drawing off, bottling, and packing wine, spirits, or malt liquor. In London, many persons follow this business only, and keep in their employ several assistants. It is common for persons of the first consequence to employ the wine-cooper to take charge of their wines. He has stipulated prices for all he does, charging his bottling off by the pipe, half-pipe, or as it may happen; he keeps a working butt-cooper in his employ to repair and job in the upholding, and supporting, the several casks in which wine and spirits are contained.

Under the trade of the Cooper, may also be included the manufacture of canteens, or those small vessels of wood in which soldiers, when on their march, or in the field, carry their liquor. These were formerly made of tin, but the use of wooden canteens has for some time been general in the British armies. They are made, in shape, very like barrels, cylindrical, seven inches and a half in diameter, and four inches long on the outside, holding three pints. These vessels have for several years been manufactured on a large scale at the Ordnance Wharf, Westminster Bridge. The wood made use of is the best foreign oak, and Mr. Smart, of the above wharf, has obtained his majesty's letters patent, for an improved method of preparing timber, so as to prevent its shrinking.

The manufacturing of backs and vats for brewers and distillers does not necessarily belong to coopering, it being a distinct branch of trade, and performed by persons called back and vatmakers: they work in English oak commonly, and take care to select that which is soundest and freest from knots, and saw it out into two inch, two and a half, and three inch planks, which are laid by for seasoning. We add a few particulars of this art as having grown out of that of which we have just treated. Carpenters work at this business, as the machines are of all shapes; for instance, the coolers for breweries are commonly oblong squares, and are made by this tradesman. The only particulars required in making good coolers, is that the sides be adequately strong, the joints well fitted, and the whole not too deep. The sides of a cooler of ordinary dimensions, should be at least two inches and a half thick; the joints should be well ploughed and tongued; the bottoms should be jointed in a similar way, and these will require doweling; the ends are grooved into the sides; and the whole is spilled together with iron pins. These vessels are sometimes scorched or charred in their insides, for the double purpose of preventing their decay, and also the too rapid acidity of the liquor exposed to cool in them. Mash-tuns, the under and jack backs, working tuns, and store vats, for the still and brewhouse, are best manufactured at the back-makers, as every thing he does is on a large scale. He keeps materials better adapted to the purpose than can be found at the butt-coopers. The above vessels are usually made round; and they are prepared in a similar manner to those of the butt-maker, except that their staves are generally of English oak. Some of these vats are immense, particularly those called store vats, containing from twenty to thirty butts and upwards; the hoops are necessarily of iron, very

strong, and frequently joined by a nut and screw rivet, which allows of removal in case of repair

and accident.

COOPER'S ISLAND, one of the lesser Virgin Isles, in the West Indies, situated south-west of Ginger Island, and uninhabited. It is five miles long and one broad. Lat. 18° 5′ N., long. 63° 57′ W.

COOPER'S TOWN, a post-town of New York, in Otsego County, and the chief town of the country round Otsego. It is pleasantly situated at the south-west end of the lake, twelve miles north-west of Cherry Valley, and seventy-three west of Albany. It is built on a plan regularly laid out in squares.

COOPER'S TOWN, a town of Pennsylvania, situated on the Susquehanna. Water is brought here from West Mountains, by a conduit of 470 pipes.

COO'PTATE, v. a. ¿ Fr. coopter; Lat. coopCOOPTATION, n. s. Stare. To choose; adoption; assumption.

Dubitation is the beginning of all knowledge: I confess this is true in the first election and cooptation of a friend, to come into the true knowledge of him by queries and doubts. Howel.

COORG, a district of Southern India, in the Western Ghauts, situated between the province of Mysore and Malabar. Its chief produce is spices, sandal-wood, teak-timber, and rice. The woods abound with elephants and wild beasts. Considerable importations of rice have lately been made from this district into the Mysore. Here the river Cauvery has its source, but Coorg contains scarcely any towns. The rajah and his family reside in the fortress of Mercara. rajahs are mentioned as independent princes by Ferishta in 1583, and the present family have reigned since the year 1632. They are of the Nair caste, and the sovereign is termed the Vir Rajah. One of the rajahs formerly made a hedge and ditch along his whole eastern boundary; and they retained their independence till the year 1773, when Hyder Ali subjugated them.

The

think it a mineral bitumen resembling that substance. In distillation it yields an oil, which is indissoluble in spirit of wine. Copal itself is soluble in the essential oils, particularly in that of lavender, but not easily in the expressed ones. It may, however, be dissolved in linseedoil by digestion, with a heat very little less than is sufficient to boil or decompose the oil. This solution, diluted with spirit of turpentine, forms a beautiful transparent varnish, which, when properly applied, and slowly dried, is very hard and durable. This varnish is applied to snuff-boxes, tea-boards, and other articles. It preserves and gives lustre to paintings, and greatly restores the decayed colors of old pictures, by filling up the cracks, and rendering the surfaces capable of reflecting light more uniformly.

COPA'RCENER, n. s. Lat. con and parCOPA'RCENERY, n. s. ticeps. Coparcener COPA'RCENY, n. s. is defined in the COPA'RTNER, n. s. quotation from CowCOPA'RTNERSHIP, n. s. ell. Coparcenery is joint succession. Coparceny, an equal share of coparceners. A copartner is a joint partner; one who is in partnership with others.

Coparceners are otherwise called parceners; and, in common law, are such as have equal portion in the inheritance of the ancestor. Cowell.

This great lordship was broken and divided, and partition made between the five daughters: in every of these portions, the coparceners severally exercised the same jurisdiction royal, which the carl marshal and his sons had used in the whole province.

Davies on Ireland. In descent to all the daughters in coparcenery, for want of sons, the chief house is allotted to the eldest daughter. Hale's History of Common Law. In case the father left only daughters, the daughters equally succeeded to their father, as in copartnership.

Oh, fine villain! a silken doublet, a velvet hose, a scarlet cloke, and a copatain hat.

Shakspeare. Taming of the Shrew. COPE, v.a., v. n. & n. s. Ang.-Sax. cæppe. CO'PING, n. s. Cope, as a noun, means any covering for the head, but this sense is obsolete; a sacerdotal cloak; any thing which is expanded over the head; as the concave of the skies. The verb, in the sense of to contend, to struggle, to strive, says Johnson, is a word of doubtful etymology. The conjecture of Junius VOL. VI.

derives it from koopen, to buy, or some other word of the same import: so that to cope with, signifies to interchange blows, or any thing else with another.' It has also been derived from KоTT; сado, percutio. Mr. Todd, however, observes, that it may, with as much propriety, be referred to cop, the head; and so imply, to make head against; like the French expression, faire tête à quelqu'un.' Cope has, besides, the various meanings, to cover, as with a cope; to reward; to interchange kindness with; to embrace. In the last three senses it is disused. Coping is the upper tier of masonry which covers the wall; that is, the cop, or head of the wall. See Cor.

All these were of costly stones, even from the foundation unto the coping. 1 Kings vii. 9.

For there was he nat like a cloisterere, With threadbare cope, as is a poure scolere, But he was like a maister or a pope.

Chaucer. Prol. to Cant. Tales.
All these things that are contained
Within this goodly cope, both most and least,
Their being have, and daily are increast. Spenser.
Know my name is lost,

By treason's tooth bare gnawn, and canker-bit;
Yet am I noble as the adversary

I come to cope.

Shakspeare. King Lear,

I and my friend

Have, by your wisdom, been this day acquitted
Of grievous penalties; in lieu whereof,
Three thousand ducats due unto the Jew,
We freely cope your courteous pains withal.
Id. Merchant of Venice.
Let our trains

March by us, that we may peruse the men
We should have coped withal. Id. Henry IV.
It is likely thou wilt undertake
A thing, like death, to chide away this shame,
That copes with death itself, to 'scape from it.
Id. Romeo and Juliet.
Thou fresh piece

Of excellent witchcraft, who of force must know
The royal fool thou copest with. Id. Winter's Tale.
Thou art e'en as just a man,
As e'er my conversation coped withal.

Philips.

If the mind apply itself first to easier subjects, and things near a-kin to what is already known; and then advance to the more remote and knotty parts of knowledge by slow degrees, it will be able, in this manner, to cope with great difficulties, and prevail over them with amazing and happy success. Watts on the Mind. Such here the rage of Mars; as, danger proof, The Greeks rushed on beneath their tortoise roof Το gain the wall while some their ladders plant, Fenced by their lifted shields; and climb, and pant, And grasp the battlements: the Trojans there Fight with the soul and weapons of despair. Beneath the of death, their hands employ Whatever chance affords them to destroy.

cope

Symmons' Eneis.

Ne ever staid in place, ne spake to wight, Till that the fox his copesmate he had found. Hubberd's Tale.

For ceapman we now say chapman, which is as much as to say, a merchant or copeman. Verstegan. COPENHAGEN, formerly Kiobmandsharn, the merchant's harbour. The principal city in the Danish monarchy, is situated on the east coast of the isle of Zealand, in lat. 55° 41′ 4′′ N., and long. 12° 34′ 15′′ E. It is one of the best built cities in the world, and decidedly the handsomest in the north of Europe; being about five miles in circumference, and fortified towards the land with regular ramparts and bastions. A broad, deep fosse surrounds the city, and on the sea-side it is defended by the Crown Battery. The citadel is situated on the north-east extremity, and completes the fortifications of the

town.

The first mention of Copenhagen in history occurs about the year 1048. At that time it was an insignificant place, principally occupied by fishermen. In 1168 the king of Denmark presented this town to the celebrated bishop Absalon or Axel, who fortified the harbour, and built the castle of Axelhuus, to defend the coast against the bands of pirates who at that time infested the Baltic. On account of the protection which was thus afforded to the inhabitants, and the great convenience of its harbour, many other Zealanders were induced soon after to make it the place of their residence. It thus gradually increased, and in 1254 the city records represent it as surrounded by ditches, and well fortified. In 1284 it received new privileges; and, in 1443, was fixed upon as the place of residence by the Danish court. Like many other towns situate in a vicinity where timber is abundant, it was for many ages of its history constructed entirely of wood. In consequence of this, de

structive fires were of very frequent occurrence; in 1728, and 1794, 2600 private houses, besides churches, public buildings, &c. were consumed to ashes by dreadful contlagrations. From this latter period the erection of wooden houses was prohibited, and the great regularity of the city is chiefly attributable to this circumstance. Since the attack of the British in 1807 the fortifications have been greatly improved.

Copenhagen consists of the Old Town, the New Town, and Christian's Haven. Some of the streets are broad and well paved, whilst others are narrow and very inconvenient. The buildings are chiefly composed of brick, or white calcareous stone, but the public edifices of freestone or Norwegian marble. The city is in many parts intersected by canals which afford great facilities for the conveyance of goods. The division called the Old Town, which is in fact the most modern, having been built since the disastrous fires mentioned above, occupies the western division of the city, north of the harbour. It contains the ruins of the magnificent palace of Christiansburg, built by Christian VI., and is said to have This superb cost him 6,000,000 of dollars. but enough of it remains to convey an idea of its structure was nearly destroyed in the fire of 1794, stupendous extent, and great magnificence. One of the wings remains entire, and is appropriate? to the purposes of a national museum. It contains many very curious and interesting collections of animals, shells, minerals, paintings, antiquities, medals, dresses, and warlike and husbandry implements used by the Laplanders: it is wel worthy the attention of the traveller. Nearly in the centre of the old town is situated the kongens nye tom, or king's new market: it is an irregular enclosure of great extent. A f equestrian statue of Christian V. in bronze, deurates the centre of the area, and on one of its sides is the castle of Charlottenberg, formerly the residence of the queen, but now appropriated to the academy of the fine arts. This quarter cotains also the observatory erected by Frederick V. for one of the disciples of Tycho Brahe. Tas building is particularly worthy of observation: it is constructed in a cylindrical form, and has a spiral carriage road, made of brick, to within twenty or twenty-five feet of the summit. view of the city from one of the rooms, where the astronomical apparatus is kept, is said to be remarkably fine. Here also are the dock, l'e exchange, the theatres, the university, the artillery house, besides many other stately buildings, and churches; but the most interesting object is, perhaps, the pillar erected in honor of the late king, and of his having granted freedom to the peasants on the crown lands. The pillar is made of Norwegian granite, having the four corners of its base ornamented with four figures, representing peace, plenty, content, and industry.

It

The New Town, at least that part of it called Amalienburg, was built by Frederick V. consists chiefly of an octagon, known by the name of Frederick's Square, opening into four rectangular streets, which have a very imposing effect. The grand entrance to this squire is through a gate composed of double rows of Corinthian pillars. The enclosure is adorned by

four elegant palaces; one occupied by the king, another by the crown prince, a third by the king's brother, and the fourth is appropriated to the Marine Academy. An equestrian statue of Frederick V. occupies the centre of the square it is said to have cost the Danish East Company, at whose expense it was erected, £80,000. One of the streets leading from this square conducts to the harbour, and another to Frederick's church, the monument of Danish pride and poverty. This building was begun many years ago, but, for want of funds to carry on the design, at present remains in an unfinished state. It was originally intended to have been the greatest ornament to Copenhagen, as indeed it would be were it finished.

The palace of Rosenberg, a small Gothic edifice, said to have been built by Inigo Jones, stands near the rampart; it contains the state apartment in which the king holds his annual bed of justice. The gardens attached to this palace are very extensive, and are the favorite promenade of the fashionable inhabitants.

Christian's Haven is situated on the small island of Amack, and is connected with the old town by two bridges. This quarter supplies Copenhagen, almost exclusively, with butter, cheese, fruit, and all kinds of vegetables. See AMACK.

Mr. M'Donald, in speaking of the general mode of building in Copenhagen, says, 'Instead of the usual right angles formed by the corners of the houses, at the extremities or divisions of the streets, the builders of Copenhagen have squared them off in a semi-octangular form, and thereby secured various advantages. Carriages and horses cannot so frequently run foul of each other, or run down persons on foot at the turnings of the streets; the space gained gives a free circulation to the air, and the look of as many handsome squares as there are street divisions in the city. The houses of Copenhagen are for the most part spacious, consisting of four stories, and cellars sunk under ground; those of the nobility are particularly splendid, the light and elegant architectureof the modern Italians being most used. The tradesmen of this capital appear to have but little idea of setting off their commodities to the best advantage; their shops, as usual, are confined to the ground floor, and they make but little display in their windows.

Copenhagen contains twenty churches, and several synagogues, exclusive of its cathedral, which was destroyed during the late disastrous siege. The bishop of Zealand resides principally in this capital, where he has a splendid palace. The city also contains twenty-two hospitals, of which the most interesting, both as it regards its utility and regulations, is the lying-in-hospital; a school of midwifery, and a foundling are attached to this establishment. The University was founded in 1479. Divinity, law, medicine, and philosophy, are here taught by able masters; the average number of students is about 700, 168 of whom are maintained from the public funds. The library contains a considerable number of books, but few of them are of recent date; it also possesses a collection of Icelandic MSS. The Roval Library is a superb collection of up

wards of 250,000 volumes; a few years ago it was enriched by the Arabic MSS. of Niebuhr.

The harbour of Copenhagen is formed by the straits of Kellebae, which separate Amack from Zealand, and though the entrance is so narrow that only one ship can pass at a time, the depth is sufficient to admit vessels of the largest size. Upwards of 500 ships can anchor at a time in this harbour; and the canals are so formed that merchantmen can come close to the warehouses that line the quays, to load and unload their cargoes. Every ship of war has its particular station, and is separated from the merchantmen by a kind of gallery. When the Danish navy was in its prosperity, this harbour presented a beautiful spectacle.

The trade of Copenhagen was very considerable at the commencement of the last century; it gradually increased until the war of the French revolution, which involving Holland and other maritime countries, a large transfer of business was made to the Danish capital, not only for the navigation of the European seas, but for remote voyages to India, &c. This branch of commerce carried on under the Danish name, but principally on the account of Great Britain, was mutually advantageous to both parties. Not a vestige of it, however, now remains; it received its death-blow at the bombardment of the English in 1807. The principal trade of Copenhagen is at present with Norway, Iceland, and the Faroe Isles. From Norway it receives all its cannon, shot, anchors, and iron work. Russia supplies it with flax, masts, sail-cloth, hemp, and cordage; Sweden with pitch and tar; and Germany with oak. The shipping belonging to this port may be averaged at 400 vessels, manned by 6000 seamen. The chief manufactures are woollen stuffs, sail-cloth, cotton stuffs, leather, spirituous liquors, and porcelain. There are also anchor foundries, roperies, and extensive dock-yards.

The bank of Copenhagen was established in 1736, by Christian VI. Accounts are kept in rix dollars, marks, and schillings. The population of Copenhagen in 1769 amounted to 71,000, in 1801 to 90,000, and at present it is computed at 105,000. It is 170 miles northeast of Hamburgh, 315 south-west of Stockholm, and 600 north-east of London.

COPERNICUS, or KOPERNIK (Nicholaus), an eminent astronomer, who led the way to the modern establishment of the new system of the universe, was born at Thorn, now subject to Prussia, then a town of Poland, according to some accounts, in January, but more correctly, we believe, according to others, February 19th, 1473. Frederick the Great boasts, in his (Euvres Posthumes, rather prematurely, that he could reckon Copernicus amongst the great names of his country. Thorn was not seized by Prussia until 1793, and did not become a settled part of her dominions until 1814.

Such was the singular state of astronomical science, prior to the appearance of this great man, that the limits of vision are truly said to have been taken for the boundaries of the universe. As far back as the middle of the second century, Ptolemy had digested all the elements of ancient astronomy into his system, adding to