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No. 2,923.]

THE POLITICAL EXAMINER.

If I might give a short hint to an impartial writer it would be to tell him his fate. If he resolved to venture upon the dangerous precipice of telling unbiassed truth let him proclaim war with mankind-neither to give nor to take quarter. If he tells the erimes of great men they fall upon him with the iron hands of the law, if he tells them of virtues, when they have any, then the mob attacks him with slander. But if he regards truth, let him expect martyrdom on both sides, and then he may go on fearless; and this is the course I take myself,

DE FOE.

OPENING OF THE SESSION.

War, or peace with honour for England, is the question that makes the opening of this Session of surpassing interest. Lord Derby asks to be assured that the country is not committed by the Government to a disastrous quarrel with Germany, on the one hand, or on the other, to the betrayal and abandonment of an ally who has trusted to our support. To which Lord Russell most distinctly replies:

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name they don't make an effort to achieve their object, and
THE FRENCH PARLIAMENT.
when they are told that if they are unanimous themselves they
have nothing to fear from others, tell us that it is impossible France and England continue to be the political anti-
for them to attain their wish except by attacking Denmark podes of each other. They seem each to have different
and getting possession of Slesvig. Really I must say the fate of worlds before and a different sky above them. Even when
Denmark, situated as she is, is a most unhappy one. She is between
two parties, one of which says, "We wish to have one great united they agree upon the same aim, each takes a distinct mode
Germany, and therefore let us go and attack Denmark," while the of obtaining it. Both have Sovereigns, Parliaments, consti-
other says, "We wish to step democratic agitation in Germany and tutional Governments, with duties, principles, and tendencies
keep things in their present state, and therefore let us go and attack reversed. A royal speech, and a debate on the answer to
Denmark." It thus appears that whether the case is one of Liberalism
and the unity of Germany, or whether it is a question of Conservative it, is as unlike its counterpart in the sister country as
policy and keeping up all the minor Princes and States of Germany, well can be.
the German mind is bent upon the destruction of Denmark whatever

other object may be accomplished.

Government should have made believe that it believed
peace could be promoted by a great scheme of mutual
intermeddling, every Power interfering in every other
Power's internal affairs-Russia to be called to account for
Poland, Turkey for the Christian provinces, Austria for
Venetia, France for Rome and Savoy, Germany for Den-

How different was the anxiety of the French Emperor? He spoke it plainly on receiving the address of the Legislative Body. It may be your duty and your occupation to discuss, but it is mine to initiate and to decide. Nay more, the aims and the motives which really influence my decision in matters of foreign policy are such as must be kept secret, and will not bear discussion.

Nothing is more evident in the speech which has just opened our session, than that both Crown and Government, Lord Derby has commenced with an out-and-out Oppo- without abnegating the responsibilities of the Executive, sition speech. A more comprehensive censure could hardly require a knowledge of the mind of England as one element be imagined. He finds fault with everything that has in their decision of the course England should take in an been done or left undone in foreign affairs. He charges affair of moment, and look to Parliament for the great dewhere, and vehemently blames him for not being always indeed, may reproach Ministers with thus flinging responsiLord Russell with making quarrels and enmities every-cision of peace or war, and of definitive policy. Lord Derby, compliant and conciliatory; yet in the same breath hopes bility on Parliament, and Ministers may deny doing so. the noble Earl will answer the American claims for compen- But it is not the less the case; and the speeches of the We have given at no time any assurance or even hope of material sation for the ravages of vessels of war equipped in English leaders of opposition in both Houses evinced a still greater assistance to Denmark. The Danish Minister at her Majesty's ports "in such a manner as to put an end to such monstrous disposition to abide by the wishes of the country, rather Court has repeatedly said to me, "We expect no material assistance demands for the future." And if he do so there will than their own. from England, but we do expect sympathy." That is the extent of They deprecated war and deprecated our engagements as regards Denmark; but what the future may only be a fresh count added to the impeachment. pusillanimity, and were unable to draw a line between bring forth it would be rash for me to say. I should be rash if I were Lord Derby finds fault with Government if it does not them. to pretend even to make an outline or sketch of what may happen. always humour the French Emperor, yet he very properly, This is so far satisfactory, and takes away all ground for as we think, condemns our part in the Mexican interventhe argument that the exercise of influence and proffer of tion, and holds that we should have gone alone and comadvice by England bind her in honour to render material pelled satisfaction of claims on our separate account. Had assistance to Denmark, our counsels having unhappily Government done so, it would, in our opinion, have done failed of the desired effect. The point of honour is then right; but nevertheless it would have been blamed for safe, Denmark being aware that she has only to expect a churlish and distrustful refusal of co-operation with moral aid in the present conjuncture; but for the future France. Lord Russell prudently refuses to vouch. We are free to The next count of censure relates to the Congress. act. It is impossible to say we may not be dragged into war by the madness or worse of Germany, but it is at least satisfactory to know that we shall not drift iuto war. Lord Derby condenses almost into an epigram the monstrous inconsistency of the aggressive actors in the present strife, the King of Prussia taking up arms in strenuous vindication of constitutional rights, the Em-mark, Denmark for Holstein. peror of Austria joining in a crusade for the protection The course which should have been pursued by the Government of oppressed nationalities. So indeed it seems; but in truth these, and most of the other German Princes, are carried away by the tide of popular sentiment setting in to a sweeping revolution. The object of the war with Denmark is to set fire to Europe, and the Germans hope to snatch their coveted unity out of the confusion that must follow. It is another version of Charles Lamb's story of But where was the decision to lie? was the more pertinent the wise people who burnt down a house to roast a pig, question raised by our Government, and unanswerably with this difference, that after all the roasted pig may be raised. The plan, as the Americans say, wanted a bottom; of England are thus of character and in position so diameGermany itself. Let it not be said that such folly is there was no jurisdiction, and no Power able to hold its own trically opposite, the respective publics are, we fear, incredible. The folly of the German sentimentalist much would have pleaded to arraignment or abided by any equally contrasted in nature. In England we deprecate bemused with beer and tobacco surpasses all conception. adverse decision. Austria would only join the Congress war, and only hope that the engagements and the honour One of this class will gravely tell you that the war on the condition that Venetia was not to be named. of the country may not require our launching into hostiliwith Denmark is only a feint, or like the red flag The Pope made a primary condition of his right to ties. In France the only fear, of at least the talking flourished to provoke the bull to a rush. Another will assure you that nothing is so much desired as to tempt had gone in, it would only have been to get into hot thrown away. Political writers censure, as the Tories are wrongs,-the right divine to govern wrong. If England public, is lest an opportunity for aggression should be France to march on the Rhine, as German unity water and to aggravate all differences to no purpose. so apt to do, the Government of the day for not keeping on under one head will be the immediate consequence; but As for the manner of the refusal, it was well observed by how matters are to be ultimately settled with the ugly French journal of the greatest influence, that the calm French invaders is a point which the sage who loves reasoning of the refusal was a greater compliment to the Vaterland not wisely but too well does not think it worth intelligence of France than any fine phrases could have

while to consider. And here, by the way, we must remark the mischief which that pernicious word Vaterland is doing; all the wrong-headed sentimentality coming under the sanction of that pestilent word. Fire and sword are

sent to devastate the Danish duchies for Vaterland. The

Father of every wickedness must indeed rejoice at the evil potency of that name, a spell for conjuring up all the worst spirits that can torment the earth.

The hardship of Denmark, which is to be torn to pieces because the Germans have gone mad, is admirably described by Lord Russell:

was to recognize the laudable and beneficent intention of the
England had no interest to serve by opposing it, if there was any
Emperor of the French in making such a proposal; to point out that
prospect of success; to declare that we should be only too happy to
co-operate in so excellent and well-meaning a design as the settle-
ment by arbitration of the difficulties which disturbed Europe, if the
other countries whose affairs would be brought before the Congress
would submit to its authority and abide by its decision.

a

been.

In one point we think Lord Derby quite right, his
British subjects in the military service of China.
censure of the countenance given to the employment of

regarding the Ionian Isles.
We are disposed also to agree with some of the censure
The abandonment of the
Protectorate is a highly desirable step, relieving our Govern-
ment of a most irksome and thankless task; but we might
have parted with the Ionians in a friendly, gracious way,
instead of marking our departure with the churlish act
of destroying defensive works to the cost of which the
The Governments of Austria and Prussia have spoken as to the Greeks had in part contributed. As it is, the blowing up
necessity of not keeping their armies on the Eider in inaction, as to of the fortifications will appear the rude type of the finale
its being too late to maintain the peace of Europe, and other excuses
of that kind, which I confess I heard with pain and astonishment. of the Protectorate.

The French Parliament seems to have tacitly admitted and accepted this. We find it discussing at length and vehemently those questions which have been completely closed, and upon which either eloquence or disclosures can have little effect. Such were the Polish and the Mexican questions. Every French political question was thus to be for the moment defunct, or at least beyond the reach of public excitement or parliamentary control. The Emperor will budge no more with respect to Poland, and will withdraw his entangled footstep from Mexico when he can. But there was the Danish affair, present, urgent, palpitant, as the French No one had to say a word on the subject, the Government would say; consequently it was passed over in the debate. still less. No French orator sympathised sufficiently with either Denmark or Germany to raise a voice for either. But all felt that this dispute, especially if it burst into war, would create valuable opportunities, to take advantage of which Government should be left with its hands untied.

If the Parliaments and the Governments of France and

the closest and best of terms with France; they forget, or they blink the essential difference between the countries. For instance, the Congress. The French evidently hoped that war would come out of such an assemblage, and hoped, too, that England would be almost unwittingly dragged into it. The English foresaw and shrunk from the contingency. Of course the countries and the Governments differed. How was it in the nature of things that they should agree?

England differ. The discussion on the domestic affairs Nor is it in foreign policy alone that France and showed us to be wide as the poles asunder. Let a Frenchman announce any scheme or law securing individual liberty, he will always fall short of the Habeas Corpus. With Prefects and Police-Commissioners what they are in France, how could liberty of election be possible? M. Thiers hoped it from the tolerance of the Government; as if tolerance were to be expected in a matter that affected Govern

But in their papers and despatches, mingled with all this, are The turn and temper of the debate in the two Houses ment existence. The liberty of the press means one thing repeated allusions to their position in Europe. They represent that show that there is to be a real opposition this Session, in London, another in Paris. Then the Duc de Morny if, after having prepared to enter Slesvig, they had stopped in their course there would have been such a commotion in Germany, there and that the Ministry will have a stormy time of it. The tells the French Chambers that Russia is a democracy, and would have been such an agitation against them, there would have impression of the first debate is in their favour, Lord no doubt it has some of the ingredients of both French and been such a marching of volunteer armies to Holstein, that they Russell's answer to Lord Derby's clever speech, and Lord Oriental democracy, which throws all classes prostrate in would have been exposed to the risk of revolution. Now, one cannot Palmerston's calm and measured reply to Mr Disraeli's the dust before a master, and consequently upon the same but think how hard it is upon Denmark that her fair and conciliatory attack, being both highly effective. level. There is no English dictionary or acceptation which propositions should be rejected, not because they are not fair would take the term in this sense.

and conciliatory in themselves, not because Denmark is not fully The leaders of Opposition are in this dilemma, that awake to her responsibilities and the promises she has made, not that either they falsely say more than they think of the de- Though sufficiently true for cursory argument, it would there is any reason to suppose that if six weeks, or two months, or merits of the Government, or they do less than they should be difficult to prove that even equality prevailed in Rusthree months were conceded there would not be a satisfaction to all be bound to do to bring its existence to a speedy termina-sia. Notwithstanding the prohibition of the nobles of German demands as they have hitherto been urged, and an arrange- tion. ment happy for Germany, happy for Denmark, and happy for Europe, If Lord Derby really felt, as he says, ashamed of birth to figure at Court unless they put on state functions but simply because there is a great German dispute and German being an Englishman, because of the mismanagement of and uniform, no noble suffers by the law. For all do put dissatisfaction and Denmark must be made the scapegoat. Those the foreign policy; and farther, that the vessel of the on uniform, do serve, and do fill all military and almost all Germans who are in favour of the unity of Germany, who declare State is in incompetent hands, is it credible that he would civilian positions, to the utter exclusion of the vulgar dethat Germany ought to be one great empire, with a chief at the head let a day pass unnecessarily without an endeavour to put mocracy. By the same rule Turkey is a more complete of it who would have great weight in Europe, backed by a great popular assembly with immense resources, when they are asked, an end to so deplorable a state of things? But no, it is all democracy than even Russia, for it is only by the favour if that is the wish of 40,000,000 of their people, why in God's party exaggeration. of the Sultan that a man can be anything. Would the

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Duc de Morny recommend France to Turkey, or Turkey whether the partition of Denmark in any hypothetical of a halter, and compassed a commutation of punishment to France, on the score of their fraternity, which is certainly contingency of the present war is contemplated. If such which, though positively severe, is indulgent compared imperial, but which is the natural form of government in an attempt be not a casus belli, then it is high time to with the peculiarly black character of the crime. Indeed, countries that are still in the infancy of civilization. have done with the worse than useless trumpery of trea- to use a vulgar but expressive figure, the gallows has been Perhaps, however, the greatest difference between Eng-ties, and the degrading and contemptible fanfaronade of foully cheated of its due. And the inquiry into the man's lish and French parliamentary habits is that the French unmeaning negociation. Lord Palmerston construes mind has brought to light the full hideousness of his crime, Parliament dies just when the English begins to live. After Herr von Bismark's answer differently. He holds it to be its levity, its false pretences. Mark the coarseness and the discussion of the address, the Corps Législatif ad- equivalent to a positive repudiation of any design to unconcern with which he refers to the murder. We quote journs. No member is allowed to make a motion. That dismember Denmark; and if Lord Russell put the same from the special Commissioners' report; is reserved for the Government, and the Government makes construction on the Prussian Minister's words, we could. That he knows that he is responsible for the commission of crime no motion. It merely introduces the Budget, which is re- more easily understand the singular declaration he volun- is made clear by his own words used to us," I expected to be ferred to a committee, and that committee takes months to teered, that England had carefully abstained from holding that the law hangs for murder. I did not think of it at the time, or I hanged because I killed her, and am not such a fool as not to know examine, to dispute, to make compromises with the Govern-out to Denmark any hope of material aid. Friendly offices should not have done it." ment, and finally report. While this lasts, all of parlia- are one thing, but armed interference is another; and we He would not have out the poor innocent girl's throat if mentary life that is not concentrated in the Committee of are willing to confess that nothing short of an attack upon he had thought of the consequences to his own neck. A the Budget dies, or is suspended; and we hear nothing of the existence of an over-matched ally can justify the

DEBATES ON DENMARK.

the Chamber, save in the consideration of petitions, to Government of this country in hazarding the people's blood thought for his worthless self would have saved her. But he was too full of malice for any reflection. The villain which one day in the week is devoted. Government is not and treasure in meddling in the quarrel. But for the confesses, however, that there was none of the uncondisturbed by interpellations. It can conduct the most tor-common interests of humanity, and for the sake of our own trollable impulse in the case imagined by Dr Winslow, in tuous foreign intrigue to perfection, without one ray of light dignity and honour, we think it ought to-be clearly under- trollable impulse in the case imagined by Dr Winslow, in being let upon it either through Parliament or through the stood in what event we should be nationally prepared to admitting that if he had thought of hanging he should press. This is what mere publicists amongst us are content interfere. As matters now stand, the belligerents on neither his victim with death for some time before he struck her have held his hand. It appears, too, that he had threatened to tolerate, if not admire. All we hope is, that if such a side know what this country is prepared or even dis-with the knife with which he had provided himself. state of things endures in France, that state which contrasts posed to do in any given case; and this we regard as a very great misfortune. We have made proposal after proposal to the influence of sudden impulse, but the details which we elicited The prisoner endeavoured to represent the catastrophe to us as due with it may long have root and flourish in England. for accommodation, only to have them rejected. We have from him show that he used threats of murder for some time before he constituted ourselves arbiters of the dispute, and when our struck the first blow. We think that his clear memory of the events decision was spurned we have again and again taken back attending the crime, and also the attempts which he has made to our verdict and brought it in afresh only to find our misrepresent the state of his mind and memory at the time of these Opposition complain that on the question of Denmark judgment set at naught anew; and even then nothing is events, are evidence of his sanity. Government has no policy: Government may well retort said or done to show that we have the spirit to resent Of the talk that imposed upon Dr Winslow the Comthat upon that subject Opposition has no principle. With the rejection of our arbitrament or the resolution to missioners dispose thus shortly and decisively: the art of an attorney, and the skill of a juggler, Lord enforce it. The situation is, indeed, one of difficulty and We think that his statement that he killed Miss Goodwin to repos Derby tried to provoke Ministers into using some phrase complication, and we should have been among the last to sess himself of her as his property was an afterthought adopted to more passignate than prudent; and avowing more clearly urge the adoption of language either diplomatic or opinion after the deed was done. justify his crime. He acknowledged to us that he had come to this the disingenuous tactics in the Commons, Mr Disraeli parliamentary that could be misconstrued by the most The supposition that he killed Miss Goodwin under the influence confined himself to verbal contrasts between the declara- captious as a shutting of the door on peace. But there is a of the opinion that in so doing he was repossessing himself of her tions of Ministers made at different times, but studiously time for all things, and we must frankly say that, in as his property is inconsistent with his own repeated statement to us forbore from saying in which direction he and his friends the interests of peace itself, we think the time for indecision that, without forethought of any kind, he killed her under the influence of sudden impulse. desired to impel the policy of the country. It may has gone by. Government ought to say at once and be right that in the first instance the responsibility of mea- explicitly whether they are willing, like their predeces- this man. He had set about the murder deliberately, had Altogether there have been few blacker criminals than 1 sures should rest upon the Executive, and true that Par- sors in 1774, to stand by to the last with folded arms

liament would be stepping out of its province if it under- and see an unoffending neighbour waylaid, robbed, and primed himself for it with drink and opium, preceded it took to settle what those specific acts from time to time done to death, or whether, on the contrary, they have made knew what he was about, but pleaded affection by kissing with many threats, followed it with an avowal that he should be. But it is the merest affectation of zeal for up their minds when and where the duty of interference the corpse he had made with his butcherly knife, and then, constitutional practice to pretend that the free representa- begins and that of forbearance terminates. National selftives of the nation should deliberately refrain from saying respect requires that our policy on so vital a matter should and drank tea with the grandfather. And for all this he having placed the body in the kitchen, went up stairs what the country thinks right and what it thinks wrong, no longer be wrapped in ambiguities. To preserve the and drank tea with the grandfather. And for all this he because the avowal might possibly serve to strengthen the political integrity of Portugal Mr Canning sent an expe- great atrocity, all through a clever well-paid attorney gets off with a punishment often awarded to offences of no hands of those in power. The paramount duty of mem-dition to Lisbon without waiting for the leave or the assent great atrocity, all through a clever well-paid attorney bers of either House of Parliament, though Lord Derby of any other Power. Not a drop of English blood was practising on some credulous justices, crotchetty medical and Mr Disraeli do not seem to know it, is to give utter sacrificed thereby; aggression was repelled, and Parliament busy bodies, and an easy Home Office. ance to the national conviction on great questions of foreign and the country approved of the prompt and spirited per-ligent mind, and an instance of the effect appeared a few The danger of such an example must occur to every intelor domestic interest, not to waste the public time in dodging formance of an act of manifest duty. To defend Turkey and hedging, shirking and quibbling for mere fuctious from a similar violence, Lord Aberdeen hesitated and fal- had threatened to kill his wife, adding that he could do so days ago in a trial, in which it was stated that a husband ends. Lord Palmerston's declaration at the end of last tered when the Pruth was crossed; Russia was duped and with impunity as he should get an acquittal on the ground Session, that "if a German army crossed the Eider Den- misled by his unhappy vacillation; and the people of of insanity, as he had been under restraint. It is true the "mark would find she did not stand alone," was a warning England had to pay for his error the penalty of 50,000 law which has given rise to this dangerous notion is to be -almost a menace-to Germany, which it was quite fair precious lives and one hundred millions of money. The in the leader of opposition to recall on behalf of the Danes majority of the present Cabinet were members of the steed is stolen? The impression is made. amended, but is not this shutting the stable door when the if he were disposed to plead that aid should be sent to divided and irresolute Administration of 1853: we trust them; but what is the value of such a reminiscence when that the bitter remembrance of former errors has not been notice of a Bill to establish a Criminal Court of Appeal. We are glad to see that Sir Fitzroy Kelly has given accompanied with the avowal that he has no such policy to lost upon them. One thing, at all events, is clear, namely, recommend, and when Lord Derby volunteers the courtier- that they cannot be said to take their policy from their like declaration that he would shrink from the contem- rivals in opposition, for policy or principle Opposition plation of our engaging in hostilities with Germany? appears to have none. They are only lurking behind a Mr Gladstone explained the Premier's words of last ditch at cross roads, ready to rush out and cut the traces Session to mean only that if a foreign army invaded whichever way is taken. We believe that in England Slesvig for purposes of partition or conquest, we should such a method is likely to prove not shabby only, but also ship-building for the navy, and gun-making. Admiral not look on as passive spectators; but that he never suicidal. The country wants plain dealing, open and Sartorius complains to the Times that the lessons of exmeant to declare a disposition on the part of this direct speech; it cares comparatively little now for persons, perience have been neglected by the Admiralty, but he country to control in detail the unneighbourly harshness but more than ever looks to the reality of things.

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or violence of certain Powers towards another, so long as

(the eventual independence and integrity of that other

Iwas not threatened,

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THE END OF ALL IN THE WRONG.

SHIPS AS THEY ARE, AND SHIPS AS THEY
OUGHT TO BE.

Quid utile quid non is still the unsolved problem in

does not condescend to particulars, and say what the lessons so neglected have been. He points out errors and faults, but not the right things. Upon the Warrior and her class the Admiral writes as follows:

Since the Royal Speech was framed, answers have been #received from Berlin and Vienna to categorical questions Townley has been found sane by a Commission, appointed address at Greenwich, as narrated in the Times of the 27th of From Mr Reed's (the present Chief Constructor of the Navy) put by "our envoys there, as to what is the definite by the Home Office, of four gentlemen eminently qualified November last, it appears that the following opinions are distinctly object of the present hostilities, and as to whether to decide upon the question,-Drs Hood, Bucknill, Meyer, avowed or inferred: That the Warrior is a hundred feet too long; Austria and Prussia hold by the Treaty of London. and Helps,-all officially experienced in the signs and that she is deficient in turning power, hard of steerage, and bad too We own that we cannot read Herr von Bismark's reply tokens of insanity. For this result of a proper inquiry we great draught of water, all of which are indubitably such serious in a sensé quite so satisfactory as Lord Palmerston were from the first prepared, and also for the commutation for war operations on coasts, shallow water, narrow passages, rivers, defects as to render the vessel possessing them dangerous, if not useless, professes to do. We concur with the Foreign Seere- of the capital punishment to penal servitude, as we foresaw in harbours like Spithead in fact, for such a war as is now going on tary in regarding it as but another proof that the how impossible it would be to carry the sentence into effect in America, whether for attack or defence. Mr Reed also declares course adopted by the Allied Powers has been all after so considerable an interval, in which hope of life had very rightly that all the large ironclads are errors or mistakes, and that in future the Admiralty will build their vessels smaller, cheaper, through equally lamentable and unintelligible. We did been given to the convict. not want to know whether up to the present time According to the Statute a sentence of death is only docks and works corresponding to the great size of the large class of and handier, and that the great expense involved in constructing the the Prussian and Austrian Governments acknowledged the suspended by the subsequent insanity of the convict, and ironclads was not necessary. What, then, is Treaty of 1852, because it was upon that they took their upon his recovery, months or years afterwards, he would gigantic docks and costly works to be completed for the temporary stand when superseding the lesser states of the Diet, and be remitted back to jail to suffer execution, but such a purpose of accommodating a defective class of vessels which are not to be repeated in size or in form? Either this must be done or the assuming in their own names the absolute direction of law makes no account of public feeling, which revolts vessels in question broken up. affairs in the duchies. They had no interest in setting up against taking life after it has once seemed spared. That the Warrior and her class are too large, and that a the Augustenburg Pretender; and save the enforcement of The probability, indeed, is that the Act of 1840 was smaller and handier craft would be more effective, we the alleged stipulations of 1852, locus operandi they had framed, unobjectionably enough in principle, for cri- believe to be quite true. But speed is an essential, and 1 none. They tell us nothing, therefore, when they merely minals under sentence of imprisonment and penal the Admiral does not tell us the tonnage at which small reiterate their primary pretence for armed interference. servitude, and that murderers were afterwards incon- draught of water and handiness can be combined with the What we wanted to know, and what we still want to siderately included. It was the great fault of this law to maximum of speed. What is the size and build which know, is,will they undertake to evacuate the duchies give the power of arresting the course of justice to such will unite the minimum of tonnage with the maximum of when the Rigsrud shall have yielded the point in dis-officious Commissions as certified Townley's insanity at speed, and carry one or more guns of great range and pute regarding the Constitution? To this no simple Derby; and it was the correlative fault of those meddlers, weight of metal. It must be remembered that the screw or straightforward answer is given; but two or three moved ex parte, to undertake to decide upon a question requires size, depth of immersion for full power, but we have clumsy and opaque sentences are flung into the air like without any special qualification or materials for a judg- often asked and never had answered the question, at what conjuror's balls, to be caught up or let fall as occasion may ment. The tissue of errors is now, however, brought to an size the desired velocity may be obtained. Can it be got serve. We own that we do not see why, on this vital point, end, and the law is to be amended, and placed, we hope, by a good model of a thousand tons, or two thousand, or the matter should be suffered to remain in suspense. As out of the reach of rash, interested, or incompetent hands. where? signatories of the Treaty of 1852, Russia, Sweden, France, An attorney has, however, to boast of a great victory and England have a positive right to insist on knowing over justice. He has very adroitly got his client's neck out

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Is not this date a mistake?

The Warrior has the one merit of speed, but her great and face with handspikes and thrown, yet alive and while two thousand of their dupes were left to perish by draught of water confines her services to deep seas, and shrieking, into the sea. There was no piracy here, in the most terrible of deaths. What a prodigy of inhumanity where she can act, steering badly as she incurably does, she the old buccaneering sense. The lazy and ruffianly was this, what a frightful combination of heartlessness and requires an immense area to come round in. This being part of a crew, that no ship ought to have been sent superstitious frivolity. But no, these men are not them. the case, a more active enemy, equally fast though with far to sea with one of the fellows bragged that he had selves superstitious, but workers on superstition, traders in fewer guns, would have an advantage over the large ship, killed sixteen men with his knife-had eased itself in a superstition, and their first, and indeed only, care was to as the smaller and nimbler craft would be able to take up horrible way of irksome supervision and forced duties, and save their stock in trade, for which they will now claim any position most favourable, profiting by the Warrior's if the murderers became possessors of the ship, they had peculiar veneration as rescued by the special grace of Mary inability to turn quickly. no other use for it than that it should carry them beyond from the flames which devoured such a multitude of the But still the question remains, whether a smaller and the arm's length of the law. They spent the next morn- faithful. Why Mary preferred the dolls to the innocent more handy vessel could equal the Warrior in speed? Is ing in dividing plunder of the captain's property, and bodies of flesh and blood they will not think it worth her enormous tonnage necessary to the full power of the opening the champagne cases that formed part of the while to explain. screw? Until that point be ascertained the condemnation cargo, drank and rioted as they were being carried nearer to of the largest class of war-ships cannot fairly be pro- their chosen port. The ship's papers were thrown overTHE STATE OF DENMARK. nounced, for if they cannot be equalled in speed, they have board. The steward, whom it was meant to kill, had a From the Statesman's Year Book for 1864,'* the first one most important superiority redeeming them from the knife thrust wantonly through the flesh of his arm. When issue of a remarkably skilful digest of the political inforutter uselessness charged against them. on the 2nd of October the desired land, about ten miles mation most wanted by the student of contemporary history Upon the recent invention of the double screw, Admiral distant, was sighted, the second mate was turned out of in all parts of the civilized world,-we condense the foloffice, the crew put the ship about, and as soon as it was

Sartorius observes:

unattainable by any arrangement of a single screw aided by the best

of the twin screws. This application of the screw is destined to play A poor little Chinese boy seems to have been murdered in November 18th, 1863, the executive power is in the King I think that Mr Reed is much mistaken in his estimate of the value dark got the boats overboard. The ship was then scuttled. lowing notes on the present state of Denmark. By the constitution voted in October, 1863, and receiving royal sanction a most important part in the Royal as well as the commercial navy. her before she sank; the cook was left to go down with her, and his responsible Ministers, and the right of making and It can give that power of pivot turning so essential in battle and for and the steward, struggling in the sea, was pelted to death escape in moments of imminent danger, of shock or shipwreck, quite with bottles of champagne. At four in the afternoon next Sovereign. The Rigsdag consists of an Upper House, the amending laws is in the Rigsdag or Diet, acting with the constructed rudder. This pivot-turning power is entirely different day the men landed from the boats, professing to be part of Landsthing, and a Lower House, the Folksthing. To the and distinct from speed, and frequently antagonistic to it, particularly the crew of an American ship from Peru laden with guano Landsthing any sane man, not under forty-one years of to that speed which is obtained by great length. With the twin for Bordeaux, which had foundered a hundred miles out at screws a vessel can be turned round and round like a top without going sea. ahead or astern-an inestimable advantage, which will be cheaply into another boat, and had not since been seen. They Denmark Proper and 16 for Slesvig), 25 (namely, 19 for The captain and others had got, in a heavy breeze, age, and with an income of about 1407., may be elected to serve for eight years. But of its 75 members (59 for bought by the sacrifice of a little speed. I have, however, good reasons to believe that the contrary is the case, that speed will be gained, themselves had been five days and nights in the boats. Denmark and 6 for Slesvig), are appointed by the Crown and not lost, by the use of the twin screws. Such was their tale. A farmer gave them shelter for the to serve for 12 years. Are we to understand Admiral Sartorius's proposition night, and next day drove to a place where the second The Folksthing contains 130 members, 29 for Slesvig and literally, that by the double screw a vessel can be turned mate learnt that there was, twenty miles off, a man who the rest for Denmark Proper. Any householder, not under round and round like a top without going ahead? Can could speak English. Escaping from the murderers with twenty-five years of age or in debt to the State for receipt a vessel ever steer without going either ahead or astern, a French seaman named Frank Candereau, who was one of of public charity, may be elected to serve three years as a no matter how little? Must not a vessel hove to go ahead the witnesses at their trial, the second mate found this man, member of the Folksthing. This Rigsdag, or Parliament of when she comes to in obedience to her helm a lee? She and by his help gave the information which has brought two Houses, meets annually on the first Monday in October; has filled her after-sail and moved ahead, if only for a few these vile criminals to justice. but Slesvig has also to maintain separate privileges, & seyards, before she is checked by the counteracting head-sail. It will be observed that there is not a tinge of romance Or, to cite a stronger example, a vessel at single anchor in this story of what is called "The Flowery Land Piracy," parate provincial Diet of 43 members. Besides the Danish Rigsdag or Parliament, there is a a tide way goes ahead obliquely against the stream when not a trace of the wild spirit of adventure that was blended peculiar institution, the Rigsraad or Supreme Council of in obedience to her helm she sheers. It may be only a even with the worst crimes of the old buccaneers. One of the Nation, which consists of sixty members; six elected few feet, but there is the movement ahead. A vessel cannot the prisoners, before sentence was passed, again complained for Denmark by the Landsthing, twelve by the Folksthing, steer without going either faster or slower than the water, of the bad victualling of the ship as a cause of mutiny, and five by the provincial estates of Slesvig; twelve nominated and if she be under any moving power surely she must go it is not unreasonable to suppose that the economy which for Denmark and three for Slesvig by the Crown; besides ahead or astern, and cannot spin round like a top. manned the vessel with a riff-raff crew in the name of We have not the presumption to dispute the nautical "able-bodied seamen" extended itself also to their rations twenty-two chosen by the qualified voters in different districts of both Slesvig and Denmark. proposition of so high an authority as Admiral Sartorius, However that may be, the crime of these "seamen,". The income of the Danish Monarchy for the year but it seems to us that he could not mean to be understood brutal, stupid, as it is in the lowest degree, is only the ending March 31, 1863, was 1,841,499., to which strictly by the card, but with a small allowance for some realisation of what many an English captain or mate of a Denmark contributed 62 per cent., Holstein 21.64, Slesvig little not uncustomary exaggeration. trading vessel has felt for years past to be a likely event, 16.36 per cent. This income more than covered the when, through the cupidity of owners, he is sent to sea expenditure. One half of it was produced by customs with a crew of ragamuffins, bargains picked from the waifs and indirect taxes, and about two-thirds of the expendiand strays of every land, because they will not pay the price of the right article for English seafaring, the well-ture was for the public debt and standing army. The trained English able-bodied seaman.

A CHEAP CREW AND ITS WORK. Eight men, six of them Spaniards, one a Greek, and one a Turk, have been tried this week at the Central Criminal Court for murder and piracy on the high seas, and seven of them, found guilty, have been condemned to death. These men were foreign seamen on board an English ship,

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THE ECCLESIASTICAL MISCREANTS IN CHILI.
Our readers would not thank us for dwelling on the

army cost about 466,000l., the navy 212,000l. The accounts of the current financial year were, before the invasion, estimated at the same rate.

The Danish army on its peace footing, to be doubled when on war footing, is fixed by law at 22,900 men; but of late

The population of the monarchy at the census of 1860 was in Denmark Proper, omitting the small figures, 1,600,000; in Slesvig 409,000; in Holstein 544,000; in Lauenburg 50,000. In Denmark Proper all but 360,000 of the population is agricultural,

the Flowery Land, which left London last summer with a horrors of the vast burnt sacrifice at Santiago. Enough has years the number has, for the sake of economy, been kept down to 12,000. The Danish navy consisted, in Septemcargo of wine, bottled beer, and bale goods, for Singapore. been said of them, and every imagination can too truly ber, 1862, of 19 sailing vessels carrying 704 guns, and The ship was manned with a cheap crew of nineteen men, picture them. If the reports be true, the priests were the 28 steamers with 340 guns, besides a paddle-wheel steam including the officers. The captain was an Englishman, worst of murderers. They had filled the church with the flotilla of 50 gunboats with about 100 guns. But all these John Smith, and his brother, George Smith, went as pas- dupes of their charlatanry, they had arranged all as if for an steamers were not seaworthy. The navy was at that time senger; the first and second mates, Karswell and Taffir, auto-da-fe on the largest scale, thousands of lamps in close served by about 2,000 men. were English, but the carpenter was a Norwegian, the cook contact with inflammable materials, and when the fire broke and steward Chinamen, the seamen, Spanish, French, Scla-out and raged, and the poor creatures were making despevonian, anything but English; Spanish being in the rate attempts to escape, the priests shut the door of the majority, and Spanish, of which the captain knew a little, sacristy through which there was a safe passage out of the being the common language used on board. The captain building. Such is the statement, and if true, the act had not sailed far before he found some of his crew unequal was of the guilt of murder on the largest scale and of the The whole male population of Denmark Proper is only to their duties, and like all bad servants, dissatisfied and blackest dye. But what could be the motive for such 793,000, and of Slesvig 204,000. Of these it appeared by insubordinate. They complained of their food, which barbarous conduct, and provided the priests could make the last cen us that in every thousand 395 lived excluprobably was bad, and sometimes obstinately refused to their own escape, why should they cut off the escape sively by agriculture, 228 by trade and manufacture (but, do their work. The captain was a kindly man, averse to of the poor creatures imploring their pity and help? The with no coal, and little water power on the soil, there is severe punishment; had he and the mates been more answer is that there were objects to be preserved incom- not much manufacture); 187 were day-labourers, 53 were brutally hardfisted in the enforcement of discipline they parably more precious in the eyes of the priests than human commercial men; 29 sailors; 20 paupers; 16 ministers or might have kept the most rascally and cowardly part of beings. There was a gilt image to save, for which it was well schoolmasters; 15 pensioners; 13 domestic servants, 11 or their crew at bay to the end of the voyage. to sacrifice the lives of some hundreds of women. There 12 civil servants of the State; 9 officers in the army of As it was, at about three o'clock on the morning of the were some wooden dolls, called saints, to be snatched from 10th of September last, Taffir, the second mate, hearing a the burning. There were chalices and silver candlesticks, Davy; 9 capitalists; 7 were devoting themselves to literaLure or science; 5 were nondescripts; and one was in jail. noise on deck, jumped out of his berth and went to the more precious than flesh and blood. There were mattings companion ladder, where his way was stopped by the body and carpets to be carried off, the theatrical properties, as it of a man whom some of the crew were beating about the were, of the house. After all these things had been THE FAMOUS AND INFAMOUS DIVORCE CASE. head with handspikes or capstan-bars. He received a blow secured at the expense of all the lives that might have Mr O'Kane has dropped his proceedings against his wife himself which hurled him back into the cabin. He went been saved if the passage of the sacristy had been left and Lord Palmerston, but with a repetition of his charges, into the main cabin and found the captain lying in a pool open, the priests were seen no more that night of horror and his last affidavit is therefore a foul libel under form of blood, with his night-dress full of cuts on the left and woe. The Postmaster-General of the Virgin, the side. The captain's brother was not in his berth. It mountebank impostor Ugarte, was the last seen, and in of a legal document. He gives as his reason for abandoning the petition the interests of his young children, but it is was he who then lay dead on the companion-ladder. shutting the door of mercy against the sufferers, the wretch not easy to see how the interests of his children could be Expecting that he also was to be murdered, Taffir had told them to die happy in the torments of fire, as they promoted by his abandoning a claim to 20,000l. damages retreated into his berth and locked the door. When for were going direct to Mary. For himself, however, he if it had been possible for him to prove his charges. There about half an hour all had been quiet, he was called for. declined the journey, or thought he had something better is but one construction to be put on the affair. A great Several of the mutineers then came down to him, stood in to do in taking care of the property, the gilt image, mistake was made in the supposition that Lord Palmerston a circle round his berth, and one of them called him out dolls, candlesticks, chalices, sofas, mattings, carpets, and is the sort of man to be frightened. There is no reason to of it. He asked whether he was going to be killed, and such precious articles. While the shrieks of the believe in a conspiracy, or any complicity on the part of the was answered, No: they had killed the captain and the agonized crowd were filling the air, and desperate and vain wife. Her affidavit that she was not married, extraordinary mate, but wanted him, because there was nobody else on endeavours were being made to rescue some of the poor as such a confession is, clears her of any suspicion of being board able to navigate the vessel. He was to take them to the creatures piled up in a mass at the choked door, imagine the the tool of Mr O'Kane. The conclusion of this preposterous River Plate or Buenos Ayres, where "there was no English priests sallying out at their ease from the passage of the "authorities; it was a good country, and there were plenty sacristy with their loads of furniture and trumpery, and scandal does not alter our opinion that there should be "of Spanish people there." Taffir, who was crying, said he wonder that they escaped instant vengeance. Who could some guarantee for the grounds of proceedings in the would take the ship anywhere to save his life. He obtained have kept his hands off that tonsured caitiff carrying in his Divorce Court, some protection in this class of civil cases like that given in Lord Chelmsford's Act against groundless leave decently to sew up the captain's body in canvas arms the gilt image, to save which and such like the door prosecutions. before it was thrown overboard. The first mate had, before had been locked against the doomed women. And on such the murder of the captain, been beaten about the head saving errands, and such only, the priests went in and out,

Macmillan and Co,

Correspondence.

THE JUDICIAL COMMITTEE OF PRIVY COUNCIL. Sir, It is generally thought to be the bounden duty of English judges not to anticipate the sentence of the Court by comments, made elsewhere, on a defendant's character or acts; nor can it be said that our judges have been in the habit of so committing themselves.

THE LITERARY EXAMINER.

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boyhood he had studied under Phædrus the Epicurean, and the poet Archias, and from Quintus Mucius Scævola he had received instruction in the intricacies of law, not Life of Marcus Tullius Cicero. By William Forsyth, forgetting to exercise himself daily in declamation, and to M.A., Q.C., Author of Hortensius,' Napoleon at learn all that was to be learnt from the acting of Esop and St Helena and Sir Hudson Lowe,' 'History of Trial Roscius. "Philosophy and oratory seem to have been the by Jury,' &c., and late Fellow of Trinity College," two chief objects of his study; but if, of any man before Cambridge. In Two Volumes. With Illustrations." Bacon appeared, that might be said which the great master John Murray. "of modern philosophy claimed for himself, that he had On Monday next the Judicial Committee of Privy Council give judgment in the case of Essays and Reviews. Yet hundred years ago; and Mr Forsyth certainly states his "declared of the youthful Cicero." In his twenty-sixth Middleton's Life of Cicero' was published more than a "taken all knowledge for his province,' it might be truly Lord Chelmsford, a member of that Committee, has not thought it ineonsistent with his duty (if I may accept as true of scholarship, which has made the history and literature bar soon brought him more work than he had strength to case modestly enough, in saying that "the advanced state year he began life as an advocate, and his success at the the report in the Record for January 29), to address a meeting of the Chelmsford Literary and Mechanics' Institute on the "of Rome so much better understood than when Middle- do. When he was twenty-eight he had to go for rest and character of the writings of which he is, next week, to give "ton wrote, to say nothing of his defects as a biographer, change to Athens, and thence to the chief towns of Asia his opinion as a judge. The speech was professedly aimed at "justifies the appearance of a new account of the great Minor, spending two years in the journey. Soon after his infidel literature in general; but it would be an affectation to "Roman." Using all that was worth using in Middleton's return to Rome he married a lady named Terentia, depretend ignorance of his meaning, when he tells us that "one book, as well as in the later volumes of Abeken, Brückner, nounced by Plutarch as a shrew, but considered by Mr who held the highest ecclesiastical office had been found to and other Germans, but making the basis of his work a Forsyth, on apparently good grounds, "an amiable woman impeach the veracity of our sacred record.". If in these direct study of Cicero's own life and writings in connec-" and a most loving, devoted wife." In B. c. 76 he was words, he must mean the Bishop of Natal, the expression tion with the lives and writings of his contemporaries, Mr Quaestor, in 69 he was Curule Edile, and in 67 he became that " persons whose sacred professions bound them to the defence of our religion" are n now found among the ranks of Forsyth has constructed a biography very full of merits, Prætor elect, all these offices being entered upon at the its assailants," must point to Mr Wilson and Dr Williams, on and with fewer blemishes than could have been ex- earliest age allowed by law. In 63 he was elected Consul, whose writings he has to pronounce judgment. It is, perhaps, pected. "My object," he says, "has been to exhibit and the same year witnessed his greatest forensic success doubtful whether even in the Privy Council Chamber he "Cicero not only as an orator and a politician, but as he in the overthrow of Catiline. His first purpose was to would have a right to speak of those writings as "home- "was in private life surrounded by his family and friends, defend him. When Catiline's offences began to be pubdistilled poison; he certainly has no right to anticipate "speaking and acting like other men in the ordinary licly discussed, both he and Cicero were canvassing for the judgment by so styling them beforehand. "affairs of home. And the more we accustom ourselves to Consulship. "At this moment," wrote the orator to But it is more than whispered that Lord Chelmsford's legal regard the ancients as persons of like passions as our- Atticus, "I contemplate undertaking the defence of Catiopinion is for and not against the defendants; and if this be "selves, and familiarize ourselves with the idea of them as "line, my competitor. We have just such a jury as we the case, we must conclude that Lord Chelmsford was glad to fathers, husbands, friends, and gentlemen, the better we" wished to get, and have the best possible understanding relieve his conscience by denouncing as poison before a Mechanics Institute meeting that which he cannot legally" shall understand them." This is the right spirit in "with the prosecutor. I hope, if he is acquitted, that he condemn on the seat of judgment. Such a step is, at the which to work, and it shows well for the scholarship of "will be more disposed to coalesce with me in the canvass; least, singular in an English judge; and if this has through our day, that so excellent a piece of solid biography as "but if it turns out differently I shall be able to bear the out been his deliberate opinion, he was only better fitted than this Life of Cicero,' and so excellent a piece of historical" disappointment." the two Archbishops to hold the office of judge in this case, fiction as Captain Whyte Melville's Gladiators,' should be in that he feels himself bound legally to acquit where they published within a few weeks of one another. There is nothing very strange in that. Now-a-days, as would feel less scruple without the same legal warrant to at every other time since Cicero's, advocates have thought condemn. It is only another proof that secular judges are blinded Mr Forsyth to the defects of his character. Years spent in the loving study of Cicero's life have not themselves justified in supporting whichever side of a far better than judges ecclesiastical. But, however distasteful He question has come in their way; and nearly all men can it may be to Lord Chelmsford to concur in such a judgment, hides nothing of the unheroic in his hero. He does his twist their consciences to the approval of any measure that it is not easy to see what right he has to say so beforehand best to show him exactly as he was, and to do this he is politic. But this worldly wisdom is not honesty, and and if he thinks that the Church of England is wrong in turns with special care to his extant correspondence. we must not look for perfect honesty or any sort of true granting so much liberty of thought, there are many religious bodies which he will find as little as he likes, and which would be glad to receive him on his own terms.I am, &c., A CLERGYMAN OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND.

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BOUT 9. THE FRENCH FREE TRADERS.

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not only for his own biography, but a great part of the history of the the last days of the Roman republic; certainly not in It is a rich mine of information, and furnishes the best materials, nobility of character in even the worthiest men living in time. Nowhere else do we find such a vivid picture of contemporary Cicero. He was far more upright than most of the men events. We seem to be present at the shifting scenes of the drama, as around him. He sacrificed much in the interests of the the plot unfolds itself which involves the destinies of Rome.

We

hear the groans of the expiring Republic, which had been mortally people, and he dared to face the popular fury in the wounded during the long civil wars of Marius and Sylla, and was interests of what he felt to be right. But he was not a Sir-A recent number of the Examiner contained some sure to follow in the train of civil war. At one time we watch with by prosperity, were clearly shown in the time of adversity. fast sinking under the flood of social and political corruption which is truly great man, and the faults of his character, half hidden very pertinent remarks upon the unsafe line of argument eager impatience the arrival of a courier at Tusculum, with a letter The period of his expulsion from Rome marks the turning adopted in support of free trade by speakers in the French from Atticus telling his friend the news of the day, and in Cicero's Chamber of Deputies, which argument bore at least the reply we read all the fluctuations of hope and fear which agitated point in his history. "We fail," says Mr Forsyth, "to appearance of an abandonment of the strong ground of esta-him during the momentous crisis of his country's fate. At another "recognise the orator and statesman-the man who braved blished principle in favour of an appeal to results which could we contemplate the great orator and statesman in the seclusion of his "the fury of Catiline, and in the evening of his life hurled not but be affected by causes of a temporary nature; as the villa, as a plain country gentleman, busying himself with improve-"defiance at Antony-in the weeping and moaning exile. comparative productiveness of the seasons, the American ments on his estate, building farm-houses, laying out and planting «He was not deficient in physical courage; he met a war, &c. ; in other words, a desertion of the wide experience pictures and statues, and the various objects which interest a man of " violent death with calmness and fortitude; but he wanted shrubberies, and turning watercourses, or amusing himself with upon which established economic principles are based, in refined and cultivated taste. At another we find him at Rome sick, "strength of character and moral firmness to support adverfavour of the narrow experience of the last two years. Permit me to add that the strongest argument of all in where no one seems worthy of trust, and harping ever on the vanity weary, and disgusted with the din of strife, mistrusting everybody "sity." favour of free trade appears to be almost wholly overlooked, if not tacitly denied, by its defenders. I mean the fact that at one moment exalted to the summit of human glory when saluted at the age of fifty. Restored to popular favour, he shared even to t the traders themselves protection" is not a benefit in the Senate by the proud title of Pater Patria, and at another sunk prominently during the next fourteen years in all the but an injury jaga! diud teol wvad udw stngitaq in the lowest depths of despair when he is a wandering fugitive exile stirring business of the times. At first siding with Cæsar, Take the case of the French iron-masters. No doubt the from Rome, and tells his wife that while he writes he is blinded by his he soon became active in the opposition to his ambitious protective dawe must have shielded them from the competi-teare

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After a year's absence, Cicero returned to Rome in 57,

tionsofulla foreign iron-masters. But what was there to There is a charm in these letters to which we have nothing com- projects, and was present at his death, and in his Philippics shield them from the competition amongst themselves, or parable in all that antiquity has spared us. To say nothing of their he has left an abiding witness of the way in which he set from the competition of other French capitalists looking exquisite Latinity, and not unfrequently their playful wit, they have himself against the upholders of Caesar's party. The most out for profitable occupation? Surely no economist whose hope to attain. We see in them Cicero as he was. We behold him that in which he was pro-consul of Cilicia, B. c. 51-50. a freshness and reality which no narrative of bygone events can ever honourable part of his life, during this latter period, was opinion can command a moment's attention will deny the in his strength and in his weakness-the bold advocate, and yet timid. It would be little at the present day to say of the well-established principle that the occurrence of exception-and vacillating statesman the fond busband the affectionate father ally high profits in a particular trade is certain to attract the kind master-the warm-hearted friend. I speak not now of governor of an English colony that his hands were clean, competition, and in time to bring such profits down to the his political correspondence, written with an object in view, and with "his administration was just, and his integrity unim level prevailing throughout the country, if not to dip them a consciousness that it might one day be made public, but his private peached; but at Rome the case was very different. It for a time below such devel. The remuneration of both labour letters to his relatives and friends, in which he poured out the whole is no light merit in Cicero to have been in advance of the and capital, intas country where legal restrictions turn them secret of his soul, and laid bare his innermost thoughts, yearning for "morality of his age, and amidst the darkness of paganism aside from the more productive employments which they Quincey: In them we come suddenly into deep lulls of angry pas- to have exhibited the equity and self-denial of a Christian sympathy and clinging for support. To quote the words of De would naturally seek if left which they would other fettered, to less productive ones sion-here upon a scheme for the extension of literature by a domes-" statesman. But a government was just the sphere in neglect, cannot but be lower tic history, pon some ancient problem from the quiet fields of kindness, his humanity, his disinterestedness, were qualia comparison of Greek with Roman jurisprudence; which he was fitted to shine. His love of justice, his

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would be t be the case if no such restrictions existed. It, there therefore, manifestly follows that both capitalists and philosophy." They show that he was a man of genial soul, and of a labourers engaged in a protective trade, however highly pro- most kind and amiable disposition-what Dr Johnson would have "ties which all came into play, without the disturbing tected, must, as soon as competition has brought its profits called a thoroughly "clubable" person. He is never more at home than" causes which at Rome misled him more than once, to down to the ordinary level of the country (thus unnaturally when he is indulging in a little pleasant banter and irony, as when he "know the best and yet the worst pursue."" With two depressed), be worse remunerated than if never protected at makes fun of Trebatius the lawyer, who had left the atmosphere of 15.robyqqque trolių valsen ? Wm B the courts, to turn soldier and serve under Cæsar in Gaul. But he is exceptions, Cicero was notably just and honest in all the Free traders, not bearing this in mind, but too often always the scholar and the gentleman; and no one had more of that troublesome work that he had to do in Cilicia. allow that the effect of protective laws is urbanitas. I do not think that in the whole of his correspondence a rent as soon as he went back to Rome. refined polish which the Romans described by the expressive word The defects of his character, however, were again appathe expense of the con- single coatse word or vulgar idea occurs. It is not so in his speeches. Forsyth urges, that in public life his chief fault was indeIt may be, as Mr sumers. That such is the object of these laws is unquestion- There he often indulged in language which is, according to modern able, but the effect in the long run is to cause a loss without notions, offensive to good taste and even decency, as when he attacked cision, that his wrong doings were the result of inability any countervailing gain whatever a dead loss, that falls most Piso and Gabinius and Antony. But that was the fault of the plain- to determine what it was right for him to do. heavily upon the consumers no doubt, but that the producers speaking time in which he lived, rather than of the man; just as the private career there were offences not so easily to be themselves cannot wholly escape. In this country a long ex-occasional coarseness of Shakespeare must be attributed to the age in excused. The most notable was his divorce of Terentia, perience has confirmed the correctness of this principle beyond which he was born, and not to his own gentle nature. correctness the shadow of a doubt. How pleasant it is to hear him giving his friend Atticus a message the wife of thirty years. Plutarch, followed by nearly all A Temperance advocate who, in a time of dearth, should from the little Tullia, or Tulliola as he often calls her-making use of modern biographers, makes apology for Cicero by asserting denounce the practice of consuming grain in vast quantities modern Italian-to remind him of his promise to make her a present, ing to Middleton, "she was a woman of an inferior and the endearing diminutive so significant in the ancient Latin and that Terentia was ill-tempered and extravagant. Accordfor the production of alcoholic drinks, whilst the people were and afterwards telling him that Tullia had brought an action against turbulent spirit, expensive and negligent in her private that such drinks are not beneficial but injurious to those who "the breach of contract; or to find him speaking of his only son affairs, busy and intriguing in the public." perishing for want of food maintaining at the same time him for Cicero," that "most aristocratic child," as he playindulge in them--would not accept it as a correct statement fully styles him, who was with his sister in his youthful days the Forsyth has been careful to acquit her from all these of his argument, that the famishing poor were deprived of pride and delight of his life. We see him lounging on the shore at charges, save one of occasional extravagance, and to show, wholesome food for the benefit of the spirit-drinkers. On the his villa near and there penning a letter to confess the that he is from repeated allusions to her in the orator's correspondence, one, killing on both sides at once; some perishing for want of as they roll upon the beach. We would not willingly exchange that "her with passionate fondness." He does not seem, howthe food thus taken from the common stock, and others from acted like this, in which he says of himself that he knows he has the poison distilled from it. sad bas « 15 82 stiffest and most elaborate of his political epistles. seted like a "genuine donkey" (me asinum germanum fuisse), for the ever, to have caught what we cannot but regard as Cicero's Let the free traders be equally jealous as to the correct updtrue reason for putting away his wife. All life long he statement of their case; it cannot but tend much to the suc- The first of those letters was written in the year 68, had been reckless about money matters, and ever since his I am, &c., adi E. HILL. before Christ, when Cicero was thirty-nine years old. return from exile he had been grievously in debt. Before that time he had become a famous man. In his had already divorced his daughter from a husband of her

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contrary, he would maintain that the sword was a two-edged in no humorum, amuses himself with counting the waves that she was an amiable woman, and that Cicero loved

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own rank and wedded her to a profligate nobleman, at the able grave. But the wrecks of precious virtues, which had been a dark, still, slender person, always with a trance-like remoteness, a time of the contract a married man; and now, at the age covered with the waves of prosperity, came up also. And all sorts mystic dreaminess of manner, such as I never saw in any other youth. of sixty-one, he dismissed her mother that he might be of unexpected and unheard-of things, which had lain unseen during Whether he heard with difficulty, or whether his mind reacted slowly our national life of fourscore years, came up and are coming up on an alien thought, I could not say; but his answer would often be free to marry Publilia, a girl of considerable fortune, who daily, shaken from their bed by the concussions of the artillery bel- behind time, and then a vague, sweet smile, or a few words spoken had been made his ward. If this was his motive it met lowing around us. with the failure it deserved. In a short time he found it necessary to divoree his second wife, and in doing so had to refund the whole of her dowry.

his irresolution.

Thus Dr Holmes writes of a visit to the

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under his breath, as if he had been trained in sick men's chambers. We wish we could hear more than we do in England of For such a young man, seemingly destined for the inner life of conthe American virtues that have come up from the bottom to me of his intention to offer himself to his country, and his blood templation, to be a soldier seemed almost unnatural. Yet he spoke at the booming of the guns of civil war; but we will must now be reckoned among the precious sacrifices which will make Cicero was murdered at Antony's instigation, in B.C. 43, cheerfully take Dr Holmes's word for the existence of a her soil sacred for ever. Had he lived, I doubt not that he would when he was almost sixty-four years old. Mr Forsyth's noble side to that of which we read in transatlantic news-better, for he has died that unborn generations may attain the hopes have redeemed the rare promise of his earlier years. He has done estimate of his character is more favourable than that of papers too frequently the worst. Dr Holmes, we are sure held out to our nation and to mankind. most critics, though perhaps not more so than is right. of it, represents a class of honest, high-souled Northern em dicw Jastelaosni 31júguods It may be said with truth of Cicero that he was weak, timid, and patriots; and it is partly to the imperfect development of We pass over some pleasant essays on photography, to an irresolute, but it is not the whole truth. These defects were coun- American literature, to the want of a large and influential essay on the mechanism of the limbs, with especial reterbalanced, and in some respects redeemed by the display, at critical class of the best thinkers, to the separation of those men ference to the demand created by the civil war for artificial periods of his life, of the very opposite qualities. He was as firm and brave as a man need be in the contest with Catiline, and the final who represent its better mind in a true literature from the legs and arms. struggle with Antony. It would not be fair to judge of Napoleon meaner class that does the work of government, and pours Boston branch factory of the Palmer leg : instongi bastong solely by his demeanour at St Helena, and it is not fair to judge of its littlenesss into so large a part of the American newspaper The polite Boston partner, who, if he were in want of a customer, Cicero solely by his agony during his exile, and his conduct during press, that we owe some misunderstanding of the people of would almost persuade a man with two good legs to provide himself the Civil War. In the first he was unmanned by the magnitude of the Northern States. No sympathy can be more close and with a third, carried us to the back part of the building, where legs his misfortunes, and in the second unnerved by the difficulty of deter# -1108199 mining which side he ought to follow. It is utterly untrue to assert, hearty than that of the mind of England with the mind of are organized. as Drumann asserts, that selfishness and disregard for right and truth Federal America as it comes represented to us in a book blows off limbs, is the wood chosen to supply the loss it has helped The willow, which furnishes the charcoal for the gunpowder that were prominent features of his mind. He was egotistical, but not like this. Whatever he may judge ab extra of the question to occasion. It is light, strong, does not warp or "check" so much selfish; and his anxiety to do what was right was one chief cause of by which patriotic feeling has been stirred, there as many other woods, and is, as the workmen say, healthy, that is, should be no Englishman to whom the note of a patriotism not irritating to the parts with which it is in contact. Whether the real and generous is so indifferent that it can pass un- may be a question for those who remember the drugs in the Sultan's salicine it may contain enters the pores, and invigorates the system, recognized and unrespected. bat-handle and the remarkable cure they wrought. This wood is kept in a dry-house with as much care as that intended for the manufacture of pianos. It is thoroughly steamed also, before using. The wood comes in rudely shaped blocks, as lasts are sent to the factory, seeming to have been coarsely hewed out of the log. The shaping, as we found to our surprise, is all done by hand. We had expected to see great lathes, worked by steam-power, taking in a rough stick and turning out a finished limb. But it is shaped very not so much in the view of the stranger, who does look upon its much as a sculptor finishes his marble, with an eye to artistic effect, naked loveliness, as in that of the wearer, who is seduced by its harmonious outlines into its purchase, and solaced with the consciousness that he carries so much beauty and symmetry about with blades and scopes at the end of long stoms, suggesting the thought of him. The hollowing-out of the interior is done by wicked-looking dentista instruments as they might have been in the days of the giants. The joints are most carefully made, more particularly at the knee, where a strong bolt of steel passes through the solid wood, Windowe, oblong openings, are left in the sides of the limb, to ensure a good supply of air to the extremity of the mutilated limb. Many persons are not aware that all parts of the surface breathe, just as the lungs breathe, exhaling carbonic acid as well as water, and taking in more or less oxygen.UT SU VAMZDISE') A

that standard made him feel dissatisfied with himself and ashamed. But

He would have been a more consistent if he had been a less scrupu-
lous man. His lot was cast in times which tried men's souls to the
uttermost, and when boldness was as much required in a statesman as
virtue. His moral instinct was too strong to allow him to resort to
means of which his conscience disapproved. And if he knew he had
Emphatic in a pure support of the cause of Union and
acted wrongly, he instantly felt all the agony of remorse. Although in detestation of the wrongs of slavery, Dr Holmes scouts
he lived in the deep shadows of the night which preceded the dawn every suggestion that North and South are of two bloods
of Christianity, his standard of morality was as high as it was perhaps and divers ancestry. One of these essays is a strangely
possible to elevate it by the mere light of Nature. And to fall below familiar, human narrative of the author's own journey in
his constant aim was to do right; and although he sometimes deceived search of a son reported after the battle of Antietam
himself, and made great mistakes, they were the errors of his judg-
"shot through the neck, though not mortal;" the essay,
ment rather than of his heart. Let those who, like De Quincey, called 'My Hunt after the Captain,' has the deepest
Mommsen, and others, speak so disparagingly of Cicero, and are so feeling underlying its light sketches of the scenes of
lavish in praise of Casar, recollect that Caesar was never troubled by life and death through which the wounded son, was sought
a conscience. His end was power, and to gain it he had no scruple
as to the means. Conspiracy, corruption, and civil war were the and followed up from place to place among the scenery of
instruments of his guilty ambition, and his private life was darkened civil war. Dr Holmes is strong in antipathy to the cause
by vices of the worst possible kind. Dazzled by the lustre which of the South, but he has not a word of personal bitterness
surrounds his name, men are apt to forget all this, and to confound for the men he would claim back as fellow citizens of like
right and wrong in their hero-worship of his commanding genius, his
iron will, and his victorious success.
blood with himself. Of one hospital, he writes:

The chief fault of Cicero's moral character was a want of sincerity. In a different sense of the words from that expressed by St Paul, he wished to become all things to all men, if by any means he might win some. His private correspondence, and his public speeches, were often in direct contradiction with each other as to the opinions he expressed of his contemporaries, and he lavished compliments in the Senate and the Forum, upon men whose conduct he disliked, and whose characters he abhorred.

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We were just leaving, when a face attracted me, and I stopped the party. "That is the true Southern type," I said to my companion. A young fellow, a little over twenty, rather tall, slight, with a perfectly smooth, boyish cheek, delicate, somewhat high features, and a fine, almost feminine mouth, stood at the opening of his tent, and as we turned towards him fidgeted a little nervously with one hand at the loose canvas, while he seemed at the same time not unwilling to talk. He was from Mississippi, he said, had been him many enemies. A vain man is generally a weak man, and there the name of the literary humility before him was not new to his was enough of weakness in his character to cause the sarcasms of ill-ears. Of course I found it easy to come into magnetic relation with nature to appear the language of truth. Men will forgive worse faults him, and to ask him without incivility what he was fighting for more readily, for they feel it as a kind of injury to themselves, and "Because I like the excitement of it," he answered. I know those they dislike to have their praise exacted and to be laid, as it were, under tribute. He was never tired of speaking of himself, and he blew his own trumpet with a blast which wearied the ears of his countrymen. But it was after all a harmless failing, and would have been sufficiently punished with laughter, instead of being treated as an offence to be retaliated by slander.

His foible was vanity, and he has paid dearly for it, for it has made at Georgetown College, and was so far imbued with letters that even the room again, until we had satisfied ourselveked up and down

fighters with women's mouths and boys' cheeks. One such from the
circle of my own friends, sixteen years old, slipped away from his
nursery, and dashed in under an assumed name among the red-legged |
Zouaves, in whose company he got an ornamental bullet-mark in one
of the earliest conflicts of the war.

"Did you ever see a genuine Yankee?" said my Philadelphia
friend to the young Mississippian.

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One of the workmen, a pleasant-looking young fellow, was himself, we were told, a ligniped. We begged him to give us a specimen of his walking. He arose and walked rather slowly across the room and back. "Once more," we said, not feeling quite sure which was Palmer's. So he Nature's leg and which was the leg of willow and which that of flesh and bone. It is not, perhaps, to the credit of our eyes or observing powers, but it is a fact, that we deliberately selected the wrong leg. No victim of the thimble-rigger's" trickery was ever more completely taken in than we were by the contrivance of the ingenious Surgeon-Artist. vd bɔmolie euf die ton Our freely expressed admiration led to the telling of wonderful e stories about the doings of persons with artificial legs. One individual was mentioned who skated particularly well; another who danced with zeal and perseverance; and a third who must needs swim in his leg, which brought on a dropsical affection of the limb,-to which kind of complaint the willow has, of course, a constitutional tendency, and for which it had to come to the infirmary where the diseases that wood is heir to are treated.

As a philosopher, though with no claim to originality, "I have shot at a good many of them," he replied, modestly, his Cicero is to be highly esteemed for the earnestness and power woman's mouth stirring a little, with a pleasant, dangerous smile. with which he made his countrymen familiar with the best The Dutch captain here put his foot into the conversation, as his But the most wonderful monuments of the great restorer's skill are teachings of former writers. As an orator, in Mr Forsyth's ancestors used to put theirs into the scale, when they were buying the patients who have lost both legs,-nullipeds, as presented to Mr judgment, he stands in the same relation to Burke that furs of the Indians by weight, so much for the weight of a hand, so Palmer, bilignipeds, as they walk forth again before the admiring much for the weight of a foot. It deranged the balance of our inter-world, balanced upon their two new-born members. We have before Demosthenes does to Brougham. There was coarseness, course; there was no use in throwing a fly where a pavingstone had us delineations of six of these hybrids between the animal and vegeexaggeration, and prolixity in his eloquence; but it was just splashed into the water, and I nodded a good-by to the boy table world. One of them was employed at a railway station near the eloquence best fitted to influence a Roman audience, fighter, thinking how much pleasanter it was for my friend the this (Atlantic) where he was often seen a member of and "it is impossible to deny that no greater master of Captain to address him with unanswerable arguments and erushing own household, whose testimony we are in the habit of considering "speech has ever yet appeared amongst mankind.” "To statements in his own tent than it would be to meet him upon some superior in veracity to the naked truth as commonly delivered. He remote picket station and offer his fair proportions to the quick eye walked about, we are assured, a little slowly and stifly, but in a way "appreciate his full worth," says Mr Forsyth on the last of a youngster who would draw a bead on him before he had time to that hardly attracted attention. page of his delightful and most instructive work, "let us say dunder and blixum. The inventor of the leg has not been contented to stop there. He "consider what a blank there would have been in the serve a pianist or violinist, is yet equal to holding the reins in t has worked for years upon the construction of afi artificial arm, and has at length succeeded in arranging a mechanism, which, if it cannot sing sid to toto driving, receiving fees for professional services, and similar easy it would be premature to say. We suppose the accidents, happening Occasionally from the use of the guillotine, are beyond his skill, and spare our readers the lively remark suggested by the contrary hypothesis.

many cities.

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"annals of Rome and the history of the world, if Cicero vania, the father's eyes were gladdened with the sight of At last, in the railway station at Harrisburg, Pennsyl"had never lived. He illumines the darkness of the past the son sought so anxiously. "with the light of his glorious intellect, like some lofty The expected train came in so quietly that I was almost startled to labours. Where Mr Palmer means to stop in supplying bodily losses. "beacon, that sheds its rays over the waste of waters. see it on pe tract. Let me walk calmly through the care, and took "And the more we think of all we owe him-of all he around us. "did, and wrote, and spoke-the more shall we be disposed In the first car, on the fourth seat to the right, I saw my Captain; "to agree with the prophetic judgment of the historian there saw I him, even my first-born, whom I had sought through "who says, Vivit vivetque per omnem sæculorum memoLet us see what we may of the dirty doings of American "How are you, Boy? "riam; citiusque e mundo genus hominum quam Ciceofficials, and think what we may of the blindness of com"How are you, Dad?" "ronis gloria e memoriâ hominum unquam cedet.'" Such are the proprieties of life, as they are observed among us batants to facts of which outsiders have no doubt, still Anglo-Saxons of the nineteenth century, decently disguising those it remains certain that in men like Holmes and Lowell, natural impulses that made Joseph, the Prime Minister of Egypt, and many another ardent supporter of the Northern cause, weep aloud so that the Egyptians and the house of Pharaoh heard, only a high and pure sentiment of duty can sustain the nay, which had once overcome his shaggy old uncle Esau so entirely determination with which, through all perils and horrors, that he fell on his brother's neck and cried like a baby in the presence of all the women. But the hidden cisterns of the soul may be filling clearly seen and acutely felt by them, they maintain the fast with sweet tears, while the windows through which it looks are demand for persistence to the uttermost in civil war. undimmed by a drop or a film of moisture. Though he may judge amiss, as we believe he does, Dr Holmes, whom we take as a representative of the best mind of the North, feels nobly when he writes as follows:

Soundings from the Atlantic. By Oliver Wendell
Holmes. Low, Son, and Marston. Boston: Ticknor

and Fields.

1

Dr Oliver Wendell Holmes is almost to be called an
American perfected. The native shrewdness is refined in
These are times in which we cannot live solely for selfish joys or
him, the smartness rises to the dignity of a true wit, the griefs. I had not let fall the hand I held, when a sad, calm voice
tough patriotism loses all its narrowness, and becomes addressed me by name. I fear that at the moment I was too much
broad and deep in its intensity, there is a manly ring in his absorbed in my own feelings; for certainly at any other time I should
lightest talk, a soul of poetry below his prose. A volume have yielded myself without stint to the sympathy which this meet
ing might well call forth.
of his essays has appeared this week which, like preceding
works of his, will take a pleasant place among what is
sterling in the literature of the United States. With a
quaint illustration he thus teaches what Tennyson has
taught in his Maud, of the saving health that there may

be in war: bas

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"He was killed on Monday, at Shepherdstown. I am carrying his body back with me on this train. He was my only child. If you could come to my house,-I can hardly call it my home now,-it would be a pleasure to me."

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What we want now is a strong purpose; the purpose of Luther, when he said, in repeating his Pater Noster, fiat voluntas MEA,-let my will be done; though he considerately added, quia Tua,-because my will is Thine. We want the virile energy of determination which made the oath of Andrew Jackson sound so like the devotion of an ardent saint that the recording angel might have entered it unquestioned among the prayers of the faithful, od Jon 67%

War is a grim business. Two years ago our women's fingers were busy making "Havelocks." It seemed to us then as if the Havelock made half the soldier; and now we smile to think of those days of A young man was drowned not very long ago in the river running This young man, belonging in Philadelphia, was the author of a inexperience and illusion. We know now what War means, and we under our windows. A few days afterwards a field-piece was dragged 'New system of Latin Paradigms,' a work showing extraordinary cannot look its dull, dead ghastliness in the face unless we feel that to the water's edge, and fired many times over the river. We asked scholarship and capacity. It was this book which first made me there is some great and noble principle behind it. It makes little a bystander, who looked like a fisherman, what that was for. It was acquainted with him, and I kept him in my memory, for there was difference what we thought we were fighting for at first; we know what we are fighting for now, and what we are fighting against.

to "break the gall," he said, and so bring the drowned person to the genius in the youth. Some time afterwards he came to me with existence. We say to thore who would

surface. A strange physiological fancy and a very odd non sequitur; modest request to be introduced to President Felton, and one or two but that is not our present point. A good many extraordinary objects others, who would aid him in a course of independent study he was take back their several contributions to that undivided unity which do really come to the surface when the great guns of war shake the proposing to himself. I was most happy to smooth the way for him, we call the Nation; the bronze is cast; the statue is on its pedestal ; waters, as when they roared over Charleston harbour. and he came repeatedly after this to see me and express his satisfac- you cannot reclaim the brass you flung into the crucible! There are Treason came up, hideous, fit only to be huddled into its dishonour- tion in the opportunities for study he enjoyed at Cambridge. He was rights, possessions, privileges, policies, relations, duties, acquired,

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