of India the Greater I say this; that it is like unto Lesser India as ripe wit and the kindliest of tempers to a story in which fun insist that the liberty granted by our courts of justice shall regards all the folk being black. The animals also are all similar, neither and feeling are as fresh as they could ever have been in the be exercised peaceably by all who like to claim it; and this more nor less (in number), except elephants, which they have (in the gay impulsive days of youth. We shall think the worse of is all that they need ask for. If Dr Pusey's peculiar creed former) in very great plenty. These animals are marvellous; for they the teetotallers if they do not, as a body, fasten with delight is a comfort to himself, he is perfectly free to hold it in the exceed in size and bulk and strength, and also in understanding, all the Church of England. If he dislikes the principles laid down smaller than a horse's; ears like the wings of owls or bats; a nose gave men water gave them wine, and even "the potteen" animals of the world. This animal hath a big head; small eyes, upon this book. We who believe that the same God who in the judgment of the Privy Council, other societies of reaching quite to the ground, extending right down from the top of his for reasonable wholesome use, and that abuse of any of His Christians will doubtless be ready to receive him and any head; and two tusks standing out of remarkable magnitude (both in) gifts is no evidence of their worthlessness, have read with others whose consciences may on any grounds be troubled by bulk and length, which are (in fact) teeth rooted in the upper jaw. the most genuine pleasure Mr Banim's Town of the Cascades. it. I am, &c., PRESBYTER ANGLICANUS. This animal doth everything by word of command; so that his driver Of himself the author writes thus in his preface: hath nothing to do but say once, "Do this," and he doeth it; nor doth he seem in other respects a brute, but rather a rational creature. They So far back as the year 1825—now, alas! forty years ago, I made have very big feet, with six hoofs like those of an ox, or rather of a my first essay as a story-teller, in conjunction with my beloved camel. This animal carrieth easily upon him, with a certain structure brother, the late John Banim. of timber, more than thirty men; and he is a most gentle beast, and trained for war, so that a single animal counteth by himself equal in war to 1,500 men and more; for they bind to his tusks blades or maces of iron wherewith he smitheth. Most horrible are the powers of this beast, and specially in war. Two things there be which cannot be withstood by arms: one is the bolt of heaven; the second is a stone He communicated to me his intention of writing some tales descripfrom an artillery engine; this is a third! For there is nothing that tive of Irish life and manners: truthful delineations he intended they either can or dare stand against the assault of an elephant in any should be. I urged him to do so, and reminded him of certain occurWe have here another of the curious and interesting cometh, merely at his master's word. In short, it is impossible to write manner. A marvellous thing! He kneeleth, lieth, sitteth, goeth and rences related to us when we were boys. publications of the Hakluyt Society, to which the only in words the peculiarities of this animal. objection is its brevity. The original of the work before The worthy Bishop's "marvels" on his route to India us was a Latin manuscript found in the French National Library, and published in Paris in 1839. Of the author hardly begin until his arrival in Armenia. Ararat, the supposed resting-place of Noah's Ark, is very faithfully little more is known than that he was a Frenchman, and described from his own inspection of it, and it is only when that he was a native of a place called Severac, but as he reports hearsays that he becomes miraculous and there are five towns of this name in France it is difficult to say which is the true one. He was also Bishop of a place on the coast of Malabar, Latinized Columbum, one said to have built on leaving the ark; and there, too, is said to be that In a certain part of the mountain (says he) is a dwelling which Noah is of the many corruptions of the word Kulam, signifying a original vine which Noah planted, and whereby he got drunk; and it water reservoir in the two prevailing languages of Southern giveth such huge branches of grapes as you would scarce believe. India, the Telugu and Tamil, and applied to the names This I heard from a certain Catholic archbishop of ours, a great man of many places characterised by these remarkable and indis- and a powerful, and trustworthy to boot, the lord of that land; and, pensable structures on which depend the very existence of indeed, I believe I have been at the place myself, but it was in the the population. The seat of the Christian bishopric of the 14th century was, in fact, the Quilon of our maps in the early period of the direct trade of Europeans with India, a great commercial emporium. The Bishop's statements respecting the Island of Java, The translator and commentator of the Bishop's narra- by far the most civilized of the great Archipelago to which tive is the accomplished traveller and Orientalist, Colonel it belongs, but which he never saw, is only remarkable for Yule, the author of the best and most recent account of its fabulousness. He states cloves to be one of its produc-pulished a tale named "Clough Fionn," in the Dublin University the Burmese Empire. The chief part of the work refers tions, which they neither are or were ever known to have to the country of the Hindus, and so we have before us at been; and such cloves, too, for thus he describes them: once, in author and commentator, the ignorance and preju- There also are trees producing cloves, which, when they are in dices of the 14th century and the full knowledge and philo-flower, emit an odour so pungent that they kill every man who cometh sophy of the 19th. But we proceed to give some examples of Bishop Jordanus's book. The title of the work is By his account, too, some of the Javanese are cannibals. Mirabilia Descripta, or wonders described, and much of

a

The Wonders of the East. By Friar Jordanus. Trans-
lated from the Latin Original, with addition of
Commentary, by Colonel Henry Yule, C.B., late of the
Bengal Indian Engineers. Printed for the Hakluyt
Society.

incredible.

winter season.

It is plain from this that there have been credulous bishops of all churches in all ages,

among them, unless he shut his mouth and nostrils.

In a certain part of that Island (says he) they delight to eat white

what he saw must have appeared to Europeans not wonders and fat men when they can get them.

"I cannot take up your ideas," my brother said; "you must sit down and commit them to paper yourself."

my spare time to the task assigned me, the result was the tale, the After much persuasion, I complied with his request, and, devoting authorship of which is avowed on the title-page to these volumes.

Thenceforward my brother and I co-operated as joint producers of O'Hara Family," my brother residing in London, while I remained My brother's nom de plume was Barnes O'Hara; mine, Abel O'Hara. And thus it was that we carried on our partnership: We wrought simultaneously, each at his own conception. The productions of Barnes O'Hara were transmitted to Abel, and those of Abel to Barnes; and our understanding was, that each was at liberty to trim and prune, and, if need were, to alter the manuscript of the other.

the tales appearing from time to time under the title of "Tales by the where I still live, in, as it is called, "the faire citie" of Kilkenny.

We never had a disagreement, as to any liberties taken the one with the other: the suggestions of Abel to Barnes, or of Barnes to continued to go on together, until my brother, in consequence of the Abel, were implicitly adopted by both without a question. Thus we

excessive application of his mind, was disabled by the malady which, after many years of suffering, terminated his life, while yet in the prime of manhood as to years.

For some time subsequent to his death I felt a dislike to follow

singly the occupation he and I had pursued together; at length I Magazine; "The Town of the Cascades" I now offer as the second

I

single-handed production of "The Survivor of the O'Hara family." I have never been, as my brother was, a literary man by profession. have always had an occupation, distinct from that of authorship: and almost all through, my devotion to my pen has been desultory.

There are few readers of this book who will not wish for their own sakes that Michael Banim's only business in life had been to write. For great is the contrast between the now familiar strain through a weak style and a thin wit only but miracles hard of belief. What the Bishop sees The luxury could not have been often indulged in in the after the strongest incident, and this story, warm everywith his own eyes, except when his vision is distorted beginning of the 14th century. The Bishop refers to the where with a man's natural life, brightened with sponby some theological fancy, is not only faithful but usually existence in Tartary, a country which he did not visit, of taneous mirth and such quaint little original fancies as correct and graphic. What, on the contrary, he states on a most potent kind of paper-money, which seems to beat belong to the stir of mind in the quick-witted, making us hearsay is monstrous and incredible. We shall give speci-green-backs hollow, and which we would strongly recom- feel everywhere the touch of nature in its laughter and its mens of both. The description of the coco-nut, now as mend to Mr Chase, of the Federal treasury, if he can tears. familiar to us as the almond or filbert, but of which the discover the secret of preparing it. European of the 14th century knew nothing, is both full In his dominion (that of the Great Tartar) is current, in place of handsome, warm-hearted, but too pliant young Irish and accurate; and, indeed, with the single pardonable mis-money, paper stamped with black ink, with which can be procured gold, take of ascribing medicinal virtues to its oil, it would be silver, sik, gems, and, in short, all that man can desire. difficult to furnish a better. Bishop Jordanus is, in fact, wherever his judgment has

The story is quite simple. Richard O'Meara, a gay,

attorney, loves and marries a gentle, trusting, orphan Ellen, whose little worldly wealth he has saved from the clutch of an unjust guardian. He brings her to a pleasant home by

"

"An' fried eggs,-an' good tay,-an' fish alive out of the bay?
"She does indeed-all this."

"Ah!-then how I pity you, my poor man!"

And she bent her head and laughed a tiny laugh. During the colloquy she continued to manipulate her clothes as she placed them to dry.

Hanrahan?

"Oh!-you may say that!-An' well does he know how!"
"You seem to be well acquainted with my friend Michael?"
her head aside, her dancing eyes peering at me as before.
There was downright quiet humour in her laugh as she again bent
me?-Don't you see-here's his cravat that I'll iron out for him most
"Ah!-why wouldn't I know poor Michael, when he belongs to
beautiful." And she held out a square of the whitest possible
muslin.
"And them are Michael's," as she pointed to certain inner
at the dinner?"
garments," and them's his aprons that he wears afore him attending

"You are Michael's wife then?"

the Town of the Cascades, gives up his wild bachelor ways, and has a year or two of pure domestic happiness. But he is tempted back into the circle of the topers, the little wife whom his frown would kill shrinks from his coarser manner, -"she drooped," says her poor friend Michael Hanrahan, as a primrose that the sun would shine too bowld on; "Miss Jenny Ryan takes good care of her boarders,-as long as but she abides in her love to the end. Drink drags him their purses, jingle at any rate. By course you know Michael down. He is a gay fellow abroad, at home morose; he strikes "Certainly, certainly. I could not be at Miss Jenny's hotel his wife; except the eldest son their little children die; he without knowing Michael-if you mean the waiter." roams abroad, sending home one rollicking letter for his "As for the matter of being waiter, Sir, I b'lieve poor Michael wife to weep over, in which he even speaks lightly to their puts his hand to everything. He gives a help at the cooking, he tosses the beds with the girl, he polishes the knives an' forks, he goes mother of the three children, as if he forgot that two were of arrands,-an'in their graves. While he is away, his house is stripped "He dances." by the sheriff's officers. The pining, dying wife is cherished by two faithful retainers and sweethearts, O'Meara's foster-brother, Michael Hanrahan, and his warm-hearted, smiling Mary Malone. Ellen O'Meara is their "posy," their "angel." They spend their store for her, but in vain. Richard comes back to the town with his gay manner; goes first to his comrades or the potteen, staggers home only to sleep a drunken sleep, and wakes to see a dying wife hang over him in watchful, uncomplaining love. Michael and Mary lose their angel. She dies, and Richard, stung with remorse, unsteady with drink, follows the funeral in which the whole town takes loving part, while every man holds aloof from him. This is not all the story. We have said nothing of the mysterious "half-pay whose eccentricity and mystery border sometimes upon extravagance, but are at the end of the tale well harmonized and accounted for. We have said nothing of the dog Teague, an important person in the story; or of the dark figure of Nora Spruhan in the background, through whom excess of the past works its revenges; nothing of Richard O'Meara's days of retribution and the energy of his repentance. And if we had told the whole story we should not have deprived it of one charm for the right reader. For no mere telling of the plot can forestal enjoyment of the pleasant humours of those Irish good Samaritans, the "Well, all I can tell you about it is this. If you had a crosssimple and warm-hearted Michael and Mary, through grained, cantankerous wife at home, I'd give you my advice to swim whom much of the story is supposed to come. Mary out in the say so far that you couldn't come back, sooner than go Malone was first met by the grave of Ellen O'Meara, in home to her again.' the hill top church yard. She was spreading her laundry out to dry on the gravestones, putting wet shirts and cravats over the naked angels, all there in full flight, depicted by the stonecutter upon the gravestones.

"His downright wedded wife I am, no less. To have an' to
hould, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health,-'till death do
us part. You see I don't forget one word of all I promised him.
An' 'tis far from my intention to forget it, with Heaven's help!"
"Michael has been most fortunate in his choice of a wife, at all
events."

"I'm not half good enough for him I can tell you."
"You seem much attached to him."

"That I am, the poor fellow-an' why wouldn't I? Michael
would make a queen of me if he could, an' I take the will for the
deed-that's my way."

"And an excellent way it is."

"I am a married man truly."

"No doubt of that either."

have the story of a modern Whittington, told in his own words:

"I was born in a little country town in Massachusetts," he said, "and my father, who was a poor farmer with a large family, used to come to Boston to market. One day, when I was twelve years old, I came with him, hoping to find some work to do, to earn my living. We got in early in the morning, by driving nearly all night; and while we were in the street, waiting for somebody to buy our load, the first thing I saw was an advertisement of Boy wanted.' When I took a newspaper off a door-step, and began to read it. Almost father had sold his load we went to look for the place. It was a large house, on a handsome street, belonging to a merchant; and the boy was wanted to work in the kitchen, help the cook, clean knives, black boots, and wait at table. The work seemed easy enough, and the pay good, so I stayed. The merchant was pleased with me, and after awhile took me into the store to do errands and such light work. Then I became a clerk, then a partner. The merchant's daughter was as partial to me as her father always had been, and I got married; and here I am-and all from looking into a newspaper one frosty could tell similar stories. And such men, as a rule, fill worthily the morning in the streets of Boston!" There are hundreds, perhaps thousands of men in America who positions to which they rise. They have no rusticity of manners, no peculiarity of speech to mark their origin. Their poverty was an accident, and they befit wealth as if they were born to it.

About Lowell and its factory girls Dr Nichols writes the necessary chapter. In 1835, the population was about ten thousand. The town now contains more than thirty-six thousand, most of them Irish and altogether different from the rosy country girls who first made it famous. In it there are ten manufacturing corporations, with an aggregate capital of about 3,000,000l., 12,234 looms, and 400,000 spindles, giving employment to 12,500 operatives, who make two-and-a-half million yards of fabrics a week.

If Lowell began as a city of factory girls, Cincinnati seemed to start up suddenly as a city of working men. A great mart for iron and furniture, cattle and whisky,-much "I suppose, Sir, you didn't come to this time of your life without of which sold in Cincinnati for eightpence or tenpence a getting married?" gallon, goes to France to be doctored and sent back as "An' by looking at you, Sir, I think you have a wife that takes Cognac, "if indeed it have not undergone a less troublecare of you." some and costly transformation,"—it is full of men "who have grown rich, but have not had time to put on their Sunday clothes or study manners." Here Mrs Trollope made her stay, and found abundant subject for the ridicule shown in her 'Domestic Manners of the Americans.' "We I spent nearly an hour very pleasantly in such badinage as this "were dreadfully angry at Mrs Trollope," says Dr Nichols, with Mary, the wife of Michael Hanrahan, the waiter at the little but we read her book all the same, or all the more, and hotel where I boarded. Finally she informed me that she lived in what I have named "the Town of the Cascades." That she had "profited in no small degree by its lessons. Many a time, taken charge of a spa flowing from the cliff within a short distance"when someone in the boxes of the theatre has thoughtlessly of the Bornoch village, the water of which as she averred, "would "turned his back upon the pit, or placed his boots upon the put iron moulds" on anything it touched. That her business at cushioned front, have I heard the warning and reproving this spa was to fill tumblers of the water for such of the "For-cry go up of Trollope! Trollope!' until the offender was neyaghs" as "thought it wholesome to have salt wather without an'

All the celestial messengers were without attire, and all so thin and spare that you could count the ribs along their sides. At first could not reconcile this cadaverous appearance with my preconceived idea of angelic beauty. But on reflection, I understood it as a matter-rusty wather within." That I would find her at this spa every morn-"brought to a sense of the enormity of his transgression." of-fact delineation of ethereality. ing early, and every evening, "sitting under a little cobbey-house" To Washington and New York Dr Nichols devotes many she had contrived in the cliffs, an' in which she would make room for chapters, and fragments of many others. New Orleans And there, if I wished it, she would satisfy my curiosity as to and Mobile are the southern towns of which he says most; the young wife for whose repose I had prayed. "But," said 1," will not Michael be jealous if you and I sit so much together?" and of the former town and its suburbs, before the rule of "Don't you be one bit afeard of that, Sir deur. Michael would General Butler came to be established, he certainly gives thrust me to sit with a younger-ay an' a comelier man than yourself us a very enticing description. "There is a charm in the if it be not making too free to say so. But indeed Michael has no sort of fear on him for me-an' be needn't either." "life and society of New Orleans, difficult to understand "and impossible to describe. The people are eminently Most heartily we welcome Mr Michael Banim's re-social, generous, genial, and impulsive. I had rather

A certain local mark of celestial mission I must not pass, inasmuch as a due regard of the insignia, when once understood, enabled me to me. correct my error when doubtful as to the being I examined. Sprouting from the head of each angel was a small cross,-not always elegantly formed, I must admit, and not always springing from the same place. Sometimes the small cross rose up from the centre of the forehead, sometimes from the right temple, and in some instances from the left. Although I have bestowed some attention on the matter, I have not been able up to this to satisfy myself why the artist should have affixed the emblem so differently, unless he would thereby denote a variety of individual character; the steady angel, I appearance as a writer, and trust that we may yet have should say, wearing his cross in the centre of his forehead, the from him one or two more Irish tales as genuine and rakish angel over the left temple, the most intelligent, above the genial as this. right.

Above a chalice the angel Gabriel soared, his trumpet, fully as long as himself, plainly establishing his identity as the angel Gabriel. Both of the skin-and-bone legs of the angel Gabriel were kicked up

66

Forty Years of American Life. By Dr Thomas L.
Nichols. In Two Volumes. Maxwell and Co.

live there,' would not be considered a very extravagant "be a nigger in New Orleans than own New York and "assertion in the former city." But all the glitter of the gayest city in America is not of gold or of golden wisdom; -at any rate, if there is truth in Albert Pike's amusing ballad of 'The Fine Arkansas Gentleman." Now, all good fellows, listen, and a story I will tell, Of a mighty clever gentleman, who lives extremely well, In the western part of Arkansas, close to the Indian line, Where he gets drunk once a week on whisky, and immediately sobers himself completely on the very best of wine;

A fine Arkansas gentleman, close to the Choctaw line!

This fine Arkansas gentleman has a mighty fine estate

Of five or six thousand acres or more of land, that will be worth a
great deal some day or other, if he don't kill himself too soon,
and will only condescend to wait;
And four or five dozen negroes that had rather work than not,
And such quantities of horses, and cattle, and pigs, and other poultry
that he never pretends to know how many he has got;
This fine Arkansas gentleman, close to the Choctaw line!
This fine Arkansas gentleman makes several hundred bales,
Unless from drought, or worm, a bad stand, or some other dd con-
And when it's picked, and ginned, and baled, he puts it in a boat,
tingency, his crop is short, or fails;
And gets aboard himself likewise, and charters the bar, and has a
devil of a spree, while down to New Orleans he and his cotton
float;

There seemed to be grades of angels too. One I irreverently mistook at the first glance for the representation of an owl. The large, staring eyes, the solemnity of the fleshless face, the beak-like sharpness of nose, the disposition of the hair, and a legless body, clipped round as if with a shears where the legs should spring from, led me A better or a more entertaining account of social life in to form this erroneous judgment, when the small cross above the forehead set me right. The want of legs in this instance I understood America than that here given by Dr Nichols has not come as typical of inferior rank. Another, having a cross springing up in before us for many a day. Giving a running sketch of the the centre of the forehead, directly over the nose, and having, more various parts of his native country, which the author, in a over two other crosses, one over each temple, I had no hesitation in wandering life of nearly fifty years, had occasion to visit, it regarding as an archangel. I was particularly struck with the idea conveyed by the attitude shows us in the pleasantest way the progress of American of a third celestial. His ethereal legs (that is, ethereally denuded of society down to the present day. And we have good reason human flesh) were carelessly crossed over each other above the for accepting Dr Nichols as a trustworthy guide. When, knees, while he was upborne on his expansive and umbrageous in the winter of 1860, secession began to be talked of, he pinions. I understood the pose to mean, that flying was no incon- expressed his approval, in common with a large party of venience to him, and that he enjoyed it. influential men in the north. "Lincoln had upheld the "sacred right of revolution; Seward had denounced the folly of a war to restore the Union, comparing it to the conbehind his back to the height of his shoulder. Certainly no dispo- "duct of a husband who should beat his wife to compel her sition of limb would more distinctly denote what I took to be the to live with him as his loving companion; Greely had artist's idea, the intensity and vigour with which he discharged his "declared that six millions of people in the South had as mission of sounding the summons to the dead. I should remark that the angel Gabriel alone, of all angels round, was provided with a hand "clear a right to separate from the Union as three millions and arm, to enable him to grasp his trumpet. One only was given" of colonists had to rebel against Great Britain. There him; he had no necessity for a second, as he did not blow two was not a man of them who had ever held that the trumpets. 'strength and the right of the Union rested upon anything And put up at the City Hotel, the St Louis, the St Charles, the The pleasant Irish humour of the story we may illus-"but the voluntary adhesion of its members. They trate at random, by quoting part of the first dialogue we "changed their principles, and became patriots. I adhered find in it, that between Mary Malone and the writer, who is " to mine, and was a 'traitor."" But though his sympathy supposed to have gone for the bathing season as what they with the Confederates made it next to impossible for him to call a Forneyagh, or Diver, among the Bornochs, that is to stay in New York or in any part of the North, he was not say, limpets or fixed residents, in the Clare coast bathing willing to cross the Potomac and take up arms against all village, two miles from "the Town of the Cascades." his old friends and relatives. He therefore brought his "You're not from these parts, Sir-I'll go bail you're a Forney- family to England, and here we have the results of his leisure in two volumes of reminiscences, put together with avoidance of all unnecessary personal details, and entire freedom from that vanity, individual and national, which makes us turn with disgust from so many American publications.

agh?"

"A Forneyagh I am, verily.”

"An' you're over among the Bornochs ?"

"You have guessed aright.”

"Is it making too free to ask where you're stopping there?" "Not in the least too free. I have put up my quarters at the little hotel immediately fronting the sea."

Dr Nichols was born in 1815, in the New England State Here my questioner bent her head a little towards her left shoulder, of New Hampshire, and with a full account of this district, and looked at me askance, and her smile became mirthful, and her hazel called the Switzerland of America, in which his youth was eyes twinkled, "I'd lay a bet that Miss Jenny gives you good ating an' dhrink-spent, he fills some interesting chapters. He then proceeds ing?"

The last time he went down there, when he thought of going back,
This fine Arkansas gentleman, close to the Choctaw line!
After staying about fifteen days, or less, he discovered that by lending,

and by spending, and being a prey in general to gamblers, hack-
men, loafers, brokers, hosiers, tailors, servants, and many other
individuals, white and black,

He'd distributed his assets, and got rid of all his means,
And had nothing to show for them, barring two or three headaches,
an invincible thirst, and an extremely general and promiscuous
acquaintance in the aforesaid New Orleans;

This fine Arkansas gentleman, close to the Choctaw line! The first half of Dr Nichols's work gives account of different parts of the United States; the second is a classified, to describe the different towns and states in the order of but at the same time gossiping, survey of American instituhis visiting, or residence in them. The first great city that tions, political and social. He gives some cogent reasons he saw was Boston, the Liverpool of America, just as Lowell, for the breaking up of America. He shows the legality of "An' roast an' boiled beef an' mutton, an' turkeys, an' all sorts? "twenty-five miles distant, is its Manchester. Thirty years the Confederate secession, points out the growth during "Exactly."

ago Boston was a great school for merchants. Here we many years of the present causes of division, and abandons

John L. Stephens, a clever and enterprising New York lawyer,

author of Travels in Russia, Greece, &c.,' and of Central American Antiquities,' and afterwards President of the Panama Railroad, made |

A

his old hope that some day the whole continent of America | powerful lazy, and powerful slow; but if you visit him where he biography will be given to the world; and it would be might be under one Washington government. "There is has located himself, he'll go for you to the hilt agin creation, that's too much to expect more than a general outline of his "a limit to the size of an army commandable by the howdyin' and civilizin' each other. He has powerful nice corn. tatur. When people salute each other at meeting, he says they are career in the hastily-compiled pages which are now before "highest military genius. So I think there must be a The extreme of facility is not as easy as lying, but as easy as shootin'. us. With the tone of that outline we have, however, no "limit to the number of men which any sovereign or any A man who has undressed has shucked himself. To make a bet with reason to be dissatisfied, Mr Taylor having brought to his congress or parliament is able to govern. When the a man is to size his pile. Yankees guess everything, past, present, not very laborious task a cordial appreciation of the emi"body grows too large, then come weakness and dis- and future; Southerners reckon and calculate. nent qualities of mind by which Thackeray was distin"organization." Like vulgarisms and eccentricities are shown in other guished, and having apparently had many personal opporAbout American newspapers we have an interesting and more objectionable ways. Dr Nichols sketches for us tunities of judging of his character and disposition, besides chapter. To the fifty or more daily papers published in the condition of the Rappites and the Mormons, the Shakers the acquirement of a few biographical facts which have not the United Kingdom there were in 1861 four hundred and and the Come-outers, with the other communities based been publicly recorded. For the rest of his book its comfifty issued in the United States, besides four thousand on extravagant extensions of the teaching of European piler is indebted to materials which the newspapers have weeklies, and three hundred and fifty-six papers published Socialists. He has also many instructive things to say freely placed at common disposal,-and he has, not without monthly and half-monthly. Any one with credit enough about phrenology and spiritualism, bloomerism and servant- acknowledgment, as freely availed himself of them. Mr to borrow a hundred pounds can start a journal, and most galism, with all the host of other isms. His chapters on Taylor's dates are for the most part correct, but we suppose likely push it into success, but then he must write down slavery, though not telling the whole truth, are well worth we must avoid endorsing one inaccuracy. It refers to the to the taste of the people, and have the trick of outwitting the attention of abolitionists. He undertakes to show period of Thackeray's connection with this journal. Speakhis neighbours. When the Prince of Wales visited Nia- that "the actual condition of the four millions of negro ing of 'The Luck of Barry Lyndon,' Mr Taylor says: "The gara, the editor of the New York Herald determined that "slaves in America is superior in physical comfort and "first part appeared in Fraser for January, 1844, and was his should be the only paper containing a telegraphic report "freedom from anxiety and care to that of any four "continued regularly every month, till its completion in of the journey. To do this it was necessary that he should "millions of labouring population in the world. That "the December number. He was engaged a short time take possession of the wires, and prevent all others from they have sufficient food, clothing, and shelter, enough" before this as assistant editor of the Examiner newspaper, using them: but, the Prince being later than he was ex"and even an abundance of the necessaries of life, can "to which journal he contributed numerous articles." pected, the reporter had nothing to communicate in the hardly be questioned. They are, on an average, better Mr Thackeray's engagement with the Examiner began meanwhile. He sent to ask what he should do. "Send "off in these respects than the agricultural labourers of shortly, but not immediately, after the lamented death of "on the Book of Proverbs," was the editor's answer. The "Great Britain. Their cottages, or quarters, are neat Laman Blanchard, which took place in February, 1845; Book of Proverbs being worked through, the reporter "and comfortable; their ordinary clothing sufficient, their and it ceased in the month of July of the same year. Of added, by way of postscript, "No sign of the Prince"holiday apparel often gay and even extravagant; their the book itself we may say, in conclusion, that it will "what next?" "Give us Ecclesiastes," was the order, daily rations of bread and meat abundant, which are probably serve its immediate purpose-that of "filling," and this Scripture telegraphing continued until the Cata"supplemented by vegetables from their master's garden, as the writer says, "an intermediate place between the (" or their own. ract was reached. The same rule prevails among books. They have money to save and to spend. "newspaper or review article and the more elaborate Dr Nichols shows how the American neglect of copyright "The negro seldom works too hard through the day to "biography which may be expected in due course." law damages both native and foreign authors. If Macau"enjoy a dance at night, unless he prefers to attend a lay's or Mr Dickens's works can be sold for sixpence a prayer meeting." In many cases this is, doubtless, the But it is no defence of slavery to say volume by tens of thousands, publishers do not choose to true state of affairs. The Art-Journal for February. J. S. Virtue. pay for the writing of original books. This, however, is not that men are stall-fed by their owners and get fat. This is a particularly good number of one of the cheapest always the rule. Some few writers are paid at absurdly planter, we learn, told one of his slaves to saw off the high rates. limb of a tree, which seemed likely to fall. "Pose, and best journals of our day. The steel engraving, by Mr 'ere job." "Why so, Pete? Why should I hire an "massa," said the black, "you hire Irishman to do dat W. Roffe, from Magni's statue of the Reading Girl,' incomparably better than the photograph, is alone worth "Irishman when you can do it?" "Why, massa, if dis more than half the price of the number; there is, also, a his entry into the world of literature in a rather whimical fashion. "nigger falls and breaks his neck, you lose fifteen hundred very good engraving, by Mr W. Miller, from Turner's He had been, many years ago, in Eastern Europe, upon I know not "dollars; but you give Irishman a dollar, and if he break picture of the Battle of Trafalgar.' There is an enwhat business. After his return to New York he happened one day his neck, 'taint nothin' to nobody." And it is not to be graving on steel of a female study, by Mr H. O'Neil; to be in the publishing house of Harper Brothers, when the senior member of the firm, who has been Mayor of New York, fell into supposed that in the great majority of instances, where there are prints from two of the large woodcuts of Gusconversation with him about literature--that is, the sort of books he slaves cost so much, they will be cruelly treated, or made tave Doré's 'Dante'-the Francesca da Rimini,' and the unfit for work by their masters. If a man were as an ox 'Arrival at the Dolorous City;' there is a continuation of "Travels sell about the best of anything we get hold of," said he or a horse, such stories would make slavery no crime Mr Thomas Wright's entertaining History of Caricature "They don't always go off with a rush, like a novel by a celebrated against humanity. But while man has a mind, a soul, a and the Grotesque in Art,' abundantly adorned with facauthor, but they sell longer, and in the end, pay better. By the way, duty, and a destiny on earth, to deprive of his freedom similes of medieval comic drawings; to the series of "Never thought of such a thing," said the lawyer. "I travelled any one who has not by wrong-doing compelled his neigh- sketches of British artists, with engraved illustrations in wild out-of-the-way places, on business, and went very fast. I bours to place him under restraint, and place him in abso. from their works, there is added a sketch of Mr Desanges, lute subjection to another, is a wrong greater than murder, with engravings from one of his portraits of ladies and "That's no matter," said the publisher, who had taken a fancy that he could get hold of something racy from the fast New Yorker; and is none the less a wrong because in ninety-nine out of two of his Victoria Cross pictures. "you went through, and saw the signs. We have got plenty of every hundred cases the animal life of the man so subjected recent trip to the Isles of Greece furnishes an illustrated books about those countries. You just pick out as many as you is well cared for. paper on Cyclopean Architecture in the Ionian Islands;' want, and I will send them home for you; you can dish us up Slavery degrades and damages all America--the North, and having cited these things, we have left yet half the He did dish up three volumes of very amusing travels, and in due which used to profit by it, while talking sentimentally about pleasant and serviceable contents of the magazine untime three more, and the Harpers paid him some five thousand pounds it, it has damaged even more, perhaps, than the South-and mentioned. At no period of its career has the character as his portion of the profits of the enterprise-which was by no means Dr Nichols himself is not far from admitting this. He does of the Art-Journal been more worthily supported than by the lion's share. Encouraged by this success, Mr Stephens made his honestly admit many of the evil influences prevalent in we find contained in this February expedition to explore the ruins of Palenque, in Central America. his native country. "We talk in America," he says, His work on those mysterious antiquities may be more accurate than of our great, our enlightened, our free, and, above all, the Oriental Travels, but it is not half so amusing, and as it was an expensive illustrated work, I doubt if it paid as well. our happy country! I never thought America was a Dr Nichols gives an amusing chapter on American pecu-years of peace and plenty we were not happy. In no happy country-only that it ought to be. In all the liarities and eccentricities of speech. We in England are charged with confusing the jargon of different districts."country are the faces of the people furrowed with harder of care. In no country that I know of is there so Each State, we should understand, has its own set of vul-much hard, toilsome, unremitting labour; in none so "little of recreation and enjoyment of life. Work and A Yankee does not swear; he says, I vum, I swon, I swow, I vow, darn it, gaul darn your picter, by golly, golly crimus; and uses other worry eat out the hearts of the people, and they die mean and cowardly ways of whipping the devil round the stump."before their time. Why the universal and everlasting The Western man has no trouble about swearing, and has a "struggle for wealth? Because it is the one thing needremarkable breadth of expression. He is catawampously chawed "ful, the only secure power, the only real distinction. up; while the Yankee is a gone sucker, or describes himself as 80 "Americans speak of a man being worth so many thousands as to be crawlin." "He talks of spunkin "up to an all-fired, tarnation, "or millions. Nowhere is money sought so eagerly; noslick gall, clean grit, I tell yeou neow. He civilly invites you to hold yer yop. He lets on that he felt kinder streaked, by golly! He "where is it so much valued; nowhere does it bring so describes a man as being handsome as a picter, but so darnation "little to its possessor. The real work of America is to ugly or as a thunderin' fool, but a clever critter as ever lived" make money for the sake of making it. It is an end, ugly being Yankee for wicked, and clever for good-natured. A plain and not a means." According to the Yankee statement girl is as homely as a hedge-fence, but a Yankee may have a kinder sneakin' notion arter her. He boasts that he is a hull team and a of the positive, comparative, and superlative duties of life, hoss to let. You can't tucker him eout. It beats all natur heow he," First we get on, then we get honour, and then we get can go it when he gets his dander up. He has got his eye-teeth cut," honest." true as preachin'. He gets hoppin' mad, and makes all gee again. He is dreadful glad to see you, and is powerful sorry you enjoy such poor health.

sold most of, which was his special interest in the matter.

you've been to Europe; why not write us a book of travels?"

made no notes, and should have very little to write about."

something."

garisms.

He says a

66

Thackeray, the Humourist and the Man of Letters. The
Story of his Life, including a Selection from his
Characteristic Speeches, now for the first time gathered
together. By Theodore Taylor, Esq., Membre de la
Société des Gebs de Lettres. Hotten.

such matter as
number.

Professor Ansted's

The Parliamentary Companion. Thirty-second Year, 1864. By Robert P. Dod, Esq., Captain 54th Shropshire Regiment of Militia. Whittaker and Co. Punctual to the beginning of the Parliamentary Session appeared Dod's Companion, neat, pocketable, careful, and complete as ever. Thirty-one members, says Captain Dod, have during the past year been elected to Parliament, and a corresponding number have retired from public life, or have died. As usual, in

All possible cases the exact words of the member himself have been preferred to any other statement of his political opinions; and much care has been taken in recording each member's votes on important questions.

The latest accessible returns of population and registered electors have been consulted, inasmuch as these particulars are likely to be of interest whenever a general election happens to take place. The entire work has been diligently revised from the first article to the last.

BOOKS OF THE WEEK. LITERATURE.−‘Lucasta.’ The Poems of Richard Lovelace, Esq., now first Edited, and the Text carefully revised. With some Account of the Author, and a few Notes, by W. Carew Hazlitt, of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law. (Fcap. 8vo, pp. xlii, 293.) John Russell Smith.-The Poetry and Poets of Britain.' By Daniel Scrymgeour. New Edition, revised and enlarged. (Crown 8vo, pp. xxxviii, 591.) Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.-The Works of Douglas Jerrold. With an Introductory Memoir by his Son, W. Blanchard Jerrold. Volume II, containing the Story of a Feather, and Cakes and Ale. (Post svo, pp. 554.) Volume 111., containing Mrs Caudle's Curtain Lecsvo, pp. 541.) Volume IV. containing a Man Made of Money, Sketches tures, Men of Character, and Punch's Complete Letter Writer. (Post

I am inclined to think the Western vocabulary more copious than that of the Yankee proper. The language, like the country, has a certain breadth and magnitude about it. A Western man sleeps so sound, it would take an earthquake to wake him. He is in danger pretty considerable much, because somebody was down on him, like the whole Missouri on a sand-bar. He is a gone 'coon. He is down In these days of publicity, when every man's life and on all cussed varmints, gets into an everlasting fix, and holds that the actions are looked upon as general property, it was not to longest pole knocks down the persimmons. A story smells rather be expected that much time would be suffered to elapse tall. Stranger, he says, in bar hunts I am numerous. pathetic story sunk into his feelings like a snagged boat into the before a ready pen was found to minister to the sympathy of the English, the Chronicles of Clovernook, and the Sick Giant and Mississippi. He tells of a person as cress as a bar with two cubs or curiosity of the crowd by relating as much as could be the Doctor Dwarf. (Post 8vo, pp. 491.) Bradbury and Evans. BIOGRAPHY. Biographical Sketch of Sir Benjamin Brodie, late and a sore tail. He laughs like a hyena over a dead nigger. He gleaned of the life of a writer so remarkable as William Sergeant-Surgeon to the Queen, and President of the Royal Society.' Walks through a fence like a falling tree through a cobweb. He Mr Theodore Taylor,-whose By Henry W. Acland, Regius Professor of Medicine in the University goes the whole hog. He raises right smart of corn and lives where Makepeace Thackeray. of Oxford. (Post 8vo, pp. 31.) Longman and Co. there is a smart chance of bars. Bust me wide open, he says, if I name, in connection with literature, is new to us, though TRAVEL. Journal of a Diplomate's Three Years' Residence in Persia.' didn't bulge into the creek in the twinkling of a bedpost, I was so we perceive by the title-page of his work that he is By Edward B. Eastwick, F.R.S., F.S.A., of the Middle Temple, late "Membre de la Société des Gens de Lettres,"-has accord-I.M.'s Chargé d'Affaires at the Court of Tehran. In Two Volumes. In the south-west is found the combination of Western and ingly entered a very early appearance in a volume profess-(Post 8vo, pp. ix, 333; vii, 339.) Smith, Elder, and Co. Southern character and speech. The south-western man was born FIELD SPORTS.-Hunting Tours: descriptive of various fashionable in eld Kaintuck, raised in Mississippi, is death on a bar, and smartlying to tell the Story of Mr Thackeray's Life. That such Countries and Establishments, with Anecdotes of Masters of Hounds on a painter fight. He walks the water, out bollers the thunder, an attempt is premature we need scarcely say, for it is not and others connected with Fox-hunting. By "Cecil." (Crown 8vo, drinks the Mississippi, calculates that he is the genuwine article, and to be supposed that, like the "Constitutions" which the PP. xiii, 439) Saunders, Otley, and Co. ETYMOLOGY.-Words and Places; or Etymological Illustrations of that those he don't like aint worth shucks. He teils of a fellow so Abbé Sieyes had always ready in his pigeon-holes for History, Ethnology, and Geography. By the Rev. Isaac Taylor, M.A. poor and thin he had to lean up agan a saplin' to cuss. He gets as savage as a meat axe. He splurges about, and blows up like a every political emergency, this "Life" was long prepared, (Crown 8vo, pp. ix, 578.) Macmillan and Co. the sad reason for its publication being so unexpected. Moral and Political Government.' (Crown 8vo, pp. viii, 468.) Longman POLITICAL ECONOMY.Utilitarianism Explained and Exemplified in steamboat. The Southerner is mighty glad to see you. He is apt to be Many years, indeed, will probably go by before a complete and Co.

thunderin' savagerous.