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the distance which divides Liverpool from Kilimani; the quality is occupation, and a merchant at Lagos must employ eight or ten the two-headed cone which we had called Albert Mountain, and a better, the country is more settled, and the people are far less unman-cowrie-girls." The weight of each bag of 2,000 blue Africans will bluff wall or dyke, which I had not time to visit. ageable; yet it is my sincere belief-founded on facts which will be from 80 to 90 lbs., and of white Indians from 35 to 45 lbs., and appear in the course of this narrative-that years must elapse before yet it is barely worth one pound sterling. Mungo Park, when he There were subsequent ascents, and at the last of them the even Western Africa can supply with cotton the mills of England opened a shop during his second journey at Sansanding, was obliged Union Jack was hoisted on the lip of the volcano, and for one week of work in the twelve months. These may be new to employ three tellers to count his cash-25,756 cowries, worth at there were left on the peak a slip of sheet lead inscribed views-I am convinced that they are true views. Lagos 11. 53. Lieut. Forbes complains that to carry 50 dollars, he with the names of the successful climbers, and two sixhad to hire five women. A horse will cost 60,000 to 120,000, a sheep pences in an empty bottle. The highest point of the range 4,000 to 6,000, and a fowl 200 to 250 of this barbarous small change.

So far as we are concerned these are not new views. Abeokuta has been described from fancy, and painted in It is fully time to change the system. At Zanzibar and Maskat, is on the crest of a slope half a mile due north of the rose tint, by two ladies, who had never been in Western the late Sayyid Said found no difficulty in so doing. He applied to Victoria Mountain and 435 feet higher, or 13,129 feet high. Africa. It has been described, from personal knowledge, the East Indian Government for some tons of pice or copper coins, This point is eighteen statute miles of indirect and thirteen by the Rev. Mr Bowen, in a book published at Charleston and the improvement was readily adopted by his subjects. The geographical miles of direct distance from the settlement under the name of 'Central Africa,' though its writer only it would probably soon extend into the interior. experiment should be tried without delay at Lagos, and, if successful, of Victoria, formed in 1858 by the Baptist missionary, Mr penetrated about 170 miles through a well opened country; At present the country has the nuisance of twelve different dollar-Saker, with his, family and negro communicants, who and also by Mr Robert Campbell, a coloured man. Captain coinages in circulation, and when these different dollars have been crossed over to the mainland when expelled by the Burton finds these very faulty, and especially directs got rid of there still remains the inconvenience of two currencies, Spaniards from Fernando Po. Having obtained 1,500. attention to one error that might lead, if acted upon by English money and cowries, which, as has been seen, bear no fixed damages from the Spanish Government they bought land, relative proportion. And the Abeokutans are little aware of their missionary zeal, to serious consequences. In Mr Camp losses by the system of barter to which the retail purchaser is some- with a coast length of twelve miles, on a spot decried by bell's book, he says: times driven: it obliges them to pay one hundred per cent. above the the jealousy of traders; while We are explicitly told, and more than once, that ground amongst could be profitably sold by the merchant at a maximum of fifty per that the native tribes were few, scattered, and not dangerous; that the invoice price for English goods, which, if the currency were settled, On the other hand, MrSaker, and those who were with him, contended the Egbas is "deemed common property, any individual enjoying the right of taking unoccupied land, as much as he can use, wherever country can be made highly productive, and support fine cattle, which and whenever he pleases." This may be ignorance, and to a certain Having returned to Lagos, Captain Burton left that port the island cannot; that building material every where abounds; that asserted long before Mr Campbell that "there is no property in land, the Brass and Bonny rivers, set forth on his more interest- and mangrove swamps are unknown; that the sea-breeze is pure and extent it is warranted by the incuriousness of Mr Bowen, who again on the 21st of November, 1861, and after visiting the north-east tornadoes, which do so much damage at Fernando Po, are here warded off by the mountain background; that mosquitoes or rather that land in Yoruba is common property." The corollary is that any number of Christian converts or colonies of Africo-ing adventure of a march to the unexplored recesses and healthy in the lower levels, and that by ascending the high lands any Canadians can be permanently settled in the Egba country. I the topmost height of the Camaroons Mountains. At the temperature can be obtained; that the islands are fit for lighthouses distinctly assert that the reverse is the fact, and that all such theories Camaroons mission station of Victoria he found Herr and coal depôts, and the level strand for sheds and slips; that the foisted on the public with a view to emigration are likely to do mere Mann, who had made a first short trip to the mountains in that, however rough may be the sea outside, it is ever smooth under eastern sea-arm is open even to the largest ships at all seasons, and injury. The country is by no means a "no-man's land," and ignor-1860, preparing for a second attempt to advance and scale the lee of Mondori; that the position lies in the very track of the

cent.

Mr Winwood Reade's book upon Savage Africa pairs

ance of this vital point would certainly lead to those agrarian wars with which New Zealand has scandalized the civilized world. There their highest summit: mail steamers, which must now diverge to Fernando Po; that the are two ideas incomprehensible to Europeans, but part and parcel of tenure of land would not be arbitrary, as must ever be the case in a the African mind. The first, which here requires only enunciation, gardener from the Royal Gardens, Kew, to which he was recommended and, finally, that the Camaroons generally would be the key of the He is a young man of twenty-five, a native of Brunswick, a military station; that Victoria offers complete religious toleration, is that a slaveborn man is a slave for ever. The second is the non- by the Court of Hanover. Originally attached, in 1859, to Dr valuable Oil Rivers, whose export trade to England is calculated alienation of land. Whatever be the tenure of property in ground, Baikei's Niger expedition in place of the lamented Dr Barter, he has it cannot permanently be given or sold. A chief will, for a quit- been continued as Government botanist in West Africa by the Ad-at not less than a million and a half of pounds sterling per annum. rent, permit any stranger to cultivate unreclaimed commons, but the miralty, with the ostensible motive of inspecting the timber. The Certain it is that the region is wealthy, and Captain bargain is purely personal. If the original tenant die, the heir or Amabilis scientia-whose votaries, however, can at times be as cross Burton lays much stress on the value of the Camaroons successor is expected by another "dash" to obtain renewal of the as poets-appears still at a discount in public opinion. Whilst in these Mountains as an African sanatorium. lease, and his refusal would justify, in the African mind, his ejection. days the geologist holds his head high, one rarely reads of a detached On the other hand, if the chief attempt to raise his terms, the heir "botaniker; " as a rule the "poor herbalist" is attached as a decent might insist upon not paying a sum higher than the original quit- appendage to some Government expedition. Economy is often made only by contrast with that of Captain Burton. Captain rent, and amongst the more civilized tribes the voice of the people to entrench upon utility. And why should the collector, after bear- Burton does, perhaps, a little too much affect a dashing, would be on his side. No resident in West Africa will ignore that ing the heat and burden of the day, lose his reward? Why should entertaining style; but Mr Winwood Reade a great deal what I have stated is the fact, and those who are unacquainted with not "Hooker's Niger Flora" be known as "Vogel's Herbarium too much affects it, and has not the privilege of an old the coast should beware of the fallacies of Messrs Bowen and described by Hooker"? And yet another point. Why should not the Campbell. collector be allowed to reserve a certain percentage of new plants to African traveller to speak as one at home on his own study and to name after his friends? ground. It is true that he claims only the merit "of Meanwhile M. Mann, after visiting the Bagroo river, near Sierra Leone" having been the first young man about town to make a and Barracoon Point, on the Niger, made, after twice failing, two" bona fide tour in Western Africa; to travel in that agreeascents (in April and December, 1860) of Fernando Po Peak, where able and salubrious country with no special object, and he was guided by a Spanish official, M. Pellon, the Special Delegate at his own expense; to flaner in the virgin forest; to of Public Works. Their visit was the second ever made to the summit, the late Mr Beecroft's being the first. He subsequently ascended" flirt with pretty savages; and to smoke his cigar among to the summits of Prince's Island and San Thome, and visited the" cannibals." The book, though it is often flippant and Gaboon and other African rivers. He has been indefatigable in col- conceited, makes the most-in a partly substantial, partly lecting and in preserving his collections, and has supplied one of the greatest desiderata in botanical geography. The results have been to superficial, and always showy way of its materials, and is establish: "1. An intimate relationship with Abyssinia, of whose on the whole certainly better than the tone of its preface flora that of the Fernandian Peak is a member, and from which it is would lead anybody to expect. separated by 1,800 miles of absolutely explored country; 2. A curious relationship with the East African Islands, which are still further off; 3. An almost total dissimilarity from the Cape flora." With the West African Islands again, contrary to expectation, there is no marked relationship whatever.

Of the colony of Abeokuta gathered about the rock Olumo, Captain Burton gives this sketch:

Beyond the barren mass of stern grey stone-filthily dirty-which afforded me a standing-place, there was a perpendicular drop of some fifty feet, disclosing part of the city below and in front. It was a grisly mass of rusty thatching and dull red-clay wall, with narrow winding lanes and irregular open spaces, a ragged tree rising here and there. The only comparison which the scene suggested was that of a huge ant-hill scattered over with dead leaves and dwarf shrubs. On the left was a high tongue of land, with top sinking towards the foreground; it supports Bagura, one of the most populous townships; and here the houses that crowd one another prevent the ground from being seen. It is separated by a stony stream-bed, the usual fence in this part of Africa, from the neighbouring settlements, Ikereku and Ikija, Ilawo and Ikporo. In the distance is a narrow line representing the Ogun River above the rapids, and the horizon is shut in by rising ground which appears barren and sterile. In the magnificence of its distances Abeokuta greatly resembles Washington, but there the similarity ends. The main peculiarity of the scene is the shape of the houses-large irregular squares, with huge thatches raised high at the angles to throw off the rain. There are but two which attract the eye by superiority of size, viz., those of the late Ogobonna, and of the waggish savage Ogodippe.

The local nomenclature of this part of Africa Captain
Burton says is thus briefly accounted for:

The Natural Laws of Husbandry. By Justus von Liebig. Edited by John Blyth, M.D., Professor of Chemistry in Queen's College, Cork. Walton and Maberly.

A special interest attaches to this volume. It is the According to Mr J. Grazilhier, who, as related by Barbot, made a last utterance of one who has long been preaching docvoyage to Old Calabar in A.D. 1699, the land was called by the Portuguese Alta Tierra de Ambozes-the highlands of Ambozes. The trines too wise to be generally accepted in his own geneOlumo, however, is classic ground in these regions, the Arg, the latter word, not being Lusitanian, may probably be the name of some ration. Most farmers are so wedded to the old-fashioned Capitolium of the Egba race, the Rock against which the gates of extinct tribe; here and elsewhere the maritime African races rapidly modes of husbandry that they have little inclination to Ibadan have not yet prevailed. It was the point de réunion of the disappear. It has been corrupted to Amboizes, Amboize, and Ambas, adopt the sensible teaching of Baron Liebig as to the people of Egba, who, about 1820-1822, had been scattered to the which latter appears in the Hydrographic Chart. The trivial English work of chemistry in preparing soils and otherwise econowinds by intestine tumults and the fury of their enemies. Some names of the mountains and the river to their east-Camaroons, furthirty-five or forty years ago, say in 1825, a few of the better sort, ther debased to Cameroons, and by the Jonesian writers to the yet mizing agricultural materials, and their opposition has flying from their new masters, took refuge under "the Builder," where, more meaningless Kameruns-comes from the Portuguese Camaráo, been not a little increased by the injudicious zeal with it is said, they found robbers-probably their own countrymen or the Spanish Camaron, a shrimp or prawn, of which there is a great which some experimentalists have brought that teaching who had preceded them. As in classic Rome, the sanctuary was variety from Lagos southwards. I have retained the name, although into ridicule. joined by other fugitives and villains. When the new-comers found to call this stupendous pile and the broad estuary beyond it "Shrimp" for its acceptance," said the venerable author, sixteen "I am doubtful if the time has yet arrived themselves strong enough, they drove out the original bandits, and Mountains," or " Prawn River," sounds somewhat absurd. Captain then laid the foundations of a city which, after Olumo, they called Allen, instructed by some Bimbia man, in his map gave to the highest years after the sixth edition of his Chemistry applied to Abeokuta. It grew apace. In memory of their former settlements, peak the name of Mongo mé Loba, which means in Isubu "Mountain Agriculture and Physiology' had appeared. "I build my they gave to the new seats the names of their ancient townships-of Heaven," i.e. the starry expanse. The natives acknowledge this hopes, however, on the young generation who enter upon

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Ake, for instance, was the old capital of Egba-land in the days when word: they usually, however, call the whole upper region Mongo mo" practice with a different preparation from their fathers. it was a province of Yoruba-and they conferred upon their military Ndemi, literally the Mountain of Greatness, which is also Dr Krapf's and civil chiefs titles familiar to their ears in olden times. They translation of the words Kilima-njáro, applied to the Ethiopic "As for myself, I have reached the age when the elements hung up their harps by the side of Olumo, and holding the soil to be Olympus in Eastern Africa. But to the lower eminence-the smaller" of the mortal body betray a certain tendency to commence hard and sterile, they sighed for a return to the lands flowing with hump of the camel's back, which was formerly called "Camarones" a new circle of action, when we begin to think about milk and honey. Pequeños," or "Little Camaroons," and "Gibraltar Rock," and which" putting our house in order, and must defer to no later Presently Abeokuta became a fenced city, and was girt with a the Baptist missionaries have lately baptized "Mount Trestrail,"moat and a clay wall, after the approved fashion of African fortifica- Captain Allen has assigned the name of Mongo ma Etindeh, the period what we have still to say. As every investigation. Its population waxed numerous. Mr T. B. Freeman, in 1842, "Mountain of Separation," that is to say, "the separate mountain," "tion in agriculture requires a year before we have all the estimated it to contain forty-five thousand souls. In 1858, Mr which the natives do not recognise. I should prefer to call the high-" facts before us, I have scarcely any prospect of living to Bowen gave it eighty thousand: more modern travellers have raised land region and bay Ambozes, the two peaks Larger and Lesser" see the results of my teaching. The only thing that the number to one hundred thousand; and, looking at the extent and Mongo, and the settlement Victoria: it would only, however, confuse remains for me to do, under these circumstances, is to the thickness of the population, I should not wonder if, when the those who have learned Camaroons and Ambas to unlearn the terms. place my views in such a manner before the public, that

soldiers return from the Ibadan war, it was found to contain one The adjoining country was formally discovered towards the close

hundred and fifty thousand souls, nearly equal to the entire population of the fifteenth century, by the noble Portuguese Fernao de Poo," there can be no possibility of misconception on the part of redoubted Dahome. It contains the remnants of some one who voyaged during the reign of D. Affonso V.; his name still sur-"of those who will give themselves the trouble of behundred and fifty townships-some say one hundred, but they vives in the Island of Fernando Po. diminish for fear of exaggeration, and others, too sanguine, raise it "coming thoroughly acquainted with them." Therefore

to two hundred and eighty-five-which all retain their own pecu- At half-past one on the 27th of December Captain this book has been written. liar institutions. The constitution, in fact, is that of a federal Burton secured to British climbing the credit of being Its grand object is to expound and enforce what is called republic under a perpetual president. first up to the chief point of the Camaroons, and deposited the Mineral Theory, "which holds that the food of plants In touching upon the religion of the Abeokutans, Captain under the small cairn he built there a piece of the British" is of inorganic nature, and that every one of the elements Burton reverts to his old freedom of argument upon mind in the shape of a leaf out of 'Punch.' By his right" of food must be present in a soil for the proper growth of the theory of polygamy, for which he says what he can; as an explorer he named the mountain of the Great Peak" a plant." The treatise, therefore, begins with a descripand of which he adds his belief that, if the missionaries Victoria, and tion of the growth and requirements of plants, their powers had made less objection to polygamy, the heathen would Victoria Mountain now proved to be the shell of a huge "double of selecting food, and the work done by various micrater," opening to the south-eastward, where a tremendous torrent neral bodies in supplying it; and this is followed by an To the continued use at Lagos of cowry currency, which accessible breach now lay before me, plunging sheer in vertical cliff. and of the different mechanical operations, manures, and of fire had broken down the weaker wall. The whole interior and its examination of the different sorts of soil and subsoil, has no other advantage than the making of young arith- The depth of the bowl may be 250 feet; the total diameter of the two chemical appliances used in stocking them with nourishmeticians, Captain Burton points attention, as a practice which are separated by a rough partition of lava, 1,000 feet. The obviously in need of prompt reform: interior slope is a highly irregular cliff, which drops horizontally, ment suitable for the plants in cultivation. It is not truer streaked and ribboned with igneous matter, red and yellow, whose that man cannot live by bread alone than that the plants The "plump-breasted dove," as the Yorubas call it, is a vile bands of colour indicate horizontal stratification, and communi- that go to the making of man's bread require, for their currency, an intolerable burden. Lycurgus did not fetter the com-cated scorice standing at an angle of 45°. Not a blade of grass, not a healthy growth and productive fruitage, variety and abunmerce of Sparta more effectually with his iron bars. Every shell thread of moss breaks the gloom of the Plutonic pit, which is as

have found fewer obstacles to conversion.

must be pierced and strung upon grass or palm fibre, which takes black as Erebus, except where the fire has painted it red and dance of food. And if the land loses its vigour, the men no short time. At Dahome a hundred slaves will be engaged in this yellow. To the north-west appeared a ridge overtopping the rest of whom it has supported must pass from it. "Historians

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are wont to attribute the decay of nations to political elevation of the soul is the main object of the believer's life, in ment, which engages to pay a life-pension to all persons who had " events and social causes. These may, indeed, have regard to which family affections, personal friendships, national inte- claim to share in such estates when the law was promulgated. This greatly contributed to the result; but one may well cherished, indeed, when consistent with this elevation, but to be same convent or is drafted into another, or quits the religious life and rests, and civil duties, are all matters of minor account,-to be pension is equally paid whether the person continue to reside in the "ask whether some far deeper cause, not so easily sacrificed when opposed to it. If in this creed you substitute the becomes secularised. There is an administration called the "Cassa "recognised by historians, has not produced these events in elevation of the mind for that of the soul, you will have formed, we Ecclesiastica," whose duty it is to take possession of the property "the lives of nations, and whether most of the exterminat- think, a tolerable estimate of the principle which ruled Goethe's life falling under the law, and pay the pensions to the members of the "ing wars between different races may not have sprung which are said to have been the last words on his dying lips, exin practice even more than in profession. The "light, more light," suppressed community. We have been unable to ascertain the number of convents thus "from the irrevocable law of self-preservation? Nations, press the aim and struggle of his life. To secure that end, he would treated throughout Italy, but are informed that in Tuscany alone the "like men, pass from youth to age, and then die out-so it sacrifice the affections of others as readily as he would his own; more number of monks and nuns has been reduced by 5,000. "may appear to the superficial observer; but if we look at readily he could not. The article ends with some interesting and trustworthy "the matter a little more closely, we shall find that, as the The text of the next article is a pamphlet of Miss Cobbe's accounts of the manner in which recent political and social "conditions for the continuance of the human race which upon 'What Annexation has done for Italy.' There are changes have differently affected different Italian towns. "nature has placed in the ground are very limited and Universities in nineteen of the towns of Italy; that of Dr Smith's Dictionary of the Bible,' and the history of readily exhausted, the nations that have disappeared from Pavia, the most frequented, received during the past year medieval and modern Greece, as illustrative of Greek "the earth have dug their own graves by not knowing 1,131 students. Of the 7,730 communes of the Italian questions of to-day, are the next topics of the National "how to preserve these conditions." That principle, Kingdom 7,390 have elementary schools, teaching in all Review. In the Dictionary of the Bible' the reviewer worth heeding by all, is illustrated from the history, both rather more than 800,000 pupils. There are twenty-one finds uniform excellence only in the geography and natural of nations that by neglecting the natural laws of agricul- normal schools for the training of schoolmasters, and history articles, elsewhere he points out want of conture have made their homes too poor to hold them, and of eighteen for schoolmistresses, containing about 2,500 pupils, sistency, occasional want of temper and want of proporothers, like the Japanese, that, though ill-regulated in other of whom each receives a pension of 250 francs. There are tion. respects, have held their ground through a prudent study also free infant schools and adult evening schools, which of the various ways of strengthening and restoring their number two-and-thirty in the Genoese district alone, with the long-delayed Report of the Public School CommisThere is an article on "Eton Reform," in anticipation of forty-six teachers and about 2,000 adult pupils. Education sioners, of which the gist is expressed in these sentences:

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lands.

The comparative merits of different systems of manuring was set down in last year's Italian budget as a charge upon are fully handled by Herr von Liebig in the latter por- the country of 2,317,472 francs. In speaking of the use tion of his book. All through it he labours to show the to which Italian reading and thinking power thus developed dignity of agricultural pursuits, the importance of scien- shall be put, the reviewer gives the following sketch of tific husbandry, both to the individual welfare of the Italian journalism: agriculturists themselves and to the advancement of the whole nations to which they belong.

change would be well-nigh useless. We cannot but believe that the Two or three points appear to us as those without which all other dissatisfaction so loudly and widely expressed with the rule of the present head-master will cause him to resign. He will deserve the thanks of all for having come forward at a critical period with the best intentions; he will retire with dignity from changes he cannot The freedom of the press is of course the first step towards the re-approve. There exists, we believe, no power for his removal; the suscitation of literature. As yet, however, want of commercial visitorship of the College, vested in the Bishop of Lincoln, has long enterprise, want of a reading public, want of circulating libraries, since become a mere name. But even if such a power existed, we and want of interesting books, form a vicious circle, from which should be sorry to see it exercised. All must feel a certain tenderthere is no promise of the speedy discovery of a way of egress; ness for a man forced against his will into a position for which he was Pamphlets there are. Autorità e le Tendenze del Secolo,' in which it is demonstrated, first, obstinate errors by a sense of his own incompetence. These, then, The Papal press issues 'Il Principio dell' not strong enough, for an amiable man goaded into the committal of that authority is the best thing in the world; and secondly, that the seem the all-important measures of change: 1. That the school and Papal government is the best government in the world, because it college should be one; perhaps by the abolition of fellowships, and Clero,' and proves that that source of all corruption might advan- the provost and head-master should each be the best man who can be exercises the least authority. Padre Passaglia issues 'Il Celibato del the giving the assistant-masters a share in the government. 2.That tageously be done away with, because the Jewish high-priest was found to fill the post, Etonian or non-Etonian, lay or cleric. The allowed to marry, and many of the Fathers approved of wedlock. provost to be appointed by the Crown, the head-master by the proThe act of reading this work is very like that of dining the newspaper press, it is certainly rising, and will, we trust, ere his special work should be unfettered, and the office should, as at So dangerous and revolutionary are the brochures of Italy! vost and assistant-masters. 3. Once appointed, the head-master in in a pastrycook's shop, where every dish is a sweetmeat: long become like that of England, "an estate of the realm: " but Winchester, expire at the end of a definite period. A good heada jam puff, a gooseberry tart, a cream or a custard, each in it has a good way to travel ere it attain that dignity. It must write master would always be reappointed. These changes made, all other its way is admirable, but a banquet composed of nothing better leaders, and above all cease to be afraid of offending possible needful reforms would follow in due course, and Eton would take the but these delicacies is apt to be rather cloying. There are subscribers, and insert letters of correspondents, and take up social proud position to which she makes so large a claim, in the front of thirty-nine memoirs in this collection, and as all of them either of the constitutional party or the party of action, or the party land. and commercial questions, and altogether cease to be a mere advocate those institutions which train and nurture the intellectual life of our are of "Queens of Song," superexcellence in art is indu- of Popolini and Codini.

Queens of Song. Being Memoirs of some of the most Celebrated Vocalists who have appeared on the Lyric Stage, from the earliest days of Opera to the present time. To which is added a Chronological List of all the Operas that have been performed in Europe. By Ellen Creathorne Clayton. Two Volumes. Smith and Elder.

As to

bitably the right of every one,-and to every one the right is Of the papers now existing in Italy, the most respectable is pro- An article on the Administration of Justice in India fully conceded. In saying this we mean nothing in bably the Nuzione of Florence. It contrasts very favourably with strongly sets forth the evils of the old system, that has not disparagement of the author's labours, but are merely the Giornale di Roma (the chief periodical of the Neri), being at yet wholly been superseded by the judicial reforms conleast twice the size, twice as well written, and conveying its intellispeaking of the effect which such a book as Miss Clayton's gence without that preliminary culinary process whereby telegrams templated in the acts passed in India in 1859, and by the must necessarily produce when read straight on, from in Rome are disguised. There is a feuilleton of the usual French Imperial Legislature in 1862. These reforms beginning to end. But if we take each memoir in turn, and kind, which to our English eyes always suggest the idea of the mouth- May be briefly summed up as follows. We may say that four codes content ourselves for the time being with one only, the ful of jam to tempt the unwilling juvenile appetite to the dose of have been enacted; two codes of penal law and criminal procedure result is sufficiently agreeable, and our satisfaction is such article; sometimes of very fair ability. Then there are foreign and simple footing; by an agrarian code, known as Act X. of 1859, politics. There is a summary of the day's news. There is a leading have put the whole system of criminal justice on a definite, regulated, that, to refer once more to the gratification of the palate, telegrams and a few bits of local news. Then (the fourth page) it has been sought to regulate the determination of the rights of the we are very much in the condition of Oliver Twist (though wholly devoted to advertisements, among which quack medicines various parties claiming an interest in the soil, and to consolidate the he never had the luck of tarts), and disposed, at a proper figure prominently, and books very rarely at all. The most notice- laws on that subject; and a code of civil procedure has consolidated interval, to ask for "more." Miss Clayton's diligence has able feature, perhaps, of the whole press of Italy at this moment is and improved that part of the Indian system. A new law of limitabeen great and her reading extensive, and of the materials rivalling our Punch in drollery, and fearlessly attacking humbug future license of litigation, and some modern enactments have imthe humorous side, the papers which appear several times a week tion, prescribing very much shorter terms, has greatly curtailed the which she has collected, or which have been placed at her under all its forms, lay and ecclesiastical. Three of these have proved the mode of dealing with the estates of intestates, minors disposal, she has made a very good use. She appears also appeared in Florence-the Lampione, the Chiacchiera, and the lunatics, &c. High courts, combining professional knowledge of law to be possessed of considerable knowledge of music, her Arlecchino. In all cases the letter-press, throughout devoid of wit, with Indian experience, have been established at the three presicritical opinions are well expressed, and with respect to an artist who, under the name of "Mata," produces lithographs duced; and there has been, especially in Bengal proper, a very is inferior to the illustrations. The Lampione in particular possesses dencies; a new police system has been almost every where introthe composition of her work no possible objection can be really excellent in an artistic point of view, as well as cleverly sati- general extension of the personnel of the judicial establishments in all made. According to the programme set forth in the title- rical. A peculiar joke favoured just now in Italy is the production branches. The number of courts and facilities to suitors have been page, the list of "Queens of Song" begins with Katherine of a picture which when opened shall convey one subject, and when increased. The week in which Tofts and Margarita de l'Epine, at the commencement of folded in a particular manner, quite another. we write offers a large tableau representing Italy looking on, while Another paper in the National treats of a French the last century, and-taking every operatic celebrity that the lion of St Mark's overthrows the Emperor of Austria, and the Coleridge, Joseph Joubert, born in 1754, one of many intervened-closes with the name of Madlle Tietjens, the Roman wolf mauls Pio IX. On folding the paper there appears only children of a poor doctor in Perigord, who came, in 1778, "bright, particular star" of the year 1863. The volumes, a good lithograph of Garibaldi. Last week there was a sketch of as a young man with weak health into the literary circles which abound in anecdote, are very entertaining. four prize pigs, precisely such as might appear in our Illustrated News. Judiciously closed, this produced a capital likeness of the of Paris, where he "s'inquiétait de perfection bien plus Pope. Besides these there are pictures of a serious kind, satirising que de gloire." Chateaubriand called him, in the words of all manner of Roman Catholic miracles and pretensions. In one Epicurus, a man who had chosen "to hide his life." a priest is showing to the people a Madonna, whose arms Years went on, and his friends became conspicuous authors or The National Review for January opens with an account other priests in the background are pulling with cords, while Jesus Christ exposes the deception. In another the statesmen; but Joubert remained in the shade. His constitution of the recently published volume of diffuse and unpruned Jesuits are collecting money to "save the Church," and was of such fragility that how he lived so long, or accomplished so Correspondence between Goethe and his patron, the Duke squabbling for it behind the scenes among themselves. Most much as he did, is a wonder; his soul had, for its basis of operations, of Saxe-Weimar. The reviewer rightly appreciates the audacious of all is a very large picture of a crucifix before which the hardly any body at all; both from his stomach and from his chest he distinctive point in Goethe's character, which separates Pope is kneeling, while the figure on the cross strikes the tiara from seems to have had constant sufferings, though he lived by rule, and his head in indignation. Local jests are illustrated by a ludicrous was as abstemious as a Hindoo. Often, after overwork in thinking, him most widely from Schiller, and pervades all that he series representing the life of the late Grand Duke, and by caricatures reading, or talking, he remained for days together in a state of utter wrote. Schiller, in the great stir of the time, gave mind of the misadventures of his followers. Nor does the Government prostration-condemned to absolute silence and inaction; too happy and soul to a large interest in the welfare and development escape its fair share of sarcasm. In the older series the round face if the agitation of his mind would become quiet also, and let him of communities. Goethe, basing his philosophy, it may the favourite theme of many later illustrations. In one, Italy is ness of health, these repeated suspensions of energy, he was incapable have the repose of which he stood in such need. With this weakof poor Cavour continually figured, and the delays of diplomacy are be, on more egotism, gave his chief thought to the progress chained and held back, while goaded by stinging wasps. In another, of the prolonged contention of spirit necessary for the creation of of the individual. It is well said, therefore, by the Garibaldi is cutting the knot of all difficulties. In a third, great works; but he read and thought immensely; he was an unreviewer of these letters in the National, Diplomacy, as a blind old woman in toga, is driving a chariot drawn and delightful talker. The gaiety and amenity of his natural diswearied note-taker, a charming letter-writer, above all, an excellent That if in some respects there is a want of human sympathy about by snails upon the road to Rome. Copies of old statues--the Goethe's letters, there is also a total absence of any petty buman Perseus, the Rape of the Sabines, &c.-applied to modern subjects, elasticity; he seemed to hold on to life by a single thread only, but position were inexhaustible; and his spirit, too, was of astonishing jealousy. Throughout this correspondence, extending over half a are common, and often well executed. that single thread was very tenacious. More and more, as his soul century, there is not an ill-natured word about anybody. He was There are now forty-one lines of Italian railway, or in and knowledge ripened more and more, his friends pressed to his too great not to have detractors, too successful not to have enemies; all about 1,800 or 1,900 miles; railway communication room in the Rue St.-Honoré; often he received them in bed, for he yet against none of them does he display any bitterness. The only seldom rose before three o'clock in the afternoon; and at his bedroompersons in the world against whom he nourishes any personal ill having been more than doubled since the outbreak of the door, on his bad days, Madame Joubert stood sentry, trying, not feeling are the disbelievers in his colour-theory, and even them he war from which Italy secured to herself the freedom she always with success, to keep back the thirsty comers from the founpities rather than blames for their ignorant opposition. As we have enjoys. The extent of the telegraph wire has also been tain which was forbidden to flow. Fontanes did nothing in the said before, this publication throws comparatively little new light on doubled, and the use of it made cheap and easy to the University without consulting him, and Joubert's ideas and pen were Goethe's character. On the other hand, it brings out, perhaps more distinctly than before, the known features of this exceptionable public. The common roads of the country have also been Villeneuve, the young priests of his neighbourhood used to resort to always at his friend's service. When he was in the country, at The "I am Goethe" tone runs through it all,-not offen- vastly extended and improved. Letter boxes, like our him, in order to profit by his library and by his conversation. He, sively, but still with a strange preeminence. The destiny of nations, pillar boxes, are set up in the towns and villages to facili-like our Coleridge, was particularly qualified to attract men of this the fortunes of humanity, the great external vicissitudes of the tate postal delivery. Some solid progress has been made kind, and to benefit them: retaining perfect independence of mind, world's drams, are of small importance in his eyes compared with the also in the suppression of an indolent monasticism. he was religious; he was a religious philosopher. As age came on, progress of his own internal development. It would be wrong to bis infirmities became more and more overwhelming; some of his say that his letters are selfish; on the contrary, they are tender- In all the new provinces except Sicily the law of May 29th, 1855, friends, too, died; others became so immersed in politics, that hearted to an extraordinary degree. The point of view from which has been applied. It provides for the gradual extinction, and in some Joubert, who hated politics, saw them seldomer than of old; but the Goethe regarded humanity, and his relation to it, is one hard to cases the immediate suppression of all monasteries and convents of moroseness of age and infirmity never touched him, and he never describe in words. To us, however, it seems to resemble the creed religious orders which are not occupied either in preaching, educa- quarrelled with a friend or lost one. From these miseries he was professed rather than acted upon by the ascetic school of believers, tion, or the care of the sick. The property of such religious orders, preserved by that quality in him of which we have already spoken;only that the object of the faith is different. There is a class of and of the chapters of certain collegiate churches which are sine- a quality which is best expressed by a word, not of common use in religious persons who assert, with more or less conviction, that the cures, has passed, according to this law, into the hands of Govern- English-alas, we have too little in our national character of the

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quality which this word expresses-his inborn, his constant amenity. Astrology and Magic, Depreciation of Gold, and Gil- while the legs and feet can have their circulation so increased that He lived till the year 1824. On the 4th of May in that year he christ's Life of Blake are the next topics of the West- they become thoroughly warm by ice applied to the lower part of the died, at the age of seventy. He survives only in a volume of fragments, first published minster. The reviewer, who discusses "parties and On the other hand, the application of heat to the same parts (by for private circulation by Chateaubriand fourteen years prospects in Parliament," connects men oddly together, means of hot-water bags) produces opposite effects, lessening the after his death, and since twice reprinted in editions for when, after dwelling in eulogy upon Lord Palmerston's circulation in the parts under the control of those portions of the the public. It is upon this volume that the reviewer superior effectiveness as a speaker, derived from his nervous centres along the back over which it is applied. Now the bearing of Dr Chapman's discovery upon the subject we tact in representing "under all circumstances the dwells. are discussing is at once obvious. He has already published evidence A review of Baur's Church History of the Nineteenth "feelings, the judgments, the inclinations, the prejudices, that cold applied to the back of the neck increases the cerebral cirCentury' is followed by an appreciative article on Mr "and the passions of the average British character," culation, and with it the functional activity of the brain. He has, Froude's Elizabeth,' a strong condemnation of the dehe looks in vain for a rising statesman who seems to moreover, most kindly furnished us privately with the details of struction of Kagosima, and an article on the disturbed have moulded himself upon the model of Lord Palmer- numerous cases under his observation but not yet published, which show, in the most striking manner, that heat applied to the back of State of Europe,' in which, of course, Louis Napoleon is ston, and adds, that "one member of the Government the neck palpably diminishes the circulation in the head, and at the "alone is supposed to cultivate what he conceives to same time favours, or rather, actually induces, sleep. We cannot The Westminster opens a good January number with an Even that imitation is not successful, for the supposed of the most attentive consideration, both of the scientific physiologist "be an imitation of Lord Palmerston's style and bearing. forbear adding that we consider Dr Chapman's observations deserving article sketching the life and works of Roger Bacon, partly imitator is Sir Robert Peel." Since Lord Palmerston is and the practical physician. from Professor Brewer's edition of some of his works in famous for the tact which avoids turmoil, and Sir Robert the series of Chronicles and Memorials published under The last ninety pages of the Westminster contain the direction of the Master of the Rolls, but more especially lessness with which he rushes into it, they resemble each porary literature at home and abroad, which is remarkably is of all men most distinguished for the blundering reck- usual classified critical and descriptive sketch of contemfrom the monagraph by M. Emile Charles, Roger Bacon: other about as much as pepper and sweet oil, and it may well kept up, and for carefulness of proportion, completesa Vie, ses Ouvrages et ses Doctrines,' published two or three years ago. The next topic is the tunnel under Mont certainly be said that pepper's attempt to resemble oil is ness, brevity without shallowness, and general efficiency, is Cénis, which we shall owe in no small degree to the first not successful. As to the question of who is the coming the best thing of its kind in English journalism. wise encouragement of the apparently wild scheme by man, and what will be the upshot of the division of Count Cavour and his colleagues, Signor Paleocapa and parties following Lord Palmerston's death, that is a matter General Menebrea. An experimental commission of five upon which we do not agree with the reviewer that it is having reported favourably, when the bill was brought in worth while to hold public argument, and least of all an for the fusion of the lines between Susa and the Ticino, argument that ends in mere negation and uncertainty. From the coming session the reviewer expects nothing; The Government added clauses authorizing the construction of the tunnel by the State, and the necessary expenses, to which the comneither do we; and we heartily agree with him when of pany agreed to contribute a sum of 20,000,000 francs (800,0007.) the present Derby Parliament he says, "whatever becomes besides premiums on the shares, and so great was the faith inspired" of it-whether it is cut off by a sudden dissolution, or

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Travels in Mexico, South America, &c. By G. T.
Vigne, Esq., Author of A Personal Visit to Ghuzni,
Cabul, and Afghanistan,' and Travels in Kashmir,
Ladah, &c.' With Illustrations. Two Volumes. W.
H. Allen and Co.

Twelve years having elapsed since the author of these of Deputies actually passed this audacious law by a large majority. The practical difficulties of the enterprise now began. But it was "equally inglorious. So barren and wearying a Parlia- matter which is scattered through them need not detain us. We care little now for the doings of the Filibusters of 1851, much that the project should have been approved, and the confidence" ment has not been seen for many generations." nor for the revolutions of the South American republics of of the Government and the Parliament would have been a spur to Another Westminster reviewer discusses the sacred that bygone time, but Mr Vigne (who did not live to see the energy of the engineers had not the grandeur and glory of the writings of Hinduism-Puranas, Vedas, and Shastras his work through the press) has many other things to say, undertaking itself been sufficient to excite their utmost zeal. No sooner had the Bill passed into law than the works were begun, in starting from the Maharaja libel case, which raised before and as he writes with a full knowledge of the countries the autumn of 1857. The trigonometrical survey necessary to obtain an English Court in India the question of the relation of a he visited, his remarks are well worth reading. His manan accurate tracing of the axis of the future tunnel was in itself no Hindu sect to the old faith. The Westminster's article on ner of writing, while actually travelling, is somewhat slight task, if we consider that its extreme points could not be made Russia is a well written, well arranged, and comprehensive peculiar, being little more than journalising, but when he would have rendered any accurate observation impossible, and also digest of information on the social condition of that empire. rests on his journey to continue his narrative we find him that all the operations had to be carried on at heights varying from Of the extent and character of Russian "Liberalism," and very entertaining. An example of his "cursive" style 3,000 to 10,000 feet above the level of the sea, and amidst the con- its present prospects, the writer of this paper gives what stant atmospherical changes characteristic of such elevated regions. we believe to be a sound opinion. Apart from a few true instance, is an illustrative page,-mere jottings, but still may be taken from any part of his travels. Here, for The first difficulty was overcome by establishing an observatory on Liberals in Russia, noble and generous men, lost in the the very summit of Grand-Vallon, the highest peak in that part of suggestive: the Alps, and two extreme points of the axis in the same vertical crowd of talkers, there was a liberalism that made itself plane with it and one another, having been determined by turning conspicuous

by Counts de Cavour and Menabrea, that the Piedmontese Chamber drags out to its last legal gasp-its memory will be volumes set out on his transatlantic travels, the political

visible from one another without placing them at a distance which

Scenery very bold and picturesque; saw a wild orange-tree loaded with fruit at the halting place, and a tree resembling a plantain, with the theodolite 180° it was comparatively easy to fix the intermediate In 1859, when the nobles of the principal provinces of the Empire a red flower, and a bromelia with red blossom. Saw fish-told they signal points on each side one by one, always keeping the extreme petitioned for a reform of abuses, and even hinted at a Constitution. were savali; sand-flies and gallipatos or ticks; at night heard the point in view, and then lowering the instrument perpendicularly The causes of this phenomenon-the disasters of the Crimean war, heavy floundering tread of some large animal amongst the boulders until a site for an observatory had been found in each of the two the accession of a liberal Emperor, who inaugurated his reign by an on the opposite side of the river, about a hundred yards off, probably opposite valleys of Rochemolles and Fourneaux, exactly on a level amnesty and a relaxation of the passport and censorship systems, and a tapir. Next day we had to ford a notoriously bad place, called the with and opposite to the respective entrances to the tunnel, so that finally, the disorganization of society caused by the abolition of serfage, Angosturas or "narrows;" the stream about fifty yards across the signals received from the outside could be repeated underground, are well known. The agitation of the whole country was tremen- between almost perpendicular rocks of sandstone, which bore evident and the works kept on the correct line necessary to ensure the junc-dous; the cumbrous machine of Government seemed to be yielding marks of violent disturbance since it was deposited, rising more than tion of the two halves under the very centre of the mountain. To to the irresistible force of a determined national will; and blinded by a thousand feet above the river. The unloading and reloading occuincrease the difficulties to be contended with, it was found that the the rapidity with which events succeeded each other, deafened by the pied three hours; the trouble depends on the state of the rapid. A valley of Rochemolles was more than 700 feet higher than that of noise, even the experienced and thoughtful believed for a moment great quantity of water in the pool; the mules just kept their heads Fourneaux, on which account it was determined to give a slope of 22 that the regeneration of Russia was at hand. But the blow soon above the surface for a short distance. Parrots were flying about, in 1,000 to half the tunnel. came that was to test the solidity of the liberal professions of the and toucans, and I saw a bird resembling the English willow wren. Russians. The Polish insurrection broke out, and dashed all the Noticed a fly with a rich green body and a scarlet tail. In one of the glittering but unsubstantial liberalism of the Russian nobles and pools was a brood of young wild ducks, and a number of fish about the Russian press to fragments. The Goddess of Liberty was three pounds each; but the appearance of the dorado was singularly replaced in the worship of liberal Russia by Mouravieff; the circulation beautiful as they lay in the clear deep water under the rock and the in Russia of the Kolokol, which before the insurrection was counted green overhanging forest; one in particular, more than a yard in by thousands, has dwindled down to eight hundred, simply because it length, was floating, or lazily moving on the surface, with the blazing has remained true to its principles; and the enslavement of a neigh-sun upon his brilliant red and golden back and sides. bouring country is openly advocated by the very men who, two years

The article in the Westminster explains the system employed for the making of this tunnel through the Alps by help of compressed air, and by a contrivance, worked by the torrent of Charmaix, for drawing out bad air when the slope of 22 in 1,000 impedes natural ventilation. The financial history of the undertaking is thus told:

When the bill authorizing the tunnel passed, both slopes of the ago, were the most clamorous in vindicating the freedom of their On the other hand, when not in motion, we have Alps belonged to the same State, the two parts of which it was to own. The sad truth has been forced upon the world, that Russia's detailed descriptions like the following. He is speaking connect, while it put the Mediterranean port of Genoa in communi- liberalism is not seriously meant, and that she is therefore as yet of the Indian tribes, in the district of Oran, on the northern cation with France, Switzerland, and Germany; but, owing to the powerless to disentangle herself from the corrupt mass of officialism frontier of La Plata : restrictive commercial policy of the governments that then ruled all which sucks the life-blood from her body. The prospect is not the rest of Italy, its influence did not seem likely to extend further cheering; for the longer the country is denied the blessings of These Indians of the adjoining parts of the Gran Chaco are south. Three years, however, sufficed to bring great changes. The liberty, the more deeply must the corruption of officialism eat into Matacos or Mataguyos; their women, as is usually the case, are made southern half of the Italian peninsula had fused itself with the the national character, and the less fitted will the nation be to achieve to slave and work for them, but at Oran I also saw some Chiriyuanes northern, and the frontier of France was on the crest of the Alpe. its freedom. Whether Russia will pass through her present state of from the north of the Pilcomayo, distinguishable not only by a blue Savoy having thus passed into the power of another State, a special transition without a revolution, must depend on circumstances which coloured wafer-like ornament which is fixed (if I remember rightly) convention was concluded on the 7th of May, 1862, to regulate the it is at present impossible to foresee. One thing, however, is clear through the upper lip, but by their general appearance, being very interests concerning the tunnel. The Italian Government insisted on that a revolution, if it really and seriously breaks out, can only superior to that of the Matacos. Their women (and the exception is retaining the exclusive command and direction of the works, which degenerate into a jacquerie; for there are no popular grievances in a curious one) are exempt from servile employment, which is attested it had begun at its own risk and cost; but it was agreed that when Russia but such as are founded on purely material wants. The dis- by a livelier countenance, more rounded limbs, and the absence of the they were terminated, France should pay for half the length at the satisfaction of the higher classes of society, purged of those specu- sad wearied look and emaciation which is so generally remarkable in rate of three thousand francs per mètre; and, moreover, that for lative elements, which are merely the product of the example and the the natives. I do not know if this more polished tribe is exempt from every year less than twenty-five-the extreme limit of time fixed by teachings of a civilization they are yet unable to understand, reduces another curious custom, of which I heard the same account everythe convention-she should pay an additional sum of 500,000 francs, itself to an unwillingness to be deprived of a portion of their pro-where. When an addition to an Indian's family has been made, it is a premium to be raised to 600,000 per annum if the works be termi-perty in order to compensate the peasants for the losses they would the father and not the mother who is considered to be interesting. He, nated within fifteen years. suffer by the scheme of emancipation; while the peasants openly literally speaking, goes to bed, shams illness, and is waited on by his

of

insurrections from becoming general.

The closing paper on the physiology of sleep includes suggestions of a new way of attacking sleeplessness, by a hot bag at the nape of the neck:

exerts herself to make the reception as agreeeble as she can. An Indian never chastises his child, and the child is never regularly weaned, sometimes using his strength as a boy, or even when older, to get by force at his mother's breast. Girls marry at twelve, young men at eighteen. A suitor gives a few yards of cloth or a poncho to a man for his daughter, but nothing to the mother. He carries a bundle of wood, and throws it down before the house; if the girl likes him she sets fire to the wood; if not, she only asks if he can labour. The Indians here never eat mutton, they say it makes their noses flat! and object to use a knife that has lately killed a sheep. They break the backbone of a corpse, and then bury it as at Atacama, in a sitting posture, with a vessel of water and maize and wood between the feet. The widow takes maize and shakes it over him with her head covered.

Our readers thus see how great an interest the Italian Government proclaim that nothing will satisfy them but the unconditional grant wife, who is supposed to recover her strength in a very short time, as has even financially in the speedy termination of the tunnel; an of the land which they and their ancestors have always occupied. if expressly for the occasion. The best fowl is killed, the best chicha argument made use of by General de Menabrea, in his interesting On the other hand, there is the constitutional indolence and want of tapped, and for three or four days, or even more, he remains in the speech of the 4th of March last, to induce the Parliament to grant initiative of the Russian character, combined with the unqualified but receiving the congratulations of his friends, to whom the woman additional sums for the works, showing that to spend now is true adoration of the Czar, which has always hitherto prevented popular economy, since every year gained will increase the proportion of the general expense to be borne by France. According to the calculations of the Minister, twelve and a half years may be looked to with confidence as the ultimate term of the undertaking; in January last, the works were already 1,274 mètres, or rather more than a tenth the whole distance, from the entrance on the side of Bardonnèche, and of this 550 mètres (170 in 1861, 380 in 1862) were, owing to the In the Medical Times and Gazette of 18th July, 1863, Dr Chapman mechanical system, which, there is every reason to hope, will every published a paper, since reprinted, on "A New Method of treating year afford increasingly satisfactory results, not less at any rate than Disease by controlling the Circulation of the Blood in different parts a yearly progress of 400 metres. At Fourneaux, where it was only of the Body." In this paper he says: inaugurated in January, 1863, at a distance of 925 mètres from the "I have discovered that a controlling power over the circulation of entrance, the progress made in the first two months was such as to the blood in the brain, in the spinal cord, in the ganglia of the afford ground for the confident expectation that the works on that nervous system, and, through the agency of these nervous centres, side will soon be in as forward a state as those at Bardonnèche; and also in every other organ of the body, can be exercised by means of if these calculations be not falsified by encountering some fresh cold and heat applied to different parts of the back. If it The most interesting part of Mr Vigne's extensive obstacle in the centre of the mountain, and the expected total advance be desirable to increase the circulation in any given part of the body, travels is that which relates to his prolonged route from of 800 mètres (400 at each end) be attained each year, it will follow this I have found myself able to effect by exerting a soothing, Buenos Ayres to Lima, stretching in a north-westerly that France will be liable by the treaty for a sum which will go far sedative, depressing, or paralysing influence (according to the amount direction from the South Atlantic to the Pacific shore. to acquit the obligations of the Italian Government with respect to of power required) over those ganglia of the sympathetic which send

the tunnel; since, including the interest on the sum spent on the vaso-motor nerves to the part intended to be acted on. This influence As a matter of necessity it was performed on horseback, French half, it will exceed 31,700,000 francs (1,268,0001.). Besides may be exerted by applying ice to the central part of the back, over but could he have realised his own wish, the journey would this an additional sum of 13,000,000 francs (520,0001.) will have to a width of from four to four inches and a-half, and extending longi- have been accomplished in a far different manner. On be reimbursed by the Victor Emmanuel Railway Company, leaving tudinally over the particular segments of the sympathetic and of the his way to Tucuman he first saw the condor, and once little more than 20,000,000 francs out of the 65,000,000 francs the spinal cord on which it is desired to act. For example, intending to tunnel is computed to cost, to be finally paid by the Italian Govern- direct a fuller and more equable flow of blood to the brain, I apply seen, the image of the huge bird became fixed in his ment, in which sum is included the cost of the railway between ice to the back of the neck and between the scapula. The memory: to such an extent, in fact, that he seems to have Bardonnèche and Susa. thoracic and abdominal viscera can be influenced in like manner; been quite vexed at not being able to turn its vast loco

better than the swan itself or any other bird, excepting, perhaps,

motive powers to account like the magicians of Arabian | any small animal from a distance of ten yards and more. Jing a miniature church, was placed on a table; St James was seated story, he would fain have driven through the air: It does not move, habitually, with the serpentine motion of on a rocking-horse, in a red jacket, salmon-coloured trousers strapped down, with a neat fall, over patent-leather boots; but altogether the I know no flight which, in my opinion, is so beautiful as that of other snakes, but makes, as the Americans say,-"straight coup d'ail was brilliant and interesting, and I did not in reason feel the condor. It is more so than that of the Himalayan vulture, or the "tracts," contracts itself like an earthworm, and then disposed to quarrel with a superstition that has at least the merit of eagle, sweeping round and round in large circles without a motion of shoots forward in the same direction. One of the settlers keeping the Indians in subjection, and for which, if got rid of, there the wings for two or three minutes, and then only once or twice, also told Mr Vigne that he himself had once heard a pecu- Indians, but it was soon quelled. The procession itself of priests, is no present substitute. In 1808 there was an outbreak amongst the and realizing the poetry of the "Multa Dircæum levat aura cygnum" liar whimpering howl, and, upon approaching the spot, &c., in their robes, and the different images, was very picturesque, the crane or stork. They often skim with swiftness near the saw a fox, to all appearance so paralyzed with fear that the new governor and different officials taking part in it, the civic mountain path, and are said to exhibit great sagacity in swooping in he could not escape from the lampalagua, which soon seized guard in scarlet uniform being drawn up on the platform in front of rapid succession at a string of mules where the pathway is most him. Another fearful creature in the Gran Chaco is a the cathedral to salute it as it issued from the portal. It then moved narrow, so as to cause one to fall over. I have long entertained an snake that will throw itself off the ground on a man on slowly round the square, balting for a short service before each of idea that a framework of bamboo or wickerwork, uniting strength horseback; and among other dangerous animals is one called the temporary altars erected at intervals, and which were best seen with lightness, might be drawn through the air by means of nine or at a distance, as a nearer inspection showed them to be backed by twelve of these birds, each one separately harnessed to a sufficiently "hucre," said to be like a unicorn, that prowls about only looking-glasses, chandeliers, tawdry ornaments, picture-frames, and strong bamboo slip some four feet in length, and firmly fixed to the at night, and is too swift for well-mounted horsemen even prints (one, I remember, being "Les Adieux de Fontainebleau "), under surface of the carriage or framework, and dropped perpendicu- to overtake. This beast is strongly suspected of putting and the whole interwoven with cloths and silks and flags of the most behind the wing, so that each bird would be independent of the others,

larly from it and resting on a small saddle braced round the neck and out the eyes of calves and sheep, but Mr Vigne only gaudy colla Under the reign of the old Spaniards these altars were really made up in earnest; they have been valued at 300,000 and with sufficient room; the aerial Jehu, to be secured above, to assigns to it the character of a jackal. To descend in the dollars, and were watched by a guard. The small street leading into drive, raise, depress, and turn the animals by means of reins and pul- scale, we find an account of a very formidable hornet, the plaza from the Cabildo was once paved with bars of solid silver, leys, with sharp points and blinkers, &c., applied to the head and called the "alcalde,"—either from its avenging habits, or in performance of a vow. beak, if found necessary. There can be no doubt of the lifting power, the red, flannel-like colour of its wings, finely contrasted and those who have at all studied the habits of the condor say that they evince a knowledge of and attachment to those who feed them, with the intensely steel-like, bluish black of the body, and are not the savage animals one might supppose them to be, if about an inch and a half in length. Of this hornet Mr regularly supplied with food. Why should not some of them be Vigne says: harnessed so as to drag a light carriage along an iron tramway and be fed at the end of the journey? Or perhaps they might be used as auxiliaries to a properly shaped balloon. The first experiments might be made by means of ropes and rings running on an elevated tight-rope It would be necessary that some one resident in the country should make the first essay, and I think his perseverance would most probably be rewarded with success. With all deference to Mr Vigne we cannot help thinking that the "perseverance" of the person who should make the first essay" would meet with the reward of

Phaethon.

Cusco, Mr Vigne observes, was not chosen as a capital without good reasons. It enjoys a comparative immunity from earthquakes, and Mr Vigne thinks that a series of magnetic experiments might be carried on there with great but in South America, &c., the wasps and hornets generally have the observations, the superior clearness of the atmosphere In Europe the wasp stands a bad chance in an ordinary spider's web, advantage to science as well as serviceable astronomical best of it, and it is not uncommon on the way to see a wasp dragging bringing the stars-the Northern Cross in particularalong a dead spider larger than himself, displaying extraordinary strength, and aiding his exertions by the occasional use of his wings. apparently nearer to the earth than elsewhere. Of the My attention has been called to such a feat as we rode along, even by constellations which he himself observed Mr Vigne gives a an apathetic native servant, and it is well worth watching. The wasp very striking description. We would gladly accompany may be often seen hunting the spider among the grass-roots, like a the author still further on his journey, amidst the volcanic hound, apparently by scent, and will follow him with unflinching determination for scores of yards, finally stinging him to death, and regions of the equator, but we have not space for the then dragging him backwards to the nest over ridges, hollows, and up purpose, and therefore close our account by commending precipitous banks, with all the pertinacity of the ant. The formida- the remainder of his work to the public. ble alcalde is said never to sting a human being unless seriously provoked; when they enter a room, their presence is unheeded. His attention seems to be entirely directed to the chase of larger insects, him; and woe be to any other crawling or creeping thing that he dismore particularly the aranæ, the largest of whom do their best to avoid covers whom he may deem a foeman worthy of his steel; and I was told he will fly at a snake, stinging him again and again, and avoiding the bite by the velocity of his movements. I have heard him designated as amigo del hombrè.

But we must leave the natural history of the country to speak again of the people. Some traits of the Bolivian Indians are curious:

a

The Book of Job. By the late Rev. Dr Croly. Blackwoods.

"ses méditations."

The vast extent of country traversed by Mr Vigne prevents us from following his track with anything like closeness. We, therefore, dip at random into his book for the entertainment of the reader. When we remember the value of the cinchona we need hardly be incredulous respecting the virtues of other plants. There is, for As was to be expected from the character of the writer, instance, in Tucuman a parasite, which Mr Vigne was Dr Croly's exposition of The book of Job is of an entirely orthodox character. It nevertheless developes a special shown, which is used as a medicine to cure deafness and smallpox, and the natives have peculiar remedies. Pleurisy theory, the principle of which is that the history of Job is is a common disease in that part of South America, and to type, of which the antitype is that of the Jews from the kingdom of David and Solomon to the end of the world. cure it they mix two spoonfuls of salt in three of oil, and drink the mixture warm, as an emetic, before going to bed. Those who still persist in the search for "the lost tribes" will be Respecting its antiquity, Dr Croly held the opinion that This last remedy is of easy application, but we should interested in hearing that when an Indian builds a hut he kills a "the book of Job is probably the oldest in the world," an like to have known the name of the parasitical plant which lama, and strikes, so I was informed, the door-posts and the four cor- opinion, we need hardly say, which is not shared by ners of the room with the bleeding head. An Indian lives with his foreign Hebrew scholars-one of the most eminent amongst produces such various results. Not content with this, consort for twelve months previously to their marriage, by which conhowever, the Indians on the river Vermejo have recourse ventual and convenient arrangement they have the advantage of them, Ernest Rénan, who gave his consideration to the to other means for curing smallpox, which we hardly judging whether they like each other or not; and a widow is usually subject several years ago,-assigning to it no earlier date imagine would succeed in the double event. Hearing a preferred, thinking that from experience she will make him a better than the eighth century before Christ. From M. Rénan loud noise of voices in the Indian hut at night, Mr Vigne ried, particularly the widows of those who are employed in the mines. Croly; and thus, while the latter looks upon the scriptural wife. An Indian woman is, on this account, often several times mar- we must not expect views in agreement with those of Dr found an old woman who, having first tied a wreath of The poor Indian miners and blasters wear themselves out in a few cock's feathers round the sick man's head, was screaming years with hard labour and spirit drinking, and I was assured of one poem as one of divine origin, the French writer beholds in it and holloaing words into his ear, holding her hands over then living married woman who had been a widow fourteen times. only a lesson of philosophy, but one of the very highest her own ears at the same time. She was looked upon as a sheep in the mine, eating the flesh, and burying the bones; never the theological opinion with that expressed by M. Renan, The Indians here never begin to work a new vein without killing a order. The reader of Dr Croly's little work may compare medico or bruco, and this was her mode of driving away begin smelting in a new furnace without sprinkling the four corners which we cite as follows: "C'est la plus grande leçon the disease. Mr Vigne, however, does not say that this of the building with blood. They think that particular places are donnée au dogmatisme intempérant et aux prétentions remedy was effectual; indeed, he is one of the most con- haunted by spirits, and seek omens in fried cocoa leaves. If, in frying," donnée au dogmatisme intempérant et aux prétentions cientious travellers we ever met with. He never vouches the whiter underside is uppermost, the omen is good. They kill a" de l'esprit superficiel à se mêler de théologie; elle est en for the absolute truth of anything of which he had not the condor passes over the loaded mules, it is considered to be a good" car elle signifie que l'homme n'a que se voiler devant le deformed lamb, saying that a devil has been born. If the shadow of "un sens le résultat le plus haut de toute philosophie, personal knowledge, and when he does not witness a fact omen; if vecunas cross their path it is a bad one. An Indian who mentions it only as hearsay. Thus, he was told by his has once worn trousers has lost caste as a true Indian. Some of the" problème infini que le gouvernement du monde a livré à guide of a wondrous owl in one of the forests, "with eyes Indians are very rich, possessing, for instance, 10,000, 15,000, or "of fire," he only says he heard that this was so, but 20,000 dollars, and have silver plates, dishes, and drinking-cups. Indian women (and men sometimes) usually have a silver or horn spoon suswhen he afterwards met with singing swans, he lends his pended round their necks ready for use. An Indian left not less than authority to the old classical legend. These birds were 3,000 dollars to have himself buried with masses, &c., in first-rate met with on a lake near Oran, "uttering peculiar and not style; but the heir only gave the curé half the sum, because he had "unmusical notes from their pipe-like necks, which I put not fulfilled the stipulated conditions, having met the procession half "down in my note book as singing; it somewhat resem-suaded by the priests, undertakes to defray the expenses of a charity way instead of coming to the house. Sometimes a rich Indian, per"bled the prolonged note of the Eolian harp, with only a sermon, or some religious ceremony, for the benefit of the church, and "small portion of its sweetness." The primeval forests of he is then usually to be seen standing at the door with a white wand fail to be highly gratified with the selections which Mr this region are of extraordinary beauty. Near the Gran Chaco, Mr Vigne describes one of singular magnificence: The foliage of the lapacho-trees had undergone a peculiar change, -perhaps the forerunner of decay, but not decay itself; every particle speculation is given by Mr Vigne as to the origin of the After entering the confines of Peru, much interesting of what had been verdant as a leaf was now of a fine delicate rosecolour, no dullish bright red like that of the maple in autumn, but ruins of Tiguernaco, at Titicaca, and the subject of a a tint that required lake or carmine to represent it with truth; and remote immigration from Carthage is very largely diswhen (as I remember to have seen one near the trabanjal between cussed. But we leave the remote ancestors of the PeruOran and the Vermejo) a large open space afforded an opportunity of vians to speak of their modern descendants. The native contemplating the forest surrounding it like a wall, and three or four of these large trees happened to be near each other, the effect of ex- doctors are members of a somewhat remarkable faculty: A great deal of quiet humour and deep feeling go to the tensive rose-coloured spaces contrasting with the usual verdure, or They call themselves calaqualla, or sack-bearers; they wander, it Composition of this pleasantly-written story, in which the salient from the shade of some deep gloomy recess, was such as I is said, even to Mexico, to Lima, Rio Janeiro, and Buenos Ayres, society of an old-fashioned Scottish burgh is well described, suppose no painter would ever have dared to represent even in paint- with a bag or wallet at their backs by which they are easily recog- and the adventures of the hero, the lieutenant's son, ing a scene of enchantment. Moreover, in ascending the Vermejo, I nized, full of plants and native remedies, &c. An invalid describes excite much interest. It is well adapted for young was one day surprised at seeing a tree (I only remember one or two) his ailment, and the doctor sells him medicine, and then proceeds on people, and claims alike their pleased and their serious whose foliage in the distance had become entirely, not exactly blue his way. They are reported, and no doubt with truth, to be aware nor leaden, but of a decidedly bright lavender or smalt colour, after a of the medicinal virtues of a great number of plants unknown to attention. similar organic change in the leaf. It appeared to me on examination the Spaniards, and are said to have pretensions to medical knowledge to be a species of mimosa, and was called here the tarqui. in family matters such as would throw those of civilized empirics into the shade. applied to the nostrils, would instantly make the nose bleed, and French by Martha Walker Cook. Second Revised Edition. (Fcap. 8vo, I was assured that they had medicines which, BIOGRAPHY.-Life of Chopin.' By F. Liszt. Translated from the another which, similarly applied, would immediately act as a styptic. pp. 202.) Philadelphia: F. Leypoldt. London: Tribner and Co. often tried to learn something certain of their medicines, but with- LEXICOGRAPHY. The Comprehensive English Dictionary, Explanaout success. Paragua is famous for her balsame, and with them they tory, Pronouncing, and Etymological. Containing all English Words sometimes perform extraordinary cures. Although they sell medi- in Present Use, Numerous Phrases, many Foreign Words Used by Engcines, no money, it is said, will induce them to part with their secrets. The city of Cusco affords Mr Vigne an opportunity for much graphic description. Here is a lively account of the procession of the Corpus Christi :

And the wonders of these forests are not confined to their singularly tinted foliage,- the forms of the parasitical plants being so extraordinary. Of the number and size of them, Mr Vigne says:

The forest seemed to have been invaded by an army of huge pythons, many of them more than a foot in diameter, looking as if they had been stiffened whilst in the act of twining themselves in numerous folds round the tree which they had seized and embraced with a living, fierce, and prehensile grasp, and had then reared and lost their heads in the uppermost branches of another still more lofty than their vics tims, which again were sometimes smaller than themselves, and bearing on their indented stems the impress of the enormous and strangling force that had writhed itself round them.

and new wide-awake hat, as being decidedly the first man of the day,

and receiving from the officiating priest a public and favourable notice
of himself and his munificence.

I

Anecdotal Memoirs of English Princes, and Notices of certain Members of the Royal Houses of England. Two Volumes. By W. H. Davenport Adams, Author of Memorable Battles in English History,' 'The Sea-Kings of England,' &c., &c. Newby.

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The reader who likes excerpts from history cannot Adams has made in the volumes now lying before us. His diligence in the consultation of authorities has been altogether a very reliable and agreeable work. great, and he has made a very good use of them, producing

The Old Lieutenant and his Son. By Norman McLeod,
D.D. Strahan and Co.

BOOKS OF THE WEEK.

lish Writers, and the more Important Technical and Scientific Terms.' Pronunciation adapted to the best Modern Usage. By Richard Cull, By John Ogilvie, LL.D., Editor of the Imperial Dictionary.' The F.S.A. Illustrated by above 800 Engravings on Wood. (Imperial 8vo, pp. 1,294.) Blackie and Son.

THEOLOGY.-Sermons Preached in Lincoln's-inn Chapel, and on On the 6th of June I witnessed the entrada of images destined to Special Occasions.' By F. C. Cook, M.A., Chaplain in Ordinary to the form part of the procession of the Corpus Christi on the next day. Queen, one of H.M.'s Inspectors of Schools, Preacher to the Honourable Patron saints are brought in from villages in the surrounding country Society of Lincoln's inn, &c. (8vo, pp. 362.) Murray. by Indians, who seemed to enjoy the work amazingly, each party Housewife's Daily Assistant on all Matters relating to Cookery and HouseCOOKERY AND HORSEFLESH.-Cre-fydd's Family Fare. The Young But the python is not merely simulated by the shape of vieing with the others in exertion, and even quarrelling as they keeping. Containing Bills of Family Fare for every Day in the Year, a stem, and that species, known as the "lampalagua," pushed forward with their glittering burdens-large silver trays, or which includes Breakfast and Dinner for a small Family and Dinner has, besides its enormous strength, the often denied power rather little platforms, on which stood aloft the figure of the Virgin for two Servants; also Twelve Bills of Fare for Dinner Parties and Two within reach. figure of St Christopher, carrying a or the saints in their richest apparel. One of them was a huge for Evening Entertainments, with the Cost annexed. By Cre-fydd of fascination, wherewith to bring it often in his arms. Twelve of (Post 8vo, pp. 335.) Simpkin, Marshall, and Co.- The Illustrated The Indians assert that this boa can draw towards himself these images were deposited in the cathedral. San Hieromo, carry-Horse Management; containing Descriptive Remarks upon Anatomy;

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Medicine; Shoeing; Teeth; Food; Vices; Stables; likewise a Plain or of a horse, or shapes of carriages, and is meant to enable any
Account of the Situation, Nature, and Value of the various Points man who keeps a horse or horses to understand what they
together with Comments on Grooms, Dealers, Breeders, Breakers, and
Trainers; also on Carriages and Harness. Embellished with more than require. It is a handsome, well illustrated volume, printed
400 Engravings, from Original Designs made expressly for this Work.' on thick smooth paper, and indexed; though the index, not
By Edward Mayhew, M.R.C.V.S., Author of The Illustrated Horse wanting in fulness, has been made by somebody who shows
EDUCATION. The Revised Code. The Grade Lesson Books, in Six often a ludicrous want of perception of the first rules of the
Standards; especially adapted to Meet the Requirements of the "Re-index-maker's art.
vised Code." By E. T. Stevens, Associate of King's College, London;
and Charles Hole, Head Master of the Loughborough Collegiate School,
Brixton; and late Master of St Thomas's Collegiate School, Colombo.
Sixth Standard. (8vo, pp. 220.) Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts,
PUBLIC HEALTH. Another Blow for Life.' By George Godwin,
F.R.S., &c. With Forty-one Illustrations. (Small 4to, pp. 129.) Allen
and Co.

Doctor' and other Works. (8vo, pp. 612.) Allen and Co.

and Green.

GEOLOGY. A Guide to Geology. By John Phillips, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., Professor of Geology in the University of Oxford. Fifth Edition. (Post 8vo, pp. 314.) Longman and Co. FICTION.Meadowleigh; a Tale of English Country Life.' By the In Two Volumes. (Post 8vo, pp. 307, 315.) Bentley - The Ice Maiden and other Tales By Hans Christian Andersen.' Translated from the German by Fanny Fuller. Second Edition. (Fcap. 8vo, pp. 208.) Philadelphia: Frederick Leypoldt. London: Trübner and Co.-Immen-Lee.' From the German of Th. Storm. By H. Clark.-'Grandmother and Granddaughter. From the German of Louise Ecche. By Mme. C. R. Corson. (Fcap. 8vo, pp. 112.) Philadelphia: F. Leypoldt. London: Trübner and Co.-Lloyd Pennant; a Tale of the West.' By Ralph Neville. In Two Volumes. (Post 8vo, pp. 318, 309.) Chapman and Hall. The Two Families; or, the Power of Religion. By J. C. Bateman, Author of The Netherwoods of Otterpool,' &c. (12mo, pp. 248.) Hatchard and Co.-The Family Fairy Tales; or, Glimpses of Elfland at Heatherston Hall. Edited by Cholmondeley Pennell. Illustrated by Ellen Edwards. (Small 4to, pp. 206.) J. C. Hotten. VERSE.-Heine's Book of Songs.' Translated by Charles G. Leland, Author of 'Meister Karl's Sketch Book,' &c. (Feap. 8vo, pp. 239.) Philadelphia: Leypoldt. London: Trübner.

Author of The Ladies of Bever Hollow.

ANNUAL The Post Magazine Almanack and Insurance Directory,
HALF-YEARLY.-The Brown Book.' A Book of Ready Reference to

1864.'-'The Canadian Almanack for 1864.'

Public Schools,

est

are

knowing how to read, but ardently attached to his country, and full of courage and devotion. He was born in the crown village of Dusiaty, and the Russians have only waited for an opportunity to wreak their vengeance on its inhabitants. The opportunity soon arrived: a spy brought some information which furnished the imperial troops with a pretext for entering the village and searching the peasants. MajorGeneral Kowalewskoj and Colonel Beliza, who led the Russians, began by flogging the peasants in the market place, in which they had first jected to every indignity and the most terrible suffering, the soldiery ordered a gibbet to be erected. After the peasants had been subwere let loose on the houses with permission to plunder. Seventy-four families, consisting of 280 individuals, were then sent to the citadel of Dynaburn, whence they are to be transported into the Governments of Samar and Saratow, in Eastern Russia. Russian monjicks are to be sent as settlers in their places. On the 18th December, 173 persons, including thirteen women and nineteen children, were again sent into exile from Wilna, and on the night of the 20th upwards of twenty persons were arrested, among whom was the widow of the well-known national poet Syrokomla, with her children and servants, and the guests who happened to be in her house." a

Mr Stevens's Guide Lesson Book' is a collection of extracts from books and current journals adapted for elementary exercise in reading, with analysis and interpretations of the more difficult words.

Mr Godwin's 'Another Blow for Life' is one more noble and strong effort to direct attention to the hidden wretchedness among the very poor in London, and to urge that we have no right to shut our eyes on it, as if it were in all parts absolutely irremediable. It is so produced that it may lie among the pretty books on drawing-room table, where, when opened, its pictures and its truthful text may startle here and there a heart into the sense of an undreamt-of duty.

Professor Phillips's Guide to Geology' in its fifth edition appears this week in an enlarged form, although still a clear and brief sketch of the science.

Libraries, Judge and Circulating: Amusements; Hospitals, rooms;
and Charitable Institutions of London; with full Information as to
Situation, Specialty, &c. &c.; and a Handy List, showing the Nearest
Post-office, Money Order-office, Cab-stand, Police-station, Fire-engine,
Fire-escape, Hospital, &c., to One Thousand of the Principal Streets of
the Metropolis. (8vo, pp. 152.) Saunders, Otley, and Co.
QUARTERLY.-The Westminster Review for January 1864.' Trübner
and Co.-The Popular Science Review.' Edited by Henry Lawson,
M.D. No. 10. Hardwicke.-The Journal of Agriculture.' No. 83.
New Series. Blackwood and Sons.
EVERY TWO MONTHS.-Reissue of Punch.' Vols. XXXIV and
XXXV, for the Year 1858. Bradbury and Evans.
MONTHLY.-The Art-Journal.'-The Gallery of Geography, a Pic-
torial and Descriptive Tour of the World. By the Rev. Thos. Milner,
M.A. Part III. W. and R. Chambers.- A History of the World
from the Earliest Records to the Present Time.' By Philip Smith, B.A.
Part II. Walton and Maberly. The Musical Monthly.' No. 1.' (4to,
pp. 16, and 8 pages of Music.) A. Hall, Smart, and Allen.- Watts's
Dictionary of Chemistry.' Part XI.

A pleasant novel, entitled Uncle Crotty's Relations,'
reached us too late for insertion in our list of last week's
books, and is, we observe, omitted from the above register.
We have read the book, however, and may record here not
only its name but the fact that it is agreeable, though we
forth its merit more explicitly.
shall pick some little holes in it when we come to set

PAMPHLETS. The Patent Question: a Solution of Difficulties by Abolishing or Shortening the Inventor's Monopoly, and Instituting National Recompenses. A Paper Submitted to the Congress of the Association for the Promotion of Social Science, at Edinburgh, October 1863.' By Robert Andrew Macfie, President of the Liverpool Chamber of Commerce. To which are added Translations of Earnest Contributions to Patent Reform by M. Chevalier and other Continental Economists. (8r0, pp. 96) W. J. Johnson.

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of Warsaw, that political exiles are well treated and are sent only into parts of Russia which are not very distant. "Letters from the exiles," it says, 66 to their relatives prove that they are sent to the Amoor, east of the Baikal Lake. They receive four kopeks a day, their heads are shaved, they are chained together, and proceed to their destination on foot, with a mounted escort of Cossacks. Chained and on foot on a journey to the Amoor in January! How mild, compared with this, is even the picture of a slave caravan in Soudan. And among the Poles so deported are the noblest, the most accomplished of the nation -men who have grown old in prosperity, and even women and damsels who had collected money for their relations, or clothes and bandages for their brothers in the field. And all this that Russia may

The Cologne Gazette contradicts the statement of the official Dziennik

rule as a robber to the Vistula.”

The Execution of Mackiewicz.

A letter from Kowno of the 29th ult. says: "Yesterday was a day The other novels of the week are 'Lloyd Pennant' and of deep mourning for the patriotic people of Poland and Lithuania. Ă Meadowleigh,' by the author of Mary Powell.' There hero of the insurrection whose name will be mentioned with esteem is a religious novelet for the young in Mr Bateman's tale and noble Abbe Mackiewicz, who was captured by an unfortunate and admiration by all future generations of his countrymen, the valiant of "The Two Families;' and a collection of original 'Fairy chance some days ago by the Muscovites, was hanged by order of the Tales' for family reading, by Mr Cholmondely Pennell, cruel Mouravieff, in Kowno, on the 28th inst. The heroism of this wellcontain, one a couple of translated tales from the German, sians who fell in his power during the war, the noble words he said when is very prettily produced. Neat little American volumes known Polish leader, who has held the campaign from the beginning of the insurrection, the generous manner in which he treated the RusImmen See,' and 'Grandmother and Daughter;' another, he was brought before the younger Mouravieff in Kowno (I have an American translation into a cheaper edition than the fought for the freedom and independence of my country; this is all I English one, of Andersen's 'Ice Maiden,' without pictures, have to confess. Now, general, do your duty as servant of the Czar') but with two additional appended tales, The Silver Shil--all these had surely made an impression on every other civilised ling' and 'The Old Church Bell. The translation, by Mr enemy, and had saved the life of the captured hero from a cruel revenge. Leland, of Heine's Book of Songs,' is also in a cheap little American edition, and well printed, like the other American books we have been naming, on very good

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Liszt's account of Chopin translated from the French into a neat and cheap little American volume as a "Life "of Chopin" is rather an éloge than a biography, and so far as it is biography does little more than read the Polish composer's life and character in his music. It sees in his tormented melodies the sickly irritable mind of the man who, while yet young, died of a hopeless disease, and discusses at length in successive chapters first the Polonaise as it was before Chopin and in Chopin's hands, and then his Mazurkas showing the individual soul in his music, so passing to recollections of his life and character full of musicianly sympathy and a warm friendship.

paper.

POLAN D.

Mouravieff's Rule in Lithuania.

Alas! the Mouravieffs and their fellows know nothing of such noble feelings: and the gallows received a fresh martyr. Abbé Mackiewicz died as he had lived. His last words were a prayer for Poland. The Russian officers celebrated this day, as usual, by a solemn ball." In the town of Szercszew, on the 19th ult., in the district of Pruszany, were hanged by order of Mouravieff, Anthony Ilkowski, the peasant, John Hrnezyk, and the Prussian subject, Augustus Salomon, for having taken part in the Polish insurrection.

The Insurrection.

BRESLAU, Jan. 2.-The Russians have imposed upon the kingdom of Poland a fresh contribution of 6,000,000 roubles, of which amount two millions and a half will be imposed on Warsaw.

BERLIN, Jan. 5.-According to intelligence received here from Warsaw, 250 prisoners were despatched on the 2nd inst. to Siberia, among the number of whom was Count Stanislas Zamoyski.

ordering the sequestration of all the moveable and immoveable proWARSAW, Jan. 6.-A decree has been issued by the Government perty of the higher clergy participating in the insurrection, in addition to the former contribution of 6 per cent. recently imposed upon the bishops and upon eighteen canonries.

The following circular has been issued by Mouravieff, dated the
10th (22nd) December, 1863: "By my circular of the 30th November
(12th December) I directed lists of the nobles and the whole popula-
purify the country of all persons of all classes not deserving of con-
tion to be drawn up in all districts. The chief object of this was to
fidence, and also of ill-disposed persons who might in future disturb
public peace. Considering that, according to the last reports, some of
the insurgent leaders have fled across the frontier on the approach of
winter, and dispersed their bands, quartering them on sympathising
and in the villages of crown peasants, in order that they might be
inhabitants of the country, and especially on the farms of small nobles
ready to recommence the insurrection at a more favourable opportunity,
I hereby direct your excellency to remind the military chiefs of dis-
tricts and all ranks of the police to be particularly careful that no one
shall escape being inscribed in the above mentioned lists, and that the
strictest search be made after all persons unworthy of confidence,
participators in the insurrection, and former insurgents, who are all to
be arrested, as also those who give them refuge or assist in concealing
deportation to the interior of Russia. Particular search is to be made
them, and at once sent under a strong escort to the governors for
in Roman catholic convents, rectories, and the residences of priests in
general, and the houses and estates of nobles. The proprietors and
residents of houses which have served as a refuge for ill disposed
in their persons according to law. In directing your excellency to
inform all your subordinates that they are made strictly responsible for
the execution of this decree, I expect from their activity and zeal that
in the month of January there will not be a single person unworthy of
confidence in the country that has not been observed by the police,
and that by that time the country will have been completely purified
of such injurious persons."

Dr Ogilvie's Comprehensive English Dictionary' is
thick and three-columned, with numerous clear and good
little inserted woodcuts. It is comprehensive, by including
all such Latin phrases as 'sine die,' 'quid pro quo,' &c.,
which being in common use, sometimes puzzle a man of
imperfect education; it supplies also the common want of
an interpreter of technical words, adds tables of pronuncia-persons are to be fined according to regulation, besides being punished
tion of classical names, geographical names, Scripture
names, &c., and gives in its text derivations as well as
definitions.

Mr Cook's "Lincoln's Inn Sermons," which discuss doctrine as well as moral duty, are collected into a sober and sightly library volume. The reader will remember that in adding to our classified list of Books of the Week in which their titles are fully transcribed, this account of what they look like, we simply describe their outward appearance and tell so much of their purpose as may be set forth in their prefaces. Except in the case of a few books which, like Liszt upon Chopin, are old acquaintances in some new form, or from their nature admit of quick reading and need only brief criticism, our notes on the Books of the Week reserve all critical discussion of their quality.

'Crefydd's Family Fare' gives a series of breakfasts and dinners for every day in the year, not forgetting, as material permits, to work the remains of one day's dinner into the construction of the next, and separately providing, with the same eye to the dependence of one on the other, for the parlour and the kitchen. These lists are made out for two persons, and may be adapted by multiplication to any desired number. There are also bills of fare for dinner parties for each month in the year, and a couple of schemes of tea and supper festival. In each case the estimated cost, without wine, is annexed. Then follows a strong body of receipts for making all the good things mentioned in the bills of fare, with rules for carving, and miscellaneous household recipes.

Transportation for Life of Polish Exiles.

Russians at Koch, in the government of Lublin, the result of which was CRACOW, Jan. 6.-General Kruk has had an engagement with the indecisive.

KONIGSBERG, Jan. 6.-An ukase of the Czar has been published, calling under arms all soldiers now living in the kingdom of Poland on indefinite furlough.

THORN, Jan. 7.-It is reported that the civil Governor, Laszezepski, has been relieved of his functions, and will be replaced by Herr von Roznow. The treasury of the Government Finance Committee has been transferred to the citadel.

THE LANCASHIRE DISTRESS.-At the weekly meeting of the Executive Committee at Manchester, on Monday, Mr Maclure stated that 8071. 7s. 7d. had been received during the week, and that the balance in the bank was 225,0051. 9s., including the sum of 5,3627. 14s. 9d. interest for the six months ended Dec. 31st, 1863. His monthly report shows a decrease in the numbers employed in the mills and manufactories of the cotton districts. This change for the worse, amounting to a reduction of 10,546 in those working full time, has not exceeded the anticipations expressed last month, and there is reason to fear that during the next three or four weeks the time worked in the mills of the district will not be more than at present. Three months having elapsed since the last census of unemployed operatives was taken by the larger committees, a house-to-house visitation has been made in most of those towns where, as explained in the last report, it is impossible to do so monthly. This inquiry proves that the total number has been, during the interval, reduced by 29,267 operatives, and that as compared with the last week in March there are, at the present tinie, 33,969 fewer operatives; of these persons 18,244 have emigrated to the colonies or United States, or migrated to some parts of the United Kingdom, whilst 15,725 have found employment in other occupations within the cotton districts. He also states that of the 149,038 still reported "out of work," about 4,000 are obtaining casual employment for one or two days per week in other trades in their immediate localities. The last week of December as compared with January shows a decrease of 275,877 in the total number relieved; but there were 10,059 more relieved in December than in November, the increase being 1,476 of those dependent on the guardians only, 5,308 upon local committees only, and 2,257 of those whose relief from the guardians is supplemented by the relief committees. Mr Farnall's report stated that on the 26th ult. there was an increase in the number of persons receiving parochial relief in twenty-seven unions in the cotton manufacturing districts, as compared with the number so relieved in the previous week of 1,213.

By the following decree of the Emperor, Poles who have been transported for political offences are forbidden ever to return to their country, even after the term of their exile has expired: "The Emperor, in accordance with the proposals of the Western Committee, has decided that all persons deported from the western provinces (Lithuania, Volhynia, Podolia, and the Ukraine) for political offences, to the penal companies under the civil authorities in the interior of the empire, shall, after the expiration of their term of punishment, not be sent back to the western provinces, but transported for permanent residence to the Government estates in the distant Governments of the empire, except Siberia. In informing you of this decision, you are requested to forward to the Foreign Department lists of all such persons as may be in the penal companies in your Government, not later than six months before the term of the expiration of their punishment, to enable the necessary arrangements to be made with the ministry of the crown property for transporting them to the crown lands, in accordance with the Imperial will.”

Russian Torture of Prisoners and Exiles. A letter from Wilna, dated 22nd Dec., says: "The Russian organs frequently deny that prisoners brought before the military tribunals are ever tortured. All of course are not subjected to the severest treatment, but those who are most suspected are tormented in various ways, in order to force them to make disclosures. They are kept in A MUNIFICENT GIFT.-Lady Cotton Sheppard has presented 250%. sphere, and are threatened with death, torture, and even burning alive. various sums amongst her friends and neighbours, for a lifeboat to be cells on bread and water, without any light for weeks, in a fetid atmo-to the National Lifeboat Institution, 501. of which she has collected in It is a fact that among those who lost their senses in prison, and are stationed at Porthdimnllaen, on the Carnarvonshire coast. Her ladynow in the lunatic asylum, some exclaim, "Pardon! do not flog me; ship, who takes the warmest interest in the National Lifeboat InstituMr Mayhew's Illustrated Horse Management' is a and others constantly complain that they see before them a red hot tion, has herself already given 4007. for two boats, one of which is stacompanion volume to his Illustrated Horse Doctor," but oven, and that they will be thrown into it. Does not this prove what tioned at Porthcawl, and the other at Portrush. The latter lifeboat of wider interest, for it contains full details of stable-means are used by the Russian inquisitors? You have no doubt heard was instrumental, a short time since, in rescuing during a heavy gale, of an insurgent chief in the palatinate of Kowno, named Antony the crew of ten men from the schooner Champion, of Liverpool, fittings, tells how to discriminate the points of a good groom, Lukaszewski. He is a Lithuanian peasant, a common man not even wrecked off Porthcawl,

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