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evidence condemned Governor Wall to death had for twenty to the secret influence of the French Government, no objections as lead us to prefer the Enfield as the more useful years kept the rope with which Armstrong was illegally attempt at revolt has been made either in Galicia or Posen. though less accurate weapon of the two. We must differ scourged, and evinced unmistakeable animus in his testi- How long will the motive continue to exist after the first in this point from Sir Emerson Tennent, and agree with mony, but the spirit hostile to the prisoner was the spirit cannonade is heard on the banks of the Eider? the report of the Ordnance Select Committee of 1862 on the system of rifling for small arms. The Committee speak thus in their exceedingly able report on the Whit worth rifle: "Although the reduced bore has shown a "great superiority in precision over the large calibre (the

ARMS AND SHIPS' ARMOUR.

of retribution, without which the ends of criminal justice would never be attained. An officer who believes his superior to be a tyrant who has brought about the death of a good and unoffending soldier, and that his oppression has destroyed the harmony and is impairing the discipline of his Such a book as that of Sir J. Emerson Tennent on the vast "Enfield), yet the wear that takes place in the percussionregiment, cannot give his testimony to that effect with stoical subject of shots, shells, charges of powder, wads lubricated "ing is so considerable that the rifle in a very short time indifference if there be real honesty and manliness in his and dry, Brown Bess, the bores of rifles small and large, becomes unserviceable. In the course of these expericharacter. He may be mistaken in his view without being the Enfield, the Whitworth; guns of all calibres and their "ments, and before 500 rounds had been fired from any wrong in the moral sense accompanying his view, and which, carriages; not omitting a word in season on some of their "one of the small-bore rifles, eleven hammers had been when an ill name is to be given to it, is called animus, as miscarriages; as well as observations upon iron-plated "broken by the force of the gas escaping through the if animus must always be evil. And equally remarkable ships; was needed at the present moment, if only to "nipples." The Committee objected likewise to the Whitand unfortunate it is that these Courts-Martial, which dispel some of the pestilent notions that were beginning worth cartridge, and also remarked that every Whitworth ignore the rules and technicalities of law, are a vast deal to steal over us. Some were beginning to doubt whether rifle being dearer than the Enfield by fifteen shillings, and too ready to resort to a technicality when it may serve to there had not arisen a mighty power, the representative the wear and tear and breakage being so much greater, convey a vague prejudice against any object of their dis- of which had founded a new dynasty of hereditary gun- the expense formed matter of grave consideration. The pleasure. makers within these realms, and had by his astonishing Committee, consequently, could not advise general adopWe do not mean to contend that witnesses are to have talent created the necessity for a close monopoly, which, tion of the Whitworth, although its partial adoption immunity from any animadversion that may seem called for for the benefit of the present race and the advantage of for certain men who were expert marksmen might be at the time from their manner of giving their evidence, but posterity, was to be maintained as the exclusive privilege expedient. The report of this Committee was printed such animadversion should be very sparingly used, and of one great man. We do not find that Sir Emerson enter- by the House of Commons, on the motion of Mr Kinnaird. should not be followed up with anything in the shape of a tains these opinions; on the contrary, he is manifestly of a For ourselves we entertain a very strong opinion that judgment upon conduct affecting an officer's prospects. It different way of thinking, and considers that the more the very fine and close shooting, at long distances, in the is true that our judges in their charges occasionally reflect manufactures of the country are thrown open to the inge- army generally is of doubtful value. When we see the upon witnesses, but this only with a view to the just appre-nuity of all-comers, the more perfect is the product of their preposterous pains men take in shooting for prizes, refusing ciation of their evidence by the jury. Courts-Martial too, in competition likely to become. after the manner of great singers to speak above a whisper, their secret deliberations, must be quite free to discuss the The book, as we have seen, begins with a history wrapping themselves up when cold, denuding themselves bearing and manner of witnesses and the weight to be of Brown Bess, and the author pleasantly enough points of garments when warm, putting their elbows and hands attached to their evidence, with a view to the finding, out to us how long her charms had reigned triumphant over into cold water or eau de Cologne to steady their nerves, But what is to be protested against as of bad practice and the hearts of the British army. Indeed, the defenders of and then reflect that the gentleman under this treatment example and cruel effect, is the judgment carrying punish- Tilbury Fort in the days of our fair and regal Bess, pro- might, in a stricken field, be called upon to deliver a ment with it passed upon witnesses for evidence they have tected her and her fort with the identical Brown Bess, shot after running half a mile, stumbling over the dead been compelled to give, and have not given untruthfully, which afterwards asserted her power at Ramillies, Mal- bodies of his comrades, and with his nerves unstrung but allegedly with bad motive. Motives are easily imputed, placquet, Blenheim, on the heights of Abraham, at Bla- by anger,-we would not for the world insinuate a less and difficult of proof, and it certainly seems to us a great densburgh and the taking of Washington, and smiled on noble emotion,-why it seems to us that a man so cirinjustice to condemn men to ruin upon an arbitrary assump- Wellington from Assaye to Waterloo. Even that eminent cumstanced would not pay very accurate attention to tion of questionable motives, or bad feelings. war Christian, the Bishop of Labuan, with Terry's breech- his sights, but blaze away as best he might. As regards loader, hardly comes up to the excellent practice which great guns, between the only two permitted competitors Daniel Defoe insists upon it that Robinson Crusoe made Armstrong and Whitworth, the narrator of their story with Brown Bess at the cannibals who intruded on his evidently leans to the latter and gives Mr Whitworth privacy. Be this as it may, there are now produced the credit of being the first to penetrate the Warrior In his intervals of leisure as hangman-general of for us some wonderful tables of practice of this weapon, target with a flat-headed shot; but we do not observe Lithuania, Count Mouravieff occupies himself with penal the rule of which seems to be that it never by any chance that Sir Emerson refers to the fact that the flat-headed plunder. Tired of playing the vulture, he betakes himself hits what it may be aimed at; and a doubt is hazarded shot is no more the invention of Whitworth than the to the functions of the vampire. The blood is to be whether a body of cross-bowmen would not be more destruc- coil system is the invention of Armstrong. Sir Emerson sucked out of the timid and the languid when the bones tive than a body of Brown Bess-men. The French and points out that Captain Blakely asked permission at his of the courageous are no longer to be broken. The "luke- other European nations had worse muskets, luckily, with own expense to bring a piece of ordnance into the field among the middle and upper classes, says the weak locks and powder of the vilest description; conse- against Armstrong and Whitworth, but met with a refusal, Russian commander, must be fleeced and mulcted into quently we were better armed than our opponents. It was by which appears as hard to explain as it is objectionable. loyalty. Love of race, of country, and of creed is the French, however, that we were first enlightened upon Captain Blakely has always denied that any engineer could characterized in his despatches to St Petersburg as an great guns and small arms; and as in this country it is, and build up sides of any sea-going ship strongly enough to epidemic so prevalent that nothing but universal cautery always has been, considered vulgar to have an original keep out shot or shell from guns which he can conwill get rid of it; and this must be applied broadly and military idea, so from the French we borrowed the Paixhans struct, and has constructed. Captain Blakely is not inwithout distinction wherever the faintest symptom of gun and the Minié rifled musket. The Americans then clined to put faith in the shape of shot or shell, but believes disaffection has shown itself. Special imposts in addition taught us that a pistol which could fire six successive shots that a gun built of such strength as will carry a large to those already existing are imposed on all owners of was a more formidable weapon than a pistol which could charge of powder with safety, is all that is requisite, and property whatsoever, the onus being thrown on those fire only one shot at a time. When the minds of our War that opinion appears to be gaining ground. who hope for exemption of proof that they have actively Authorities were just recovering from a painful tension of There are certain axioms on which Sir Emerson Tennent taken part with the spoilers. Everywhere, it is said, the intellect, the consequence of entertaining more than one relies, and which are quoted by him with advantage. civil functionaries of the Government who are of Polish idea at a time, that busy and clever Prince, the Emperor While we attended after he was dead to the advice of the origin have betrayed their sympathy with the cause of of the French, invented a rifled field-piece, with which he Duke of Wellington, which we had neglected while he insurrection. All have not done so openly; but in one incontinently dusted the white jackets of the stolid Aus- was yet living, and proceeded to put our country into way or other nearly all are said to have done so. The trians, from a distance then scarcely believed possible. some sort of defensive position, the consequence of class, therefore, is not only to be denounced and fined for Solferino changed the armament of the whole world, and which was the springing up of our Volunteer force; we its moral complicity in patriotism, but it is to be that change is due to the talent of Napoleon the Third. neglected the great Field-Marshal's wise advice never to extinguished. Russians, and none but Russians, are in After Europe had been completely armed with rifled great adopt any supposed improvement in our national armament future to be employed in the misgovernment of Poland; guns, and the Italians had used not only field-pieces, but which was not completely perfected.

THE POLES AND THEIR TORMENTORS.

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and as the service, it is apprehended, will be one of no siege guns of that description; after the Spaniards had wasted on Sir William Armstrong's crude designs, not one little discomfort, if not of danger, the salaries of the new read a lesson to the Moors with rifled ordnance, and of which is yet perfected, is the fine that has been paid by officials are to be fifty per cent. higher than those of the France, Spain, and Portugal had armed their respective us for slighting this advice. old ones, to be paid for by an extra tax on the outlawed navies with those weapons, England began to think there and outraged Poles. No other system, Europe is assured, might be something in it; and Sir Emerson Tennent upon armour-clad ships appear to us to be generally The observations made by Sir J. Emerson Tennent holds out any hope of tranquillising the country. takes up his succinct and clear history of modern guns, judicious. But we cannot at present make further obserThe Government of Prussia, as if it had not enough on just as our War Authorities had run the country up a bill vation on that part of the subject. We would, however, its hands already, seems bent on kindling the flame of insur- of nearly three millions, and conferred the honour of generally remark that no obstruction which it may be rection in Posen, where hitherto it has smouldered. Some knighthood on Sir William Armstrong for failing on one possible to heap upon a sea-worthy, sea-going ship can iniquitous acts of administrative oppression and pillage point or another in all he attempted. The book lays the possible to heap upon a sea-worthy, sea-going ship can are reported as having been perpetrated where no resistance whole account of the strange conduct of our Executive against it. Monster guns may be employed on forts, but withstand the ordnance, either prepared or preparing to Prussian authority is even pretended to have taken before the public without drawing deductions from the facts. against it. Monster guns may be employed on forts, but place. We begin to think we erred in treating King Wil- But those deductions are so self-evident that its silence is from the evidence before us we fully believe that rifled liam and his Ministers as lunatics. Madmen are defined perfectly eloquent. guns, not more weighty than our useless 68-pounders, may as those who reason rationally from irrational premisses; Sir Emerson Tennent is not at all blind to the eminent be found to go to sea in our ships, and perforate the armourbut Count Bismark and his colleagues do not answer the scientific qualities of Sir William Armstrong; he makes plated ships of any hostile nation because they can perforate former part of the description. Their ways and means of them known to the general public so fully and generously We cannot understand any idle assertion having weight our own. At present we have no such guns in our navy. misrule are as incomprehensibly bad as its aims and that the Knight of Elswick's general reputation will be with the public, that we are on equal terms with the objects. Foolish and factious as the conduct of the Berlin raised rather than lowered by this publication of plain Americans, because we have guns with as great trajectory Chamber of Representatives has been, it has yet had facts. But at the same time it by no means appears that his the generosity and wisdom to liberate from arrest power of making black appear white on paper, probably power. Witness the Armstrong 110-pounder gun which certain Polish members of its own body who had engendered by an early acquaintance with the law, should may carry a shot five miles, but cannot penetrate an ironbeen dealt with apparently on mere suspicion. We do put him beyond competition with others, many of whom penetrative force that we must find and bring into our plated target at 200 yards. It is not trajectory power but not affect to believe that the majority who thus voted have been more immediately connected with the working service. against Ministers have any desire to see Poland free. But of hard metal. Among those referred to in the story of at a moment when they are urging Germany to undertake the guns are Whitworth and Blakely. As regards Whita crusade for the partition of Denmark, they have common worth, we are almost inclined to think that the author sense enough to defer provoking an unsettlement of Prussia's has yielded himself too completely to the influence of a part of the past partition of Poland. The Prussian Execu- natural admiration for that engineer's undoubted talent. tive, hoping vainly to propitiate Russia perhaps at a junc-There is no doubt that the Whitworth rifle, speaking of ture so pritical, lends itself with a meanness that is worse small arms, as far as trajectory power and precision Commission of Lunacy into a man s competency to manage Three weeks is rather a short time for an inquiry by than madness to the imitation of Russia's most detestable are required, deserves all eulogy bestowed upon it; but his affairs, but in two hours Mr Scott, the Derbyshire policy. Shall we wonder if the long-suffering Poles in something more is required of a weapon before it can be Magistrate, and his three colleagues, had satisfied themPosen are convinced at last of the futility of their forbear-adjudged the best, for general use of an army, and we selves of the insanity of Townley, and certified accordance during the last twelve months to join their brethren must say that the small bore of the Whitworth rifle, its ingly. The tribunal for the occasion was composed, at in arms? Universality has been truly characterized as the liability to clog, its recalcitrant powers, and on a continued the instance of the prisoner's attorney, Mr Leech, of Mr soul of an insurrectionary war. Owing, it is whispered, fire its liability to fly to pieces, in our opinion are such Cox and Mr Scott, Justices of the Peace, Dr Good

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THE SHORT AND EASY PROCESS TO FIND
INSANITY.

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and Mr Harwood, medical officers, the Governor and drawing the large supply formerly sent to China, and of the Arran Isles, ought to be well paid for their rough nd Chaplain of the Jail assisting and approving. A certificate sweeping the India market of all manner of rubbish, raising and dangerous service. Of all the waters of the British had before been signed to the same effect, but a doubt the cost enormously to the Indian wearer and consumer. As Isles the wide mouth of the deep bay of Galway is most having been raised as to its validity, as two of the magis-to the quality of the Indian cotton, it has not only under-exposed to the worst weather. It is there that south-west trates were borough magistrates, and the Act seemed to gone no improvement, but suffered a great deterioration. gales prevail in their greatest fury, and driving in the require county magistrates, that certificate was not used, "India cotton," said Mr Cheetham at the Manchester wildest sea in the thickest weather, for so it always is but another obtained, as we have stated. It is to be re- meeting, "was never more contemptible in the opinion of when it over-blows. For days together a pilot might be marked that, after the signing of the first certificate, the "the manufacturer and workman than at the present in his boat hove to, nominally on the look-out for ships, Governor, according to the statement of Mr Cox, "ex-"moment." while he could not see the length of his own little vessel. "pressed his great gratification and approval of what had Now for this despised commodity our dire necessities com- This is not done now, because the two pilots of Galway "been done, adding that now Townley could not be pelled us to pay last year the gigantic sum of 43,000,000l., are good only for the roadstead, keeping prudently, as the hanged." Yet if we remember rightly, that same a sum sufficient to pay the interest of the national debt, Captain of the Anglia explained, inside the dangers. And officious official denied that he had uttered or formed any leaving a handsome balance of 15,000,000l. It is morti- we really cannot see what is to tempt them to do more. opinion as to the sanity or insanity of Townley. The mur-fying to compare this failure of mighty, large-promising The fact is that Galway is altogether a mistake. Galway derer's keeper rejoiced nevertheless at his escape from the British India with the success of little Egypt, ruled by a is misplaced for a port, and it would cost half a million to gallows and the jail. They manage matters so at Derby. mere Turk. In 1861, Egypt supplied us with no more make a safe roadstead, leaving the approaches with their Mr Scott says that the opinions of the Governor and the than 97,800 bales of cotton, and under the stimulant of irremediable dangers. How Galway ever came to think of Chaplain strengthened his impression that Townley was great prices, furnished last year 248,700 bales, the quality the sea is indeed inexplicable, like many other things in mad, and so, after an examination lasting only two hours, of the Egyptian, tested by price, being three-fold that of Ireland, and ere this the slender traffic should have corhe forthwith signed the certificate, but without knowing the Indian cotton. Here we have not a paltry increase of rected the great mistake. But as Galway has the knack the uses to be made of it. We attach no importance to the 26 per cent., but a handsome one of 154 per cent., or close of getting its whims indulged, it will no doubt get moles last point, as the effect of the certificate under a dan- upon six times as much. This really amounts to nothing and pilots, and all the furniture of a port except traffic. gerous and absurd statute had nothing to do with the short of an indecent exposure of Indian misrule by its What will be its last cry ought, indeed, to be its first,question of fact whether the man was mad or not. own authors. We have repeatedly insisted that the pri- ships. But ships have no call there, and well it is for mordial farming of Hindoos would never furnish a substi- them that they have not, as storm and fog make their tute for the lost supply of America, and that, in a word, favourite home of those waters. Hindoos were about as unequal to the production of fine. cotton as of steam engines and locomotives, and so it has turned out. The late Lord Canning, as our readers know, had passed a law for the sale of wild lands in India, which would, for the first time, have put India on a level with our colonies, with the advantages of European skill and

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It is to be observed that both the proceedings took place after the Inquiry of the Lunacy Commissioners, and evinced the resolution to take the question out of the hands most competent to deal with it. The prisoner's attorney knew better than to leave his client's fate to the judgment of the authorities most likely to come to an unbiassed and correct conclusion. And so justice was defeated, and a most mischievous example of impunity

presented.

The question that must now occur to every mind is how it is that so long, minute, and searching an inquiry is necessary to ascertain sanity or insanity with a view to the management of property, while, where justice is concerned, any four gentlemen-two magisterial, two medical-can settle all doubt in a couple of hours. This latter selfappointed commission does not require the examination of every soul who has had any knowledge of the party; it needs no throng of witnesses, no counsel to argue the pro and con, cross-examine, and browbeat, no array of medical authorities. It goes into a prison chamber, looks at the prisoner, asks him questions upon which he knows his life depends, takes his answers, marvels that they are not as coherent as the rope waiting to hang him, and in two short hours by the clock comes to the most positive conclusion. Now all that we ask is, why this short and easy process, if good for criminal justice, is not equally good when property is concerned.

capital and cheap India labour, a measure which, had it

been honestly carried out, would by this time have put us
in the way of a large permanent supply of good Indian
cotton. It was smothered in the smoke raised by the
Council of old Indians, for which, and for various other
short-comings, Sir Charles Wood, its responsible head, is
soundly, and we think very justly, rated by the unsparing
magnates of Manchester. These hard-headed men by no
means measure the value of the right honourable gentle-
man's services at his own estimate of them, especially
objecting to his flashy exposition of them before the electors
of Halifax, men no doubt very knowing in wool, but very
ignorant of cotton and India.

GALWAY'S WANTS AGAIN.

THE CONDITION OF THE LABOURER.

the condition of the labouring class in every country will We fear much that, in despite of philanthropic efforts, ment than upon any law, whether of politics or property. always depend more upon its industrial state and developAdam Smith said, long ago, that the condition and wages of the labourer depended upon the progressive or stationary nature of that upon which he was employed. Even this being directed more to the use of machinery than the is not so true as it was, the efforts of progress in all Australia are out of the question. There the demand for employ of increased labour. Of course America and labour, from the quantity of unoccupied soil, renders the countries, at no great distance from us either, which offer peasant's condition eminently progressive. But there are fair tests of the value of what Mr Bright alleges, viz., that the condition of the labourer must be very much improved by a wider distribution of political power.

with the slice that the French law of succession takes.

France is one of those countries. Universal suffrage, It is difficult to understand the wants of Galway. we know, prevails in it. And the manifest effect of this Galway wanted a subsidy for a direct communication with universal suffrage in France is to make the representatives If Townley's competency to manage his affairs had North America. Galway got the subsidy, but made the of the rustic districts, where peasants unquestionably prebeen in question, does any one believe that he would have packet line not direct but a Liverpool line touching at dominate, constitute an immense majority over the towns. been found unqualified? He wants the reason to qualify Galway. Galway boasted what a fine safe port it was, In fact, the French agricultural peasant has the suffrage him to be hung, but has all that is necessary to qualify wanting no pilotage, as vessels could find their way in and completely in his own power. He has thus the political him to conduct affairs. There is only one explanation of out in all weathers. But this would not last, and Galway law of inheritance, which pleases this gentleman. Landed state which Mr Bright recommends, and he has also the the different treatment of the same question when it relates is now crying out for pilots. Galway has only two pilots, to property and when it relates to justice, and that is, that and those shore pilots. Galway now calls out for four pilots. It is, however, so plain, even to the rustic mind, that a property is divided equally amongst sons and daughters. property is considered of incomparably more importance The Anglia got stranded for want of a pilot, for whose than justice, and the protection of life is regarded as of less guidance she had waited and signalled in vain for many cannot be divided without considerable loss, that the heirs farm, with dwellings and farm houses and a certain area, concern than the protection of money, or money's worth. hours, and her Captain explained that Galway pilotage was The history of the Townley case is now complete, with only to be had inside the dangers while it was only wanted generally agree not to divide it. One takes the farm, one exception, which is rather a considerable one, namely, outside the dangers. But in the fine port of Galway there is and mortgages it to pay their shares to his co-heirs, together whether he has been found mad in Bedlam, and is now this difficulty, that if it blows at all from the westward a actually and properly under treatment for insanity. Two pilot cannot, without great peril, if at all, be got on board an hours sufficed to settle the question at Derby, has a inward-bound vessel nor got out of an outward-bound one. poverishment of the French peasant proprietors to a point month's trial confirmed or reversed that judgment in the One of the mail packets was delayed many hours as she as low as the state of the British farm servant. Wheaten great criminal lunatic asylum? could not get delivered of her pilot, and had to put back bread is unknown to large numbers of the population. Its to smooth water, where a boat could be got out without place is supplied by rye or by chestnuts. Beef and mutton swamping. It was on that occasion announced that for the are unheard of, pork is rare and bad. And as the French future pilots would be dispensed with, as there was more peasant abhors salt and dried meats, bacon he knows not. trouble with them than need of them; but then happened It may be said, however, and perhaps with some justice, the mishap of the Anglia, and more pilots has become the cry. At a recent public meeting at Galway respecting the case of the Anglia, Mr Stephen held forth as follows about pilotage:

THE MANCHESTER CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
AND THE COTTON SUPPLY.

The Manchester Chamber of Commerce held its anniversary meeting on Tuesday last. We have a full report of its proceedings, and what is said on such an occasion by its leaders, the Ashworths, the Masons, the Penders, and the Cheethams, the very princes of British industry, is well worth hearing, for it is sure to be pregnant with sound knowledge and instruction.

The consequence, as is well known, is the gradual im

that France offers an unfair field of experiment. For although it may nominally enjoy universal suffrage, there is a Constitution which destroys and neutralizes all the liberty it falsely promises and implies. In France, though there may be no aristocracy of elder brothers, or rotten It was in a very inefficient state, and unlike what should exist in a great port like Galway. There was no pilot from the roadstead to boroughs, there is still the Government, its officers and Arran. The two they had were shore pilots, and were not authorised to agents, which rule the country and oppress it, much as an It appears, then, that after ransacking the whole tem-go beyond the roads, and he therefore thought they ought to appoint aristocracy might, and thus destroy all the naturally good a committee to inquire into the present state of the pilotage, and with effects of political and social equality. perate and tropical world from Italy to Japan, and giving a view to having two more appointed. On their books, so far back as enormous bounties for cotton, our present supply is equal to no more than three and a half days out of six of the

July last, they had a notice for the appointment of another pilot, but Well, then, let us turn to another country, in which we from that hour none had been appointed. If the safety of the ships are very much interested at the present moment, and of

quantity necessary to work our looms in employ. Sup- to be protected in the bay of Galway; and with that view he begged was not to be considered, the lives and property of passengers ought which our readers will be glad, independent of economical

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posing that no increase in our supply had taken place for to move that a committee of inquiry be appointed to report to the dispute, to learn something. That country is Denmark. years, which would be contrary to the experience of board on the present state of the pilotage, with a view to the appoint. It was a country once very much like England; its soil fifty years, our supply was short last year of what it was ing of two more. If the man who got a vessel down the bay was was possessed by a feudal aristocracy and gentry, who in 1861 or before the American Civil War, in the pro- allowed to bring her into dock, they would establish a competition ground down the peasant class certainly to as low a level portion of seven to twelve, or a deficit running close They had forty pilots at Limerick, and there were only two in Gal-as could be found in England or elsewhere. With the without injuring any person, and the work would be better done. upon one-half. The full supply of 1861 cost us about way. How could one man be expected to watch vessels in a bay twenty-progress of time came, however, revolution. The lower 30,000,0007., and the present year's scant one it is esti-seven miles long and nine miles wide? By getting two additional classes rose in mutiny, and awarded to the Crown despotic mated will cost us not less than 90,000,000l., so that for pilots to go down the bay the chances were that no vessel would be power for the purpose of cutting off the entails and allowed to pass. the scant supply we are paying about three times what we destroying the privileges of the gentry. The Crown did The fallacy throughout is the assumption that Galway is its bidding. And the Danish aristocracy, obliged to pay India is the country which has furnished us with the a great port. Galway is not a port of any importance. To its debts and abide by the non-thrift of possessors, sunk largest supply to make up for the loss of the American class it as a third-rate port is, perhaps, to class it rather too gradually away. Their lands were first mortgaged, then cotton, but India, as we always predicted in this journal, high. It ranks far below Dublin, Cork, Waterford, Belfast, let, last of all sold to capitalists; and men of a comwill never supply the place of America, and its failure to Limerick, and Londonderry, and a little above Skibbereen, mercial class, Germans very often, became the propriedo so has been most exemplary. In 1861, the price of Sligo, Tralee, and such small places. If, then, Galway had tors. These are the farmers, called Verpachters, of Surat or the best Indian cotton in the Liverpool market more pilots what would Galway do with them, how would Denmark and Holstein. The revolution has since been was from 34d. to 4d. a pound; it ranges at present at from Galway find employment for them, and how would they carried further. The King is no longer despotic. There is 20d. to 23d. a pound, so that we are really paying a bounty subsist? Pilots live upon traffic, but small is the traffic of a legislative assembly elected, all but about a dozen memof some 500 per cent. on the normal price, and what has Galway, and we doubt whether Galway averages two small bers, by a very democratic franchise. The assembly is been the result? In 1861 India supplied us with 968,000 ships in and out in a week, exclusive of the subsidized our friend, the Rigsraad. Mr Bright would highly approve bales of cotton, and last year with 1,220,000, a paltry packets. How, then, could Galway support the four pilots of its composition. The agricultural labourer, however, increase of no more than 26 per cent., and this, too, is not of which Galway is ambitious? And Galway pilots, fares no better under it than he has fared under preceding he produce of increased growth, but the result of with-expected to go knocking about, looking out for ships abreast governments. The climate of Denmark, with its long

winter, its need of peat supply and cattle stock, with the pasture requisite, does not admit of small peasant properties or proprietors. They would starve; and therefore democratic institutions can do nothing for the labouring Danish peasant. He is what he was and ever will be. And yet he is extremely well educated, and can read and write to perfection. But even this will not give him a farm, or a joint, or a spit to turn it.

Whilst detailing such facts, we are very far from saying that the condition of the English agricultural labourer is not to be discussed, inquired into, and bettered. But it is not

men to desire.

Correspondence.

*

both what Canon M'Neile himself alleged and what the Bishop of Oxford represented him as alleging.

My object, in making any comment on the speeches of Canon M'Neile, is not to defend the Bishop of Oxford, but to inquire:

sustain it."

tion to be saved."

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OUR 68-POUNDER PEA-SHOOTERS. Sir,-When the able Special Correspondent of the Times, 1. How far certain opinions, implied or expressed in the writing from Richmond, Virginia, conjugates the verb caveo, speeches of Canon M'Neile, are countenanced by the Articles and echoes the burden of my song on the subject of our de- of the Church of England. ficiency in artillery, it is certainly "confirmation strong." 2. What effect the enunciation of such views as those of assured us that Parrott's guns in the North and Brooke's Ireland. In a former letter the Special Correspondent of the Times Canon M'Neile is likely to have on the Roman Catholics of guns in the South possessed a penetrative power against Canon M'Neile is reported in the daily papers to have which no armour-plates were of avail, and a Frenchman, ad-spoken at the Church Congress as follows: a question to be advanced by being made either a party or dressing the Emperor of the French and relating his expe- "But, on the contrary, if the object of the Church were to Chrisa class one, or by being treated with either rudeness or riences of the siege of Charleston, fully confirmed every word tianise the country-a country which, without it, must remain un dogmatism. The Times was inconsiderate in accusing the so written, and gave practical instances of the penetrative Christianised, or anti-Christian-then to say that it did not succeed British Gracchi of agrarianism. They know England too Power of a gun of 9-inches calibre, constructed by Brooke, was a good reason for strengthening its hands, and no reason at all well to broach such a doctrine; and the Gracchi ought to with four shots, at the range of nine hundred yards. which destroyed an iron-plated monitor, named the Keokuk, for withdrawing support. Was this the object of it or not? If Romanism were saving Christianity, then withdraw have known public opinion better than to hope to enlist While perusing these opinions and facts, I could not help the Church of Ireland; but if Romanism were anti-Christian, then it on the side of a flunkeyish dislike to see journalists laughing as I called to mind the speech of that "true-hearted associating with their natural equals in polite and well- tar" (as old Dibdin hath it), Rear-Admiral and Secretary to The Bishop of Oxford then remarked: informed society. A great part of political information in the Admiralty, the Lord Clarence Paget, and the audacious "I for one dare not hold, and, being obliged to speak, most solemnly this country is oral, and confined to the upper classes. If buncombe with which he indoctrinated the Mayor of Sand-enter my protest against the statement-and we have no right what a journalist may not come near them, he must doom him- wich at a dinner in that burgh, eaten not long since. In that ever to say it-that no member of the Church of Rome is in a condiself and his readers to a certain amount of unnecessary tion need not be impaired by anything he might hear, for that speech the noble Secretary assured the Mayor that his digesignorance, an effect that Mr Bright and Mr Cobden, liberal the armament of our gallant ships was never in a more effi- said so," &c., the Bishop of Oxford rejoined, In consequence of Canon M'Neile affirming, "I never and intelligent as they are, would certainly be the last cient and satisfactory state. Bearing this speech in mind, "I understood him to say that we could not maintain the Church now let us read a few words from the Special Correspondent in Ireland unless we distinctly stated that there was not saving truth Beyond that answer upon its own low ground to a of the Times, in a second letter on the same subject, dated in the Popish community. That I distinctly understood him. I frivolous suggestion, it need hardly be said that, whatever Richmond, December 21, published here on the 23rd of rejoice, however, to hear that he did not mean what those words their calling, if it bring them into contact with the world, January. Thus he writes: convey to my mind." From the above it is clear that the Bishop of Oxford conit is impossible that liberal and educated men should not Again I feel tempted to raise a warning voice about the disparity establish mutual relations of goodwill, aid, or companion-of the armament on board of the English and American navies. It ceived himself justified in understanding the language of is impossible for those who have been many months absent from Canon M'Neile's first speech to imply, that we could not ship among persons of almost every degree. England to be well informed as to the actual state of public opinion maintain the Church in Ireland unless we distinctly stated at the present moment upon this vital subject. But, judging from that Romanism is not saving Christianity, and that no bond the officers of her Majesty's navy who have at rare intervals brought fide Roman Catholic can be saved. Such a view, I think, vessels of war into Confederate ports, it appears still to be held that every attentive reader will presume his Lordship intended to the 68-pounder or 8-inch smooth bore is England's best weapon of express. It now remains to be seen whether such a view is offence against iron-clad vessels. The experience gained at Charleston confirmed by Canon M'Neile's explanatory rejoinder, which enables me confidently to affirm that as well might you pelt one of the runs as follows: Yankee Monitors or the Ironsides with peas as expect them to be in any way damaged by 8-inch shot. Another disagreeable question forces Romanism is not saving Christianity. But I am not committed to the "I am, therefore, committed to this statement, that in my opinion itself upon an Englishman's attention when he is cognizant of the statement, that no individual member of the Romish Church can be terrific broadside thrown by the eight 11-inch guns of the Ironsides saved. I believe there are members belonging to the Roman Catholic one of the most formidable broadsides, in the opinion of the de- Church who are not Roman Catholics, and do not worship the crose, fenders of Charleston, which has ever been thrown by any vessel. and do not say prayers to the Virgin, which I believe is as rank idoHave we any ship in existence which could successfully resist such latry as," &c. a broadside, and respond to it with anything like commensurate weight and vigour? I should be faithless to my duty if I did not Wherein he pledges himself to the statement, "that Romention that it is the universal opinion of all the English officers manism is not saving Christianity;" and further, his strange serving in the Confederate army with whom I have conversed that language about Roman Catholics who are not Roman Catho England is behind America in the weight and power of the guns sent lics, seems to imply his belief, if it implies anything, that by both nations to sea. no bona fide Roman Catholic can be saved, which is also, I Your readers will not misunderstand the Times' Special conceive, a sentiment the Bishop of Oxford thought to be Correspondent, and suppose that he refers to the pea-shooting fairly deducible from his first speech. he refers entirely to the glorious family of Brown Bess, of the Canon alludes to the Bishop of Oxford in the following In his oration at a meeting of the above-mentioned Society, qualities of all guns of 8-inch calibre; on the contrary, 8-inch calibre, in which the British Lion at present rejoices, and which have the power to burn with safety a weak cartridge containing only sixteen pounds of powder. Such is the Britishers' best naval gun at present, and such is the peashooting implement which Secretary my Lord Clarence Paget assures the Mayor of Sandwich is the perfection of naval

GROUNDLESS PROCEEDINGS FOR DIVORCE. The Lords Justices have decided against the claim for costs in the Divorce Court, which we noticed in our last number. The presiding Judge regarded the proceedings as wholly groundless, and observed, that the attorney should have exercised more caution before he took up the jealous woman's case, and might easily have satisfied himself that his client was labouring under delusions. But an attorney's judgment is very much influenced by the prospect of costs; and farther, as the true Amphitryon is he with whom Sosia dines, so the lawyer thinks the client rational who has the discernment to employ him. Where then, again we ask, is the security against groundless proceedings, carrying with them scandal and defamation. See in the following petition all that is necessary to commence a suit, how easy the first step, after which there is a halt, during which evil-speaking, lying, and slandering have full swing. And though the charge may not be credible, it gives opportunity and occasion for all the worst that can be said or conceived against the object. In the matter of Timothy Joseph O'Kane, of No. 26 Inverness

road, Bayswater, in the county of Middlesex, gentleman,

Dated 19th day of October, A.D., 1863. Showeth: 1. That your petitioner was on the 2nd day of October, 1851, lawfully married to Margaret Matilda Augusta Morris, of No. 2 John street, Sutton street, Commercial road East, in the said county of Middlesex, spinster, at St George's-in-the-East, in the said

county of Middlesex.

2. That, after his said marriage, your petitioner lived and cohabited with his said wife at No. 2 John street, Sutton street, Commer cial road East aforesaid; at Gravesend, in the county of Kent; at Dingle, Killarney, and Tralee, all in the county of Kerry, in Ireland;

and at No. 26 Grove place, Brompton, in the county of Middlesex; and that there was issue of the said marriage-viz., one son and four daughters,

2

armament.

I never said so. *

*

"Now, in saying all this I must not be misrepresented as I was at the Manchester Congress by the Lord Bishop of Oxford. I was there misrepresented as having said that no Roman Catholic could be saved. viduals at all; and the Lord Bishop of Oxford knew that as well as I The question is not about indidid-I take the liberty of telling him so now. * * The question from-Can a Romanist be saved?" question is-Is Romanism saving Christianity? A very different

*

It is curious and instructive to read the naval columns of our daily papers, and to observe how our old 68-pounders and Armstrong's useless 110-pounders continue to be placed Christianity ? may be a different one from the puerile queryIt is manifest that the question-Is Romanism saving on board our ships as they are commissioned and hoist their Can a Romanist who is not a Romanist be saved? But if to our gallant navy, and only useful as a reminder that for Roman Catholic, it is quite clear that it is involved in the pendants; just as if each ship so armed were not a disgrace the question-Can a Romanist be saved? refer to a bona fide the last seventy years the proceedings of our Boards of former question. And this, I apprehend, will be evident on Admiralty have been more resembling the acts of lunatics ascertaining the significance of the interrogation-Is Romanthan those of men possessed of ordinary intelligence. What is the War Office doing? What has become of ism saving Christianity? This is clearly equivalent to the Armstrong and his Dear Bill? What means this painful salvation of those believing in it and endeavouring to live following: Can the creed of Roman Catholicism secure the 3. That on or about the 16th day of June, 1863, and at divers silence in Printing-house square? Is there something rotten according to it? Hence it appears that this is a personal other days and times at Cambridge House, No. 94 Piccadilly, in the in the state of Denmark? You know it will be necessary to question, and does refer to individuals; and, in answering it said county of Middlesex, and at divers other places, the said Margaret do something to make a splash and delude the public just as in the negative, Canon M'Neile (notwithstanding his asserMatilda Augusta O'Kane committed adultery with one Henry John Parliament meets, or members will be hunting up Lord Har- tion to the contrary) does judge his fellow-servants-viz., all Temple, Viscount Palmerston, K.G., First Lord of Her Majesty's tington and taxing his powers how not to tell it. The Times' Treasury, genuine Roman Catholics. Your petitioner, therefore, humbly prays that this honourable her tremendous battery of guns. There is, I suspect, a plain inference from them, to what statements he is pledged, Special Correspondent speaks of the Federal Ironsides and Having ascertained from the Canon's own words, and by Court will be pleased to decree and declare the said marriage of your petitioner and the said Margaret Matilda Augusta O'Kane to be dis- typographicl error in the statement that they are 11-inch guns. I shall now inquire, as at first proposed, whether those stateBolved; and that your petitioner may have such further and other The 11-inch Dahlgren is the gun commonly used in the relief in the premisses as to this honourable. Court may seem meet. American Navy, but the Ironsides carries a battery of 13-ments are countenanced by the Articles of our Church. And your petitioner claims 20,0001, damages against the said Henry inch guns, and the Times' correspondent is quite right in of the Romish Church contained in the Articles of our As the severe censures on certain doctrines and practices John Temple, Viscount Palmerston, K.G., First Lord of Her Majesty's designating it as the heaviest battery ever used in naval Church are familiar to every one, I need not enumerate them. Treasury. And your petitioner will ever pray. TIMOTHY JOSEPH O'KANE. Well, what are our able engineers about in these threaten- But I venture to affirm that no approach is made in them to And there the matter rests, a day having only just been ing times? The Mersey Company, which produced the tianity, or that no genuine Roman Catholic can be saved." an explicit statement that Romanism is not saving Chrisfixed when the petitioner must either go on with his suit Government, have had the cold shoulder; they are construct- by a Church claiming infallibility; and such a claim the monster Horsfall gun, and handsomely presented it to the Indeed, such presumptuous statements could only be made or drop it, having libelled the Prime Minister with ing guns made on the principle of Captain Forbers, and Church, in her twenty-first Article, emphatically disavowS impunity for months, if the charge be groundless. We sending them abroad extensively. They are steel guns, for herself, even when assembled in General Council; and ask again, who is safe against a proceeding like this, 12-pounder breech-loaders, thought by foreigners the best such claim to infallibility she surely does not make in the and might not adultery be charged against a Bishop in his breech-loaders extant, stronger and more simple than Armpalace, as easily as against Lord Palmerston in his house, strong's guns. Sir W. Armstrong boasts in the Times that person of Canon M'Neile. On so grave a question as the on a certain day, and at divers other days and times? he does not make for foreign nations. Quite true. If his tative decision; and what she has wisely left in doubt, the one under discussion, the Church has pronounced no authori Lambeth is not a jot safer than Cambridge House. What patriotism would allow him to seek a foreign market, he Bishop of Oxford, although seeing ample reason to prefer is wanted is some respectable voucher for the grounds of would have some difficulty to find one. What is Blakely the creed of his own Church, is content, with like wisdom, to about? Making monster guns for Russia, with never a leave in doubt. A striking passage, corroborative of this the petition, prima facie. "Dear Bill" among them. What is Whitworth at ? Attempting to squeeze his guns in for a fair trial against bishop of Dublin, Dr Whately, whom no one, I conceive, view of the question, occurs in the Essays of the late ArchArmstrong. "The Captain is a bold man." Where is our host of engineering talent? Ignored by Government, and The passage runs as follows: ever thought of charging with any leaning to Romanism. CAVETO.

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THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.-The accounts from the Cape are of the 21st ult. The harvest prospects were good. Provisions were abundant and cheap, and money plentiful. The vineyards promised well, and the orchards were loaded with fruit. The supply of wool was considerably greater than in former years in both the western and eastern districts. The inquiry into the death, at Angra Pequina, of James Gray, mate of the barque Saxon, took place at Cape Town on Donoghan, an officer of the Federal steamer Vanderbilt, and the in

warfare.

nowhere.

CANON M'NEILE AND THE CHURCH OF
ENGLAND AND IRELAND.

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"To decide what persons can or cannot be members of the same religious community on earth, uniting in public worship and other observances, is no more than it is possible, and allowable, and requisite for uninspired man to undertake; and this is implied, and is all that is necessarily implied, in the ordinances and formularies of every the Christain covenant, and to prescribe to one's fellow-mortals, ass, is Church; but to decide who are or are not partakers of the benefits of terms of salvation, the implicit adoption of our own interpretations, is most fearful presumption in men not producing miraculous proofs of

the 2nd of December. The murder of Gray, without provocation, by of the Society for Promoting the Scriptural Education of
Sir,-As Canon M'Neile complained, at a recent meeting
sulting conduct of the Vanderbilt's men to the crew of the Saxon, in Roman Catholics in Ireland, of being misrepresented, at the
addition to seizing her, had been proved. Messrs Rowley and Miller Church Congress, by the Bishop of Oxford, I purpose, for a
had returned from Zambesi. Dr Livingstone had received the news of the subject is one of more than temporary interest,-to inquire an immediate divine mission."+

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THE WEIGHT OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE IN
CASES OF INSANITY.

Commissioners, that he is no more insane now than he was
when he committed the murder, and must regret that the
law's verdict has been set aside by an authority which should
I am, &c.,
A PHYSICIAN.
not exist.
Hanley, 21st January, 1864.

I presume to think it has been shown that the doctrine of Canon M'Neile in regard to Romanism and Roman Catholics is in no way affirmed or countenanced by the Articles of the Church of England. Further, it has been evidenced that two eminent dignitaries of the Church (although of opposite of the abuse of power is, sooner or later, a reaction against Sir,-It is a consoling reflection that the inevitable result schools) have interpreted her declarations relating to Roman- the wrong; and the respite of Townley as effected by the ism conformably to such showing. This fact alone might opinion of Dr Forbes Winslow in favour of that murderer's restrain any Anglican, endowed with ordinary modesty, from insanity may very well be adduced as an illustration of an indulging in such perilous assertions as those of Canon abuse of power that will lead to good results in the amendM'Neile; indeed, does not the Canon perceive, in making ment of our criminal law proceeding. Among such amendthem, how nearly he approaches Romanism in its great cha-ments, perhaps it might be placed first in importance,-may racteristic, without which it would cease to be-viz., its be stated the restriction of medical evidence to the proof of Popery ? Having disposed of the first branch of the inquiry, I will this result I would now desire to place this question before facts, not of conclusions, in matters of insanity. In view of now proceed to the second-viz.: cases of insanity actual or presumed? the public-What is the true value of medical evidence in

det

What effect the enunciation of such views as those propounded by Canon M'Neile is likely to have on the Roman Catholics of Ireland.

*

*

any

THE LITERARY EXAMINER.

The Herring; its Natural History and National Importance. By John M. Mitchell, F.R.S.S.A., F.S.A.S., F.R.P.S., &c., Author of 'The Natural History of the Herring, considered in Connection with its Visits to the Scottish Coast,' 'British Commercial Legisla tion,' 'Modern Athens and the Piræus,' &c. With In law and public opinion medical authority is held to Illustrations. Edinburgh: Edmonston and Douglas. In order to do this efficiently, I find it necessary to cite determine the sanity or insanity of a man, to the exclusion the following extraordinary passages from the speech deli- or supererogation of all other evidence. I express myself Never by cod or dogfish, seagull or cormorant, has the vered by Canon M'Neile before the Missionary Society. In thus broadly, because though other evidence may be techni- herring been half so eagerly pursued for greedy ends as speaking of the Church in Ireland, the Rev. Canon observes: cally required and taken, yet experience proves that medical here it has been hunted down by Mr Mitchell, on its own It is very irritating, especially to educated men, Catholic gentle- evidence is really the determining proof. And the cause of behalf. With zeal and thoroughness of purpose, that it men, members of Parliament, professional men, solicitors, barristers, such evidence being so privileged is obvious. Without physicians, surgeons, and artists. Many of these are men of talent merging into metaphysics, it may be stated that it is held by does one good to think of in these days of hasty thought and industry, and consequently men of influence, and they feel keenly all authorities that brain and mind hold the like relation to and reckless writing, Mr Mitchell, during five-and-twenty the position they are placed in by men of the Established Church, each other as, for instance, nerve to sensation, muscle to years, has followed the fish which it delights him to not merely as a matter of creed, but as a matter of caste. They feel motion, lungs to respiration, &c.; that, in short, brain is the honour through all the ages in which it has been cared for by that the Established Church gives a higher social status to its minis organ and mind its function. And, consequently, as medical man, and through all the seas that it is known to frequent. ters and its members than they can attain to, and this is a matter of opinion is held conclusive as to the derangement of the com- He has read every antiquarian work that seemed likely to deep and serious vexation to such gentlemen. They are mortified, and naturally mortified, at the aristocracy of valid when that other organ, the brain, is in question. But and a no less important encourager of seafaring and commonly called bodily organs, so should it be deemed equally illustrate its history as an important element of man's food gentility-if I must say it-the aristocracy of gentility which the there is a fallacy in all this reasoning, as will appear if we Church maintains in the country; and they feel, I know, as a matter merce. He has visited and re-visited every large fishing of fact they feel at this moment, there is a species of society, a higher examine the process by which the conclusion is arrived at. grade of society, in Dublin and other places in Ireland, connected with A eick person consults his physician, and details the symp- station in England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Holland, the members of the Established Church, into which they cannot force toms of his complaint; the physician infers these symptoms and Norway, and has been careful to get accurate reports themselves, notwithstanding their education and intelligence." to their cause in the disordered condition of some one or other from America and other distant parts; so as to give a full If the persons here referred to be what Canon M'Neile of the bodily organs, and prescribes such remedies as by and true account of the herring's life in the sea, and of alleges them to be―viz., gentlemen, they can feel no irritation altering that organic condition will remove the functional the different ways in which it is caught and prepared for from the "matter of caste;" for I am quite unaware that derangement-the disease. Now what have we here? Clearly eating. The result is as seasonable and well-seasoned a gentlemen are in the habit of forcing themselves into these things-information of the deranged functions (the dish as the greatest gourmand among books could wish to society where they feel they are unwelcome, even though it symptoms) given by the patient to the physician, and the con- have before him. be a "higher grade of society," an "aristocracy of gen- sequent conclusion by the latter as to that condition which Herring-fishing has for many centuries been a favourite tility." Equally unaware am I that Anglican gentlemen are gives rise to these symptoms. But in the case of actual or in the habit of excluding from their society any other gentle- feigned insanity we not only allow the physician to determine pursuit of Englishmen. It is, indeed, almost the oldest men whatever, whether they be members of the Roman but to determine the presence or absence of those symptoms the year 240, says of the people of the Hebrides, “They the conclusion-the seat of the disease and its treatment constituent of British commerce. Solinus, writing about Catholic or any other Church. Indeed, that must be a which in the former case he had first himself to obtain from" do not know the cultivation of grain, but live much on strange society which claims to be irritating mainly to gen- the patient or others before he could enter upon his proper" fish and milk," and the most ancient relics of our island tlemen, men of talent and industry, &c., and, as a consequence, chiefly agreeable to the un-gentlemanly, the unintel- duty. This is surely wrong. Why should a different pro- are boats or canoes, evidently used by its primitive inligent, and the idle. Does Canon M'Neile suppose that he cedure be adopted in the one case from what is held abso-habitants for fishing purposes. Herrings were caught at serves his Church by representing the society she maintains lutely necessary in the other? Let it be granted that a Yarmouth very soon after, if not also long before, the in Ireland as chiefly acceptable to such a class of persons ? medical "expert" has had extensive experience in cases of The Irish Priests, I fear, will not fail to make it practically insanity, what does this amount to? Only to this, quoad his coming of the Anglo-Saxons, and where its oldest evident that they entertain a very different opinion. professional knowledge-that certain derangements of the church was built, "a godly man was placed in it, to Little as may be the irritation caused by the aristocracy the best remedies to remove the diseased condition of the brain function existing, his knowledge teaches him the use of "pray for the health and success of the fishermen that of gentility,' the indiscreet and unauthorised language used came to fish at Yarmouth in the herring season." by Canon M'Neile against the Irish in regard to their reli- organ itself, just as when, he having acquired from other Domesday book shows that herrings and other fish formed gion, cannot fail to produce deep and even justifiable irrita- sources the information that, we will suppose, certain symp- the staple of most coast towns in the eleventh century, tion against the Church. For how, indeed, can Romanists toms affecting the respiration exist, his special knowledge is although the trade with foreign countries was at that time be expected to interpret such epithets as "un-Christian" necessary to determine the requisite remedies. Every intel- less extensive in England than in Denmark. and anti-Christian," except as implying that they are ligent observer, when his attention has been given to the "Danes," says a contemporary traveller, formerly clad worse than heathens? How can they fail to consider them-point, can say as surely as the most skilful physician whether selves stigmatised as reprobates, if, being foolish enough to certain symptoms are or not those of health simply by com"like simple seamen, are now clad in scarlet and purple, believe that the doctrine of Canon M'Neile is the doctrine of paring them with what he knows are the signs of health in "and every nation carries them abundance of gold and the Church, they are told the English Church positively himself or others. The organic cause lies beyond his know- "silver in exchange for their herrings." According to denounces the creed they wilfully hold and maintain as an dition is fevidenced, he is equally competent with his physi- coming to our island long before this period, founded the ledge, but as to the external signs by which this internal con- the old romance, it was Grim, a Danish fisherman, who, absolutely unsaving one. I therefore affirm that the language of the Rev. Canon has an undoubted tendency to cian to determine the fact of their existence or not. Now town of Grimsby; and Grimsby was a favourite resort of inflict the most serious injury on the Church of England by all men of even moderate powers of observation know what the herring fishermen and merchants of the middle ages. representing her, in her relation to other Churches, in a found psychologist does, and that simply by referring them than those of the north. In 1188 Yarmouth was made a are healthy mental phenomena just as well as the most pro- The Norfolk fisheries, however, were more prosperous totally false light; it being her function, if I mistake not, to walk independently, but withal peacefully, amongst the They may not be able to analyse them into their primary ele-burgh, on condition of rendering annually to the Crown to the standard of the healthy mind in themselves or others. Churches of the earth. Least of all can she afford at the pre-ments, or to deduce their logical consequences, just as the ten thousand herrings; in 1199 the neighbouring town of sent hour to indulge in evil-speaking against any other Church. formerly instanced patient could not analyse his symptoms or Dunwich, its formidable rival until it was washed away In conclusion, I may remark that the public enunciation of such views as those of the Rev. Canon is important, not but as to the plain external facts presented to them the as many herrings, besides a sum of money; and in 1286 deduce all the other derangements that would follow them; by the sea, received a charter, to be paid for with a quarter merely as regards the Roman Catholics in Ireland and elsewhere, but as indicating a spirit which is certain to manifest words and deeds of the mind, under examination-they Edward the First granted a charter for land at Carleton, itself by intolerant utterances not only against Roman surely are competent to say whether such words and deeds in Norfolk, "by the service of twenty-four pasties of Catholics, but against members of our own Church: a spirit are the symptoms of a diseased or healthy brain. But I go "fresh herrings at their first coming in." dominant for the hour amongst a certain class of the clergy further, and say that they are even more competent in the there was a continual strife between the men of Yarmouth who, usurping the authority of the Church, exhibit a pro- one every man has within his own consciousness the healthy one case than the physician is in the other, because in the and the men of the Cinque Ports, touching the right of pensity to erect themselves into a tribunal of orthodoxy, and standard of comparison, whereas in the other the physician fishing for herrings and selling them when caught, the to publicly stigmatise all, whether clergy or laity, who happen has nothing of all this unless he has had every disease in his gain being steadily with the people of Norfolk. to differ from them on unsettled points of doctrine. Such a propensity, which threatens to overturn all order and disci- own person, with a perfect recollection of all the leading the few omissions that we have noticed in Mr Mitchell's pline in the Church, is plainly revealed by the assertion of symptoms, which is an absurd supposition. Hence it can be volume concerns the famous William of Trumpington, Canon M'Neile, when, prefacing his judgments with the for- explicitly inferred that as to the fact of insanity every intel- Abbot of St Albans, but not hindered from mercantile mula "I judge no man," he asserts there are Anglicans in ligent man may be an expert, not as to the treatment of the success by his clerical calling, who bought an immense name who are Romanists at heart." By what authority, by disease but as to the existence of it. What is it that makes house at Yarmouth, and in it employed numerous agents what right, I ask, does Canon M'Neile venture to call in a man an expert in cases of, say mechanical engineering? is to collect and cure herrings for sale, "to the inestimable question the reality of their Anglicanism who elect to be it not a thorough knowledge of the operations of the macalled Anglicans? And whence does he know the thoughts chine in its, so to speak, healthy condition ? Then is not "advantage as well as honour of his Abbey."

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"The

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of their hearts? Does he who judges no man presume, in every intelligent man well acquainted with the healthy opera- Very numerous were the laws passed during these cenrespect of such knowledge, to place himself on a level with tion of his own mind, and therefore a judge of the healthy turies about the privileges of catching and trading in herHim who knew all men, And needed not that any should operations of the mind of others, his own mind having the rings. Quite as many were passed in later times, although testify of man; for He knew what was in man"? For only like healthy operation as that of others, just as his own nerve, the increasing importance of other and yet more important such a Being as he, of whom this is recorded, would be jus-muscle, and lungs are alike in their healthy operation to those branches of commerce has thrown them somewhat into tified in using the language of Canon M'Neile. of other men. Now how do we judge of the sanity or in- the shade. However much Canon M'Neile may fall short of that sanity of a man? Is it not by a like comparison? In the In one of William and Mary's ordinances, charity, which "Hopeth all things of all men," one might yet actual condition of his bodily organs by a sufficiently faithful"the curing and packing of herring and salmon fish, case of common diseases the patient (or another) declares the for example, their majesties, considering how much expect to find him endowed with a sufficiency of restraining foresight to prevent his making reckless charges against his description of the symptoms; in the instance of the insane" to be exported forth of this kingdom, contribute brother Anglicans. For does he not perceive how readily, if man he does the same as to his mind by his words and deeds." to the advancement of trade aud the general good not justifiably under the circumstances, the accused Angli- that some part of the body is diseased; in the latter the like whole management of the business. Encouraged by good In the former case no professional skill is necessary to say "of the nation," give minute directions as to the cans might retort that there are Catholics in name who are sectarians at heart ? How aptly might they, for instance, facility exists for determining that-some other part of the laws, and not deterred by bad ones, the herring trade of represent his statements in respect of them as substantially man-the mind is disordered. equivalent to the sectarian utterance, I know that their sen- It will have been seen that I have specially reserved the it failed in Ireland is explained by Dean Swift in a England and Scotland increased in value every year. Why timents are not my sentiments; and whatever is not of treatment of diseased brain to the physician, and here his characteristic letter printed by Mr Mitchell, written to one M'Neile is not Anglican.' domain is unquestionable. But I must insist and, if the A language similar to that of Canon M'Neile is of daily foregoing reasoning be correct, may justly insist that the who wished to promote it there in in 1734; "A gentleman and increasing occurrence in the Church, and passes without physician be kept to his own proper duty and province-not" of this kingdom," says the Dean, "about three years rebuke or protest from those occupying the highest posts in to determine the fact of disordered mind, but purely the "ago, joined with some others in a fishery here in the a layman may well be pardoned for venturing to arraign treatment of diseased brain. a spirit which threatens to endanger the very existence of a "northern parts. They advanced only 2001. by way of Church its adherents are prone to believe the most liberal showing how the preceding remarks apply to Townley's case. I shall not transgress further on your space by plainly "trial. They got men from Orkney to cure the fish, who and comprehensive in the world.-I am, &c., CATHOLICUS. "understood it well. But the vulgar folks of Ireland are. He may or may not be insane. I believe, with the Lunacy" so lazy and knavish, that it turned to no account, nor

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"would anybody join with them, and so the matter fell, No congeries of States, no people on the face of the earth, were and achieves the ruin of that family, and having entered, "and they lost two-thirds of their money. Oppressed ever so disposed-by their natural bent, by their historical traditions, as governess, the house of Frederick Maxwell, Esq., Q.C., by the peculiar phase of their civilisation and manners, and even by "beggars are always knaves, and I believe there are the tenets of the two prevailing creeds,to accept with gladness, if who has a sick wife, unmeaning daughters, a faithful cub "hardly any other among us; they had rather gain a it were offered to them, the idea of an actual living Monarch, and to of a little boy, and succeeds to a baronetcy; she plays her "shilling by knavery than five pounds by honest dealing. regard with a loyalty amounting to devotion and reverence, the game for the succession to the rank of Lady Maxwell, "They lost 500l. a year for ever in the time of the plague person of that Monarch, and every member of the Royal family. But while she prosecutes the revenge on her dear friend the "at Marseilles, when the Spaniards would have bought sedulously kept out of sight. Not only have the people been accusno such idea has ever been offered to them. It seems to have been sensible Charlotte, who has accepted her gage of defiance. "all their linen from Ireland, but the merchants and the tomed to see their own Princes, and princely families, treated with Her successful cruelty has driven Charlotte's father to weavers sent over such abominable linen that it was all contempt, but too many cases have occurred where everything has suicide; in Charlotte's eyes she is a murderess, and "returned back, and sold for a fourth part of its value. been done to make a native Sovereign contemptible in the eyes of Charlotte is resolved to hunt her down. Before we have "This is our condition, which you may please to pity, but his own subjects. A long course of this ungenerous conduct has not done with her, she has wilfully murdered Lady Maxwell, tended to encourage respect for Royalty in the abstract, or to create a to whom agitation of all sorts had been declared fatal, by never can mend." belief in the ruling influence, or even in the existence of any Royal As to the present state of herring fisheries Mr Mitchell Personage in Great Britain, endowed with those qualities of high the stabbings of her tongue; but only when by the countergives some interesting statistics. The trade of Great honour and magnanimity, which have been associated in all ages, plottings of the sick woman and the little child true to its Britain has steadily risen since the beginning of the cen- and all over the world, with the idea of a great Sovereign. outraged mother, all her plots had been blown into the air. tury from about 100,000 to nearly 700,000 barrels, the To remedy this, Major Bell would have us pay proper So far as the story goes, therefore, Miss Bell's cleverness exports for most years being something like one-third. In honour to those of the native Princes whose fidelity is failed, but she will rise to the surface again yet, says Mr 1849, a year of remarkable abundance, the quantity of known, and to use them as means for guiding the mass of Dyce, and may have better luck next time. The story of cured herrings amounted to 1,151,979 barrels, 942,617 the people. "No British Government, no imaginable this plump little damsel is told, with much clever elaborafrom the Scottish, and 209,362 from the English coast. "number of British merchants, planters, missionaries, or tion of her character, by the lightest of touches. The In 1862 the total quantity was 746,518 barrels. "teachers, can produce any appreciable impression upon success of the novel depends on the success of its character "the hundred and fifty millions of Hindoos, so long as the painting; there is no desire to rush through a rapid "inevitable effect of all our direct efforts is to exasperate succession of highly-wrought sensation incidents. The "and alienate the most powerful and the most influential prevalent form of the narrative is quietly ironical. The "men among them. We must gain the leaders, and the tone of the book is wholesome and the writing good. "flock will follow."

Mr Mitchell's history of herring fisheries fills two-thirds of his volume. In the remainder he gives a precise account of the habits and appearance, the food and the migrative habits of the herring, and a no less precise description of the different modes of fishing and curing. On all these points his volume contains much new and important information. "Many writers have stated," he says in one part, "and some scientific works still state, "that the herring comes from the Arctic circle, in large "shoals of leagues' extent, dividing into lesser shoals "on coming towards the north of Scotland, one body "proceeding to the west coast of Scotland and to Ireland,

NEW NOVELS.

Ella Norman; or, a Woman's Perils. By Elizabeth
A. Murray. In Three Vols. Hurst and Blackett.
Bella Donna; or, the Cross before the Name. A Ro-
marce. By Gilbert Dyce. In Two Vols. Bentley.

a

The Edinburgh Review. No. 243. January, 1864.
Longman and Co.

The Quarterly Review. No. 229. January, 1864.
Murray.

The Edinburgh opens this month one of its most readable numbers by posting up its readers in one of the latest achievements of scientific research, the theory which explains changes of heat into mechanical action. It then reviews the seventh volume of Mr Merivale's 'History of the Romans under the Empire,' with a regret, shared by all who can appreciate the research of a sound mind, that Journal of the Marquis de Dangeau' has been published it should be the last. Within the last two years, the in nineteen volumes, and the Memoirs of the Duc de St Simon' in twenty volumes. These works, which pair naturally together, yield matter for a pleasant dash of anecdotical gossip over the Court of Louis XIV.

Without Dangeau the Memoirs of Saint-Simon would perhaps never have existed in their complete form; without Saint-Simon the printed. Dangeau is the stock, incapable of producing palatable dry and frigid daily annals of Dangeau would never have been fruit itself, on which the most luxuriant and aromatic growth of French literature in that age was grafted. Dangeau, in his daily task of four and forty years, never rises beyond the level of the Court reign without an expression of wonder or emotion: even his anec Circular : he witnesses the most important events of an eventful dotes are without point: he is as exact and as unmeaning as a piece of clock-work. Saint-Simon, on the contrary, painted in colours that will never die every figure and every scene, the bare mention of which suffices to his mechanical anti-type. In the slender entries of of passions which might have touched the soul of even a master of the one it is scarcely possible to trace more than a feeble pulsation the ceremonies; in the torrent of eloquence and of scorn poured forth by the other, Versailles lives again, with all its conflicts, its follies, its jealousies, and its power. Dangeau was a gilded insect, Saint-Simon was a mind, intent to try the Court by the touch and hovering about the Court parterre, or enthroned upon its blossoms; standard of honour, rectitude, and truth. The former shared the pleasures and the honours of Louis XIV. without limit: the latter cared little for his pleasures, and never possessed his confidence; but stood behind his throne and upon his tomb to be the avenger of his faults, even to the third and fourth generation. The easy and pros Versailles, in which he spent his existence; his conception of immorperous Marquis cared not to cast a look beyond the galleries of tality was an apotheosis on a ceiling. How little could he have consign himself and all his silken fellows to the pillory of history, conceived it possible that he was day by day preparing materials for one who was to speak of all he adored in the language of doom-to and to herald by lurid and prophetic flashes the approach of that storm which the monarchy of France was not destined to survive! Dangeau, born in the King's own year, had seen the dawn and the meridian of a gay, splendid, and victorious reign, and his idolatry of came to Court, thirty-seven years younger, the shadows were already the royal Sun of France was at least sincere. When Saint-Simon lengthening; an age of cant had succeeded to an age of vice; the gloom of religious bigotry was followed by the shame of unsuccessful war and the horror of unnatural deaths: long before he completed his task the grave had closed upon Louis and the heavens themselves

"and another to the east coast. Others state that, These are two of the novels published in the present "although the herring does not come from the Arctic week. Ella Norman is a story meant to warn gentility of "circle, they at least come from a considerable distance either sex, especially those politest of darlings cavalry "northward of Scotland. But we consider"-and he officers, with their children and their sweethearts, against gives good reasons for the more plausible view-"that the belief that they can improve fortune by emigrating to "the herrings inhabit the seas adjacent to the coasts, bays, Victoria. Mrs. Murray's heroine, Ella Norman, is the ❝or rivers, where they resort for the purpose of spawning; daughter of a deceased cavalry officer, and she goes out to "and that after spawning they return to the sea in the be a governess in the uncivilized wilds of Victoria, with a "neighbourhood, where they continue and where they mother who contracts the vice of women of the colony and "feed until the spawning season again approaches, while takes to drinking. After many sorrows, and a short re"the fry, on being vivified, continues near the spawning sidence with an old schoolfellow married to a man who "ground until it is of sufficient size." was too much of a gentleman to be successful as Melbourne merchant,-and who, for a wonder, has not The Empire in India: Letters from Madras and other acquired his virtues in a regiment of cavalry,-Ella proceeds Places. By Major Evans Bell, Madras Staff Corps, to be governess at a squatter farm in the interior, where the Author of The English in India: Letters from Nug mistress is a raw and penurious Gael from the Isle of pore, written in 1857-58.' Trübner and Co. Skye, with a slit for a mouth, and the master is a rough, "I am no alarmist," says Major Bell; "I am not alarmed. illiterate Scotchman, recently made member of the Upper "But do not let us be content to sit down and to fold our House of Legislature, and the children have run wild. "arms, and to think that to-morrow will be like to-day, and Here there is a stockman, Jock Davies, who affects "to forget the storm and struggle of yesterday. It may be roughness, but, upon first seeing him, "That man has "soon, or it may be a hundred years, before our quiet is been in the cavalry, I know by his step,' quickly ex"disturbed; but events move rapidly in this nineteenth claimed Ella." So it proved, and he departs from Australia "century; and if we follow the despot's example, we at the end of the story as a noble earl who has come into his "deserve and can expect no other but the despot's fate. inheritance. Ella has a sweetheart who had been a cavalry "We do not deserve it yet; we are not perceptibly moving officer in her father's regiment, and was supposed to be lost, "in that direction; but unless we steadily set our faces in but he also turns up in the back settlements of Victoria; and "the opposite direction, unless we determine to govern there are other distinguished and polite persons, here an "India on English principles, is there not some danger earl's nephew, there a duke's grandson, who see Irish "that we shall in a few years be driven by some an- convicts and persons generally of the low and vulgar "tagonistic outburst to resort to Austrian devices and orders taking the upper seats at the governor's dinner mere coercion?" In very plain language Major Bell table, ruling the councils of the colony, and making the denounces what he regards as the wanton faults and grievous money in it. For Victoria, according to Mrs Murray, is a errors that have characterised our former government of "tremendous dust-heap of human society," and "there India, shows how much of their influence he finds to be can be no rapport between rich vulgarity and poor still marring the good that ought to result from the improved the book that is sometimes exquisitely amusing. It should "refinement." There is an air of insulted gentility about administration, and urges the adoption of what he sets forth as a wiser and more Christian policy in the future. be exported in large quantity to Melbourne, where it will He anticipates, with some reason, that his views will be read by the prosperous scum of society there said to be arouse "the very general reprobation of his countrymen in in the ascendant with applause and laughter. It is a "India;" and it is likely that the excessive warmth of clever, cross book, vulgarly genteel, with a spiteful etching in aquafortis of life in a colony that has not a regiment of his arguments and the extreme severity of his judgments) on many well-meant measures will prevent many from cavalry wherewith to save itself from scorn. There is seeing the force of his observations. sort of truth in the book that makes it interesting; many Of the eighteen letters here printed, or reprinted from of its sketches of the bad side of an emigrant's experience some publication not named, nearly all were written from read like studies from life; and nothing can be more true Madras in the spring of 1861. Two or three, penned in than its moral that, when emigration to Victoria is in There is an article on the tea and cotton growth, cultiLondon at the close of 1863, serve as a supplement to the question, gentility must make burnt sacrifice of its primrest, and contain Major Bell's comments on the latest rose kid or stay at home. Yet, with all its small fault of vation of indigo, the roads, the waterworks, and other Indian topics. The volume is chiefly, however, a review excess in the expression of annoyance at vulgarity and points in a discussion of the Progress of India.' A liberal of the past, discussing, step by step, the way in which our appreciation of red coats and titles, there are not wanting in notice of the History of the Jews,' and 'Lectures on vast empire has been set up. Major Bell's severest blame this book large-hearted thoughts. The description of the fall Jewish History, by the Deans of St Paul's and Westis directed at Lord Dalhousie and his measures. "He was, having been lured to the colony fell there into the lowest completed 'Dictionary of the Bible: ' and wretchedness of the rector's daughter, Bella Dyce, who minster,' thus incidentally refers to Dr Smith's recently "and always would have been, the best and noblest of servants; but he was the very worst and basest of pit of degradation, is followed by a stout upholding of the "rulers. He lowered the reputation of our Government claim of fallen woman on the pity and help of her sisters. "by repeated breaches of our pledged faith. He raised The book is in fact clever and genuine, with all its weak-Aids to Faith,' and the theological professors of many of our colleges many of our faithful and submissive and unobtrusiveness; a book to like as well as to laugh at, and on the "feudatories into the conspicuous position of victims and whole, not only well meant, but useful in its tendency. "martyrs, and placed them on a moral elevation far above Bella Donna, whose story is told by Mr Gilbert Dyce, is When the paramount power avows-as Lord Dal.Jenny Bell, a poor relation, plump and pretty, but like

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were gathering over France.

Dr Smith's list of contributors comprises the names of many of the most distinguished champions of orthodoxy. The Archbishop of York, the Dean of Canterbury, Canon Wordsworth, the authors of and universities. Do these writers, speaking the language sanctioned by criticism at the present day, repudiate the opinions set forth thirty years ago by Dr Milman? Quite the reverse. We must confess that we are at a loss to explain the anathema which has lately been hurled against some clerical writers, accused of too great freedom of "housie did in the name of the British Government-a speculation, when we find that these right reverend and venerable "policy of consolidation, and begins absorbing the smaller persons are associated with many of the most liberal commentators of "principalities, it virtually abdicates its protecting and She is a venomous little snake with all her graces. It is from the standard of implicit belief and rigorous orthodoxy. T the present day in the propagation of opinions at least equally remote "federal supremacy, and assumes a hostile and destroying her choice recreation to read in retirement prurient French quote but one or two examples. In the article on the Pentateuch "character, which can lead to nothing but alarm and in- novels, with their tell-tale covers re-covered in fair white we find the theory of Dr Astruc, as to the double origin of the Book "trigue, and whi which will be submitted to, and tolerated, paper, and with her legs stretched and crossed by the of Genesis, carefully described and apparently adopted as irrefragable; "so long as the fear of overwhelming power prevents fireside after the manner of gentlemen. She bears grudges; sufficient, we should imagine, to satisfy Sir Charles Lyell. It is and if we turn to the article on Noah,' we meet with concessions "resistance, and no longer." But there have, says the and when she h has been baulked, by his sister Charlotte, "the distinctly laid down on scientific grounds that the Deluge was not, author, been errors in policy since Lord Dalhousie's time. sensible girl," of her design to marry the weak son of and could not be, universal; that the animals then existing on the Major Bell complains that if we are less eager now than her kindly protector Joseph Franklyn, Esq., of Grey heretofore for the acquisition of fresh territory, we are Forest, she makes in her Letts's diary, as saith the still at fault in our disregard of native prejudices, and he second title of the book, a "Cross before the Name" of instances one case in particular: her darling Charlotte. With smooth treachery she plots

earth were not, and could not be, collected in the Ark, nor fed there, if they had been so collected; that the description of the description of the Ark surrounded by insurmountable difficulties. It Deluge itself "is framed with a kind of poetic breath," and the may be so, and from our point of view we venture to that the to say that

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