COTTON, LAVENDER. See SANTOLINA. COTTON, PHILOSOPHIC, a name given to the flowers of zinc, on account of their resemblance to cotton.

COTTON, SILK. See BOMBAX.
COTTON WEED, a species of filago.

COTTON (Charles), a burlesque poet, was descended from a good family, and lived in the reign of Charles II. and James II. His most celebrated piece is Scarronides, or Travestie of the first and fourth books of the Æneid. He also parodied several of Lucian's dialogues, in the same manner, under the title of the Scoffer Scoff'd; and published another poem of a more serious kind, entitled the Wonders of the Peak. An anecdote is told of him, that in consequence of a single couplet in his Virgil Travestie, wherein he made mention of a peculiar kind of ruff worn by a grandmother of his, he lost an estate of £400 per annum, which would otherwise have been left to him by that lady.

COTTON (Sir Robert), an English antiquarian, was descended from an ancient family, and born in 1570. In his eighteenth year he began to collect records, charters, and other MSS. Camden, Selden, and Speed acknowledged their obligations to him in their respective works. He was highly distinguished by queen Elizabeth, and also by James I. who created him a baronet. At his death in 1631 he left his valuable library, consisting of curious MSS. &c. to his family for public use. A large accession was made to it by private benefactions before the death of the founder, and afterwards by the purchases of his heirs, until in 1709 an act of parliament was obtained, at the request of Sir John Cotton, for preserving it to the public after his decease, under the denomination of the Cottonian Library, for public use. It is now in the British Museum.

COTTON (Nathaniel), M. D. also, an ingenious English poet, of the last century, studied medicine under the celebrated Boerhaave, at Leyden, and settled finally at St. Alban's; where for many years he kept an asylum for lunatics. The poet Cowper was under his care, and much attached to him. He died in 1788, aged eighty-one. He wrote, Visions in Verse, for the Instruction of Younger Minds.

COTTUS, the bull-head, in ichthyology, a genus of fishes belonging to the order of thoracici. The head is broader than the body, and the gill membrane has six rays. There are ten species, the most remarkable are-1. C. cataphractus, the armed bull-head, or pogge, very common on most of the British coasts. 2. C. gobio, the river bull-head, also very common in all our clear brooks. 3. C. scorpius, the father-lasher, is common on the rocky coasts of this island; it lurks under stones, and will take a bait. It seldom exceeds eight or nine inches in length. The head is large, and has a most formidable appearance, being armed with vast spines, which it can oppose to any enemy that attacks it, by swelling out its cheeks and gill-covers to a large size. This species is also common in the Newfoundland seas, where it is called scolping; and on the coast of Greenland, in deep water near the shore. It is a principal food of the natives, and wholesome soup is said to be made of it.

COTULA, in botany, May-weed; a genus of the polygamia superflua order, and syngenesia class of plants. The receptacle is almost naked; the pappus marginated; the florets of the disc quadrifid; of the radius frequently none. There are twenty-two species, all herbaceous annuals, rising six or eight inches high, and adorned with yellow flowers. None of them are natives of Britain, and most of them require artificial heat.

COTULA, or COTYLA, a liquid measure in use among the ancients. Fannius says, the cotyla was the same thing with the hemina, which was half a sextary. Chorier observes, that the cotyla was used as a dry measure as well as a liquid one; from the authority of Thucydides, who in one place mentions two cotyle of wine, and in another two cotyle of bread.

COTYLA, or Fr. coytle; KoruλE. The COTYLE, n. s. socket in which the head of a bone moves; a liquid measure used by the ancients.

COTYLEDON, navelwort, a genus of the pentagynia order, and decandria class of plants; natural order thirteenth, succulentæ: CAL. quin quefid: COR. monopetalous: there are five nectariferous scales at the base of the germen, and five capsules. There are twenty-four species, most of them hardy succulent perennials; though some require to be kept in a stove, being natives of warm climates. They rise from half a foot to a yard and a half high, and are adorned with yellow flowers growing in umbels. They are easily propagated either by seeds or cuttings. Two species are found in Britain: 1. C. umbilicus, common navelwort. 2. C. lusea, yellow navel

wort.

COTYLEDONS, n. s. Lat. cotyledon; Korúk. Seed lobes (see BOTANY, Index); glandular bodies which adhere to the chorion of some animals.

human fetus, and cotyledons of quadrupeds, are reMany are of opinion that even the placenta of the spiratory organs rather than nutritious ones. Darwin.

COTYTTO, the goddess of debauchery. Her festivals were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians, Thracians, &c. during the night. Her priests were called baptæ, and nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the cele bration. See BAPTE. A festival was observed in Sicily, where the votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and fruit which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a capital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these sacred festivals. The goddess Cotytto is supposed to be the same as Proser pine.

COUCH, v. a., v. n., & n. s.) Fr. coucher; Co'UCHANT, adj. Dutch, kocts. Co'UCHEE, n. s. Junius supposes Co'UCHER, n. s. it to be derived COUCH-FELLOW, n. s. 'à Gall. couche ; Co'UCHING, n. s. Belg. kotse, desumptum ex Ital. colcare, pro collocare; nam colcarsi in Italis est, conferre se in cubitum, collocare se in lecto. Skinner says, à Fr. Gall. coucher; Ital. coricare, colcare, cubare; à Lat. culcita, q. d. culcitare, i. e. in culcitam se condere.' To couch is, to lie down to rest; to lis down on the knees, as a beast does when it rests;

to lie hidden; to lie in a bed or stratum; to stoop; to repose; to lay any thing in a layer or layers; to bed in; to bend under; to include; to hide; to lay close to another; to fix the spear in the rest, in order to attack; to perform the operation for removing a cataract from the eye. A couch is a seat of repose; a sofa; a bed; a layer or stratum. Couchant signifies, lying down; squatting. Couchee is, bed time; the time of visiting late at night. Coucher is, a bed-fellow; a person who removes a cataract; a register book in monasteries. A couch-fellow is, one who shares the same bed; a familiar companion. Couching, as a noun, is the act of bending or bowing.

Issachar is a strong ass couching down between two burdens. Genesis xlix. 14. Blessed of the Lord be his land, for the dew, and for the deep that coucheth beneath. Deut. xxxiii. 13. Grand mercy, quod the preest, and was ful glad, And couched the coles as the chanon bad.

Chaucer. Cant. Tales.
Let take a cat, and foster hire with milke
And tendre flesh, and make hire couche of silke,
And let hire see a mous go by the wall,
Anon she weiveth milke and fleshe and all.

The goddesse strayt he knew, and by and by
e peaste and couched, while that we passed by.

Id.

And him beside an aged squire there rode, That seemed to couch under his shield three-square, As if that age badd him that burden spare.

Id.

About their lady first they flockt arownd, Whom having laid in comfortable couch, Shortly they reard out of her frozen swownd. Id. His crest was covered with a couchant hownd. Id. I have grated upon my good friends for three reprieves for you, and your couchfellow, Nim; or else you had looked through the grate like a geminy of baboons. Shakspeare. Merry Wives of Windsor. If I court more women, you'll couch with more Id. Othello.

men.

Young.

If the weather be warm we immediately couch malt about an inch thick; but if a hotter season re quire it, we spread it on the floor much thinner. Mortimer's Husbandry

This heap is called by maltsters a couch, or bed, of raw malt. Id.

Nor less the alarm that shook the world below, Where marched in pomp of war the' embattled foe : Where mannikins with haughty step advance, And grasp the shield, and couch the quivering lance. Beattie.

Go, prince, be virtuous, and be blest. The throne Rears not its state to swell the couch of Lust; Nor dignify Corruption's daring son,

T'o'erwhelm his humbler brethren of the dust. Id. Yes-thou mayst eat thy bread, and lick the hand That feeds thee; thou mayst frolic on the floor At evening, and at night retire secure To thy straw couch, and slumber unalarmed. Cowper. When all did sleep, whose weary hearts did borrow One hour from love and care to rest,

Sheridan.

Lo! as I pressed my couch in silent sorrow, My lover caught me to his breast. Let him who crawls enamoured of decay. Cling to his couch, and sicken years away, Heave his thick breath, and shake his palsied head; Ours the fresh turf, and not the feverish bed. While gasp by gasp he faulters forth his soul, Ours with one pang-one bound-escapes control. Byron. Bride of Abydos.

particles of soft and membraneous cataracts forward, he will accomplish his objects with far greater safety by means of Scarpa's needle, than it is possible to effect with a straight one, provided he is well acquainted with the anatomy of the eye, the scientific mode of using the instrument, and has a tolerably steady hand, and a good eye of his own.' First Lines of the Practice of Surgery.

Under the article BLINDNESS, we referred our readers, for the first effects of sight on those who have been couched,' to the present article. The cases which we there had in view, and which are at once the best attested and the most interesting, are those recorded by Mr. Cheselden and Mr. Ware. The former is stated in the Philosophical Transactions, No. CCCCIII. p. 477. The youth on whom the operation was performed, seems to have been unusually intelligent. When he saw the light for the first time,' says the operator, 'he knew so little how to judge of distances, that he believed the objects which he saw touched his eyes (and this was his expression) as the things which he felt touched his skin. The objects which were most pleasant to him were those whose form was regular and smooth, though he had no idea of their form, nor could he tell why they pleased him better than the others. During the time of his blindness he had such an imperfect idea of colors, that he was then able to distinguish, by a very strong light, that they had not left an impression sufficient by which he could again recognise them. Indeed, when he saw them, he said the colors he then saw were not the same as those he had seen formerly; he did not know the form of any object; nor could he distinguish one object from another, however different their figure or size might be when objects were shown to him which he had known formerly by the touch, he looked at them with attention, and observed them carefully in order to know them again; but as he had too many objects to retain at once, he forgot the greater part of them, and when he first learned, as he said, to see and to know objects, he forgot a thousand for one that he recollected. It was two months before he discovered that pictures represent solid bodies; until that time he had considered them as planes and surfaces differently colored, and diversified by a variety of shades; but when he began to conceive that these pictures represented solid bodies, in touching the canvas of a picture with his hand he expected to find in reality something solid upon it, and he was much astonished when, upon touching those parts which seemed round and unequal, he found them flat, and smooth like the rest; he asked, which was the sense that deceived him, the sight or the touch? There was shown to him a little portrait of his father, which was in the case of his mother's watch; he said that he knew very well it was the resemblance of his father; but he asked, with great astonishment, how it was possible for so large a visage to be kept in so small a space, as that appeared to him as impossible as that a bushel should be contained in a pint. He could not support much light at first, and every object seemed very large to him; but after he had seen larger things, he considered the

first smaller. He thought there was nothing beyond the limits of his sight. The same operation was performed on the other eye about a year after the first, and it succeeded equally well. At first he saw objects with his second eye much larger than with the other, but not so large, however, as he had seen them with the first eye; and when he looked at the same object with both eyes at once, he said that it appeared twice as large as with the first eye; but he did not see double, at least it could not be ascertained that he saw objects double, after he had got the sight of the second eye.'

The second case also is recorded by Mr. Ware in the Philosophical Transactions, and was read to the Society June 11th, 1801. It varies somewhat from Mr. Cheselden's. It was the case of a young gentleman, who, by a surgical operation, recovered his sight when seven years of age; after having been deprived of it by cataracts before he was a year old. Mr. Ware gives the following account of the facts in question: I performed the operation on the left eye, on the 29th of December last, in the presence of Mr. Chamberlayne, F. A. S., Dr. Bradley of Baliol College, Oxford, and Mr. Platt, surgeon in London. It is not necessary in this place, to enter into a description of the operation. It will be sufficient to say, that the child, during its performance, neither uttered an exclamation, nor made the smallest motion either with his head or hands. The eye was immediately bound up, and no enquiries made on that day with regard to his sight. On the 30th, I found that he had experienced a slight sickness on the preceding evening, but had made no complaint of pain, either in his head or eye. On the 31st, as soon as I entered his chamber, the mother with much joy informed me that her child could see. About an hour before my visit, he was standing near the fire with a handkerchief tied loosely over his eyes, when he told her that under the handkerchief, which had slipped upward, he could distinguish the table by the side of which she was sitting: it was about a yard and a half from him; and he observed that it was covered with a green cloth (which was really the case), and that it was a little farther off than he was able to reach. No further questions were asked him at that time; as his mother was much alarmed, lest the use thus made of his eye might have been premature and injurious. Upon examination I found that it was not more inflamed than the other eye; and the opacity in the pupil did not appear to be much diminished. Desirous, however, to ascertain whether he was able to distinguish objects, I held a letter before him, at the distance of about twelve inches, when he told me, after a short hesitation, that it was a piece of paper; that it was square, which he knew by its corners; and that it was longer in one direction than it was in the other. On being desired to point to the corners, he did it with great precision, and readily carried his finger in the line of its longest diameter. then showed him a small oblong band-box covered with red leather, which he said was red and square, and pointed at once to its four corners. After this, I placed before him an oval silver box, which he said had a shining appear

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