To show these various appearances of the moon, there is a black shaded space Nf, Fl, on the plate that carries the sun. When the sun and moon are in conjunction, the whole space seen through the round hole is black, as at N; when the moon is full, opposite to the sun, all the space seen through the round hole is white, as at F; when the moon is in her first quarter, as at f, or in her last quarter, as at 1, the hole is only half shaded; and more or less accordingly for each position of the moon, with regard to her age. Having seen that all clocks owe their motion either to a main spring, or the gravitating influence of some ponderous body, it will be evident that the moment the power is withdrawn, as in the act of winding, the wheels will cease to advance. To remedy the irregularity and variation in the time which this must of necessity produce, the annexed simple contrivance is occasionally resorted to: and he states, that a very excellent regulator was repeatedly stopped by the motion of a pendulum attached to another clock in the same apartment. At other times its rate was materially affected, and yet no apparent motion of the clock-case was observable. On this account it is, that the best regulators are usually attached to a firm support, altogether independent of the walls of the building in which they may be placed. A very ingenious apparatus has been suggested by Mr. Hardy, and rewarded by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures, which appears admirably adapted to detect the slightest oscillation that may occur. It consists of an inverted pendulum, and may be readily constructed by supporting a perpendicular wire by a slight steel spring, a movable weight being attached to a tube sliding on the wire. Should any vibration occur, the pendulum is immediately put in motion: and a graduated arc is sometimes attached to the upper part of the frame, which serves to mark the amount of oscillation. taining power, the pressure of a spring acting on the lever produces an equable motion in the train. There are a variety of other contrivances for this purpose; but the great simplicity of the one we have now described, although not entirely free from defects, fits it for general adoption. The setting a clock into beat is usually effected by bending the crutch till the vibrations on each side are equal. To know when this is the case, it is merely necessary to mark the exact point occupied by the lower extremity of the pendulum when the ball is at rest. If it be then moved till the pallet escape, or, in plainer terms, till the clock is heard to tick, its extreme distance at that side will then be known. This must also be marked correctly; and if, on moving it in the opposite direction, it be found to describe a similar portion of a circle, it may then be considered as accurately in beat. If this should not be the case, the crutch must then be bent; or, in more complete machines, an alteration made by screws. It is also an essential condition, that the centre of suspension of the pendulum shall be exactly in the same vertical plane with the centre of the verge; for, if the pendulum spring happen not to coincide with a perpendicular line passing through the pivot-hole of the pallet's arbor, one half the arc of vibration will be greater than the other, even after the crutch is properly adjusted. An error of this kind must however be very obvious, and may be remedied by the eye. As the period of winding a clock propelled by weights must of necessity depend on the length of the cord to which the weight is attached, it will be evident that any contrivance by which the line may be lengthened without increasing the fall must be advantageous to the machine. This desideratum is usually effected in a common clock, by introducing a pulley, represented at B, and, by means of this simple contrivance, the time of the clock is doubled. It may, however, be proper to add, that the weight must be increased in an equal ratio, as ten pounds attached to the pulley B, can only furnish a maintaining power of five pounds, or half that weight at A, so that a clock which is usually furnished with a weight of about fourteen pounds, in reality only requires seven to give motion to the train. A In all pendulum clocks, but more especially those that are employed for astronomical purposes, the greatest attention should be paid to the stability of the case or frame to which they are attached. The necessity of employing care in this respect may be best shown by reference to a curious fact furnished by the late Mr. Ellicott. It occurs in the Transactions of the Royal Society; In the early stages of the art clocks, as well as watches, were of very simple construction, and every artist was compelled from necessity to complete the machine he attempted to construct; but, in the present state of the business, it is divided into a great number of branches, and each, by devoting himself exclusively to that department, attains a greater degree of expertness and accuracy than he could possibly effect withou such a division of labor. The invention of pendulum clocks has been claimed, more especially, by Galileo and Huygens, neither of whom published their discoveries prior to 1649; and it will be found, by reference to the following extract, that it is to an English mechanic that we are really indebted for this valuable appendage of a modern clock: "The clock fixed in the turret of the said church, was the first long pendulum clock in Europe, invented and made by Richard Harris of London, A. D. 1641; although the honor of the invention was assumed by Vincenzo Galileo, A. D. 1649, and also by Huygens in 1657. This plate is here affixed by Thomas Grignon, of this parish (Covent Garden), the son of the above Thomas Grignon, as a true memorial of praise to those two skilful mechanicians, his father and Richard Harris, who to the honor of England, embodied their ideas in substantial forms that are most useful to mankind.' CLOCK, n. s. Sax. galukan, to close; the gusset his interest at Rome during his absence; but or ornamented work of a stocking. bim. His stockings with silver clocks were ravished from Swift. CLOD, n. s. & v. Goth. klode; Swed. CLODDY, adj. klot. A lump of earth; the ground; any thing concreted together in a cluster, as particles of earth cleave to each other. Any thing vile, base, and earthy, as the body of a man compared to his soul. The adjective is applied to whatever is muddy, miry, mean, gross, base, and stupid. To clod is to coagulate together into concretions; and, when used in the active sense, to pelt with clods, or to cover with clods. Do barren lands, and strike together flints The spirit of man, Which God inspired, cannot together perish Id. Fishermen who make holes in the ice to dip up fish with their nets, light on swallows congealed in elods of a slimy substance; and carrying them home to their stoves, the warmth restoreth them to life and fight. The vulgar a scarce animated clod, Ne'er pleased with ought above 'em. Carew. Cato, by his success, frustrated these attempts. He was also the inveterate enemy of Cicero, and by his influence obtained his banishment from Rome. He then wreaked his vengeance upon Cicero's house, which he burnt, and set his goods to sale; which, however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. He was some time after murdered by Milo. CLO’DPATE, n. s. clod and pate. A stupid fellow; a dolt; a thick skull. CLODPATED, adj. from clodpate. Stupid, dull, doltish, thoughtless. My clodpated relations spoiled the greatest genius in the world, when they bred me a mechanick. Arbuthnot. CLO'DPOLL, n. s. from clod and poll. A thickskull; a dolt; a blockhead. This letter being so excellently ignorant, he will find that it comes from a clodpoll. Shakspeare. a load or hindrance, SA wooden shoe, which clogs or hinders in walking, while it protects the under shoe and the feet from wet. The idea of the verb is to impede motion by weight; to encumber with shackles; thence, to embarrass. It is occasionally used in the sense of coalesce, and to adhere; but improperly, as in such cases it is only a corruption of clod or clot. But as he sought his loggying, he happed oppon That lay under a stayer, a grete walssh dog, Nothing, the dogges maister if he did eny harm, Byzantians boast, that on the clod, Alone he rode, without his paragone, Ceres, at which no man was permitted to appear. They're our clogs, not their own; if a man be Donne. Since thou hast far to go, bear not along The clogging burthen of a guilty soul. You'll rue the time, Shakspeare. Id. If you find so much blood in his liver as will clog the foot of a flea, I'll eat the rest of the anatomy. Id. I'm glad at soul I have no other child For thy escape would teach me tyranny, To hang clogs on them. Id. Some solitary cloister will I choose, And there with holy virgins live immured. Dryden. His majesty's ships were over-pestered, and clogged the loister, to perform those acts of devotion. How could he have the leisure and retiredness of with great ordnance, whereof there is superfluity. Raleigh. Milton's Paradise Regained. He still draws after him his chain. Hudibras. By additaments of some such nature, some grosser and cloggy parts are retained; or else much subtilized and otherwise altered. Boyle's History of Firmness. In France the peasantry goes barefoot; and the middle sort, throughout all that kingdom, makes use of wooden clogs. Harvey on Consumptions. Gums and pomatums shall his flight restrain, While clogged he beats his silken wings in vain. Pope. CLOGHER, a city and bishop's see of Ireland, in the county of Tyrone, and province of Ulster. In a very early age an abbey of regular canons, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, was founded here. St. Patrick is said to have presided over the church of Clogher; and, having appointed his successor, he resigned this government, and went to Armagh, where he founded his celebrated abbey. On the 20th of April, 1396, a dreadful fire burnt to the ground the church, the two chapels, the abbey, the court of the bishops, and thirty-two other buildings. In 1610 king James I. annexed this abbey and its revenues to the see of Clogher. Clogher is seventy miles from Dublin, and twenty west of Armagh. CLOI'STER, n. s. & v. a. Scloster; Welsh, clás; Sax. claurten; Germ. CLOISTERED, part. adj. French, cloistre; Lat. claus-trum. A religious retirement; a monastery; anunnery. A peristyle; a piazza. To shut up in a religious house; to confine; to immure; to shut up from the world. Yeve me than of thy gold to make our cloistre ; Quod he, for many a muscle and many an oistre, Whan other men han ben ful wel at ese, Hath been our food, our cloistre for to rese. Chaucer. Canterbury Tales. Cloister thee in some religious house. Ere the bat hath flown Shakspeare. Atterbury. The Greeks and Romans had commonly two cloistered open courts, one serving for the women's side, and the other r the men. Wotton's Architect. CLOISTER, in a more restrained sense, is used for the principal part of a regular monastery, consisting of a square, built around; ordinarily between the church, the chapter-house, and the refectory; and over which is the dormitory. The cloisters served for several purposes in the ancient monasteries. Peter of Blois observes, that it was here the monks held their lectures: the lecture or morality at the north side, next the church; the school on the west, and the chapter on the east ; spiritual meditation, &c., being reserved for the church. Lanfranc says, that the proper use of the cloister was for the monks to meet in, and converse together, at certain hours of the day. The form of the cloister was square; and it had its name claustrum from claudo, to close; as being enclosed on its four sides with buildings. Hence, in architecture, a building is still said to be in form of a cloister when there are buildings on each of the four sides of the court. Shakspeare. CLO ISTRESS, n. s. from cloister. A nun; a lady who has vowed religious retirement. Like a cloistress she will veiled walk, And water once a day her chamber round With eye-offending brine. CLOKE, n. s. See CLOAK CLOMB, pret. of to climb. The sonne, he said, is clomben upon heven Twenty degrees. Chaucer. Cant. Tales Ask to what end they clomb that tedious height. Spenser, So clomb this first grand thief into God's fold. Milton's Paradise Lost. CLONAKILTY, a sea-port town in the county of Cork, Ireland, situated in a bay of this name. It is built in the form of a cross; the church, a plain structure, standing on an eminence. The bay is not convenient, and, indeed hardly safe. It is twenty miles south-west of Cork, and has a good market for yarn. CLONES, a town in the county of Monaghan, Ireland. Here was formerly the abbey of St. Tegernach, of royal blood, who removed to this place the episcopal seat of Clogher. In 1207 the town and abbey were destroyed by Hugh de Lacie; but five years afterwards they were rebuilt. In 1504 the bishopric was restored. It is ten miles south-west of Monaghan. CLONFERT, a city or village of Ireland, in the county of Galway. An abbey was erected here in the year 553; the church was also a cathedral at that time, and constituted a bishop's see. During the middle ages the abbey and town were frequently plundered by the leaders of factions, as well as by the Danes. It is thirty-six miles east of Galway. CLONMELL, a borough in Ireland, in the county of Tipperary, situated on the river Suir. It is the assize town, has a barrack for two troops of horse, and is governed by a mayor, recorder, . bailiffs, and town clerk; sending one member to parliament. The Suir is navigable from this town to Carrick and Waterford; and some trade is carried on in the woollen branch, particularly by the quakers, who are very numerous in this neighbourhood. There is a spring here of Spa water, that issues out of the side of a rising ground, which, however, is overlooked by a pretty steep hill, on that side of the Suir which is in the county of Waterford. In this town the celebrated Laurence Sterne was born. It consists of four cross streets, and has a spacious bridge of twenty arches over the Suir; the markethouse is strong and well built; and there is a charter-school for children. A Dominican friary was founded at Clonmell in 1269, when Otho de Grandison also erected a Franciscan friary, the church of which was esteemed one of the most magnificent in Ireland. This town is very ancient, being built before the Danish invasion: it was formerly defended by a square wall. Oliver Cromwell, who found more resistance from this place than any other in the kingdom, demolished the castles and fortifications, of which now only the ruins remain. The Gothic church is still kept in good repair. Clonmell is nineteen miles south-east of Tipperary, and twenty-two W.N.W. of Waterford. To CLOOM, v. a. corrupted from cleam. Sax. clamian, which is still used in some provinces. To close or shut with glutinous or viscous mat ter. Rear the hive enough to let them in, and cloom up the skirts, all but the door. Mortimer's Husbandry. CLOSE, n. s., v. a., adj. & adv. Fr. clos; CLOSE'LY, adv. Teut. klose, from Lat. CLOSE'NESS, n. s. clausus. Any thing shut, as an enclosed field; also a termination, or that which shuts or encloses; a coming together; consolidation; a shutting up. The adjective conveys all the shades of meaning applicable to the other derivatives, we shall therefore furnish the definitions and illustrations of this, in addition to a few that establish the primary sense, as abundantly sufficient to explain both the literal and metaphorical applications of the entire word. Certes I have now lived too long, Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose. But through the verger he hath sought I have a tree, which grows here in my close, Id. Shakspeare. The admirable effects of this distillation in close, which is like the wombs and matrices of living creatures. Bacon. The king went of purpose into the north, laying an open side unto Pekin, to make him come to the close, and so to trip up his heels, having made sure in Kent beforehand. Id. Beattie. Sweet as the downy-pinioned gale that roves, To gather fragrance in Arabian groves; Mild as the melodies at close of day, That heard remote along the vale decay. In vain she seeks to close her weary eyes, Those eyes still swim incessantly in tears, Hope in her cheerless bosom fading dies, Distracted by a thousand cruel fears, While banished from his love for ever she appears. Mrs. Tighes' Psyche. Close to the glimmering gate he dragged his chain, And hoped that peril might not prove in vain. Byron. Shut The adjective is thus exhibited by Johnson. We have supplied a few illustrations. fast, so as to leave no part open; as, a close hox, a close house. We suppose this bag to be tied close about, towards Wilkins. the window. Having no vent; without inlet; secret; private; not to be seen through. Nor could his acts too close a vizard wear, To escape their eyes whom guilt had taught to fear. Dryden. Confined; stagnant; without ventilation. If the rooms be low roofed, or full of windows and doors, the one maketh the air close, and not fresh; and the other maketh it exceedingly unequal. Bacon's Natural History. Compact; solid; dense; without interstices or vacuities. The inward substance of the earth is of itself an uniform mass, close and compact. Burnet's Theory. The golden globe being put into a press, which was driven by the extreme force of screws, the water made itself way through the pores of that very close metal. Locke. Viscous; glutinous; not volatile. This oil, which nourishes the lamp, is supposed of so close and tenacious a substance, that it may slowly Wilkins evaporate. Concise; brief; compressed; without exuberance or digression. You lay your thoughts so close together, that were they closer they would be crowded, and even a due connection would be wanting. Dryden's Juvenal. Where the original is close, no version can reach it in the same compass. Dryden. Read these instructive leaves, in which conspire Fresnoy's close art, and Dryden's native fire. Pope. Joined without any intervening distance or space, whether of time or place. But yot the cause and root of all his ill, Spenser. me spagyrists, that keep their best things close, wil do more to vindicate their art, or oppose their antagonists, than to gratify the curious or benefit mankind. Having the quality of secrecy; trusty. Boyle. But yet a woman; and for secresy, No lady closer. Shakspeare. Having an appearance of concealment; cloudy; sly. That close aspect of his Does show the mood of a much-troubled breast. Shakspeare. Without wandering; without deviation; attentive. I discovered no way to keep our thoughts close to their business, but by frequent attention, getting the habit of attention. Locke. Full to the point; home. I am engaging in a large dispute, where the arguments are not likely to reach close on either side. Dryden. Secluded from communication; as, a close prisoner. Applied to the weather, dark; cloudy; not clear. Applied to the mind, it signifies, to be reserved, impenetrable, covetous. The verb is sometimes used with an addition, as to close upon; to agree upon, to join in. The jealousy of such a design in us would induce France and Holland to close upon some measures between them to our disadvantage. Temple. To close with; to close in with. To come to an agreement with; to comply with; to unite with. Intire cowardice makes thee wrong this virtuous gentlewoman, to close with us. Shakspeare. Henry IV. It would become me better than to close, Id. Julius Cæsar. There was no such defect in man's understanding, but that it would close with the evidence. South. He took the time when Richard was deposed, And high and low with happy Harry closed. Dryden. Pride is so unsociable a vice, that there is no closCollier on Friendship. ing with it. This spirit, poured upon iron, lets go the water; the acid siprit is more attracted by the fixed body; and lets go the water to close with the fixed body. Newton's Opticks. Such a proof as would have been closed with certainly at the first, shall be set aside easily afterwards. Atterbury. These governours bent all their thoughts and applications to close in with the people, now the stronger party. Swift. To close with. To grapple with in wrestling. CLOSE-BANDED, adj. In close order ; thick ranged; or secretly leagued, which seems rather the meaning in this passage. Galba was very close-handed. I have not read much of his liberalities. Arbuthnot on Coins. CLOSE-HAULED, in navigation, the general arrangement or trim of a ship's sails when she erdeavours to make progress, in the nearest direction possible, towards that point of the compass from which the wind blows. In this manner of sailing, the keel commonly makes an angle of six points with the line of the wind; but sloops and some other small vessels are said to sail almost a point nearer. All vessels, however, are supposed to make nearly a point of lee way when closehauled, even when they have the advantage of a good sailing breeze and smooth water. The angle of lee way, however, increases in proportion to the increase of the wind and sea. In this disposition of the sails, they are all extended sideways on the ship, so that the wind, as it crosses the ship obliquely toward the stern from forwards, may fill their cavities. But, as the current of |