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from adulteration. Others, and thofe very frequent, fmoothed the cadence, or regulated the meafure; on thefe I have not exercifed the fame rigour; if only a word was tranfpofed, or a particle inferted or omitted, I have fometimes fuffered the line to ftand; for the inconftancy of the copies is fuch, as that fome liberties may be easily permitted. But this practice I have not fuffered to proceed far, having restored the primitive diction wherever it could for any reafon be preferred.

The emendations, which comparison of copies fupplied, I have inferted in the text; fometimes, where the improvement was flight, without notice, and fometimes with an account of the reasons of the change.

Conjecture, though it be fometimes unavoidable, I have not wantonly nor licentiously indulged. It has been my fettled principle, that the reading of the ancient books is probably true, and therefore is not to be disturbed for the fake of elegance, perfpicuity, or mere improvement of the fenfe. For though much credit is not due to the fidelity, nor any to the judgment of the first publishers, yet they who had the copy before their eyes were more likely to read it right, than we who read it only by imagination. But it is evident that they have often made ftrange mistakes by ignorance or negligence, and that therefore fomething may be properly attempted by criticism, keeping the middle way between prefump, tion and timidity,

Such

Such criticifm I have attempted to practife, and, where any paffage appeared inextricably perplexed, have endeavoured to discover how it may be recalled to fenfe, with leaft violence. But my firft labour is, always to turn the old text on every fide, and try if there be any interstice, through which light can find its way; nor would Huetius himself condemn nc, as refufing the trouble of research, for the ambition of alteration. In this modeft induftry I have pot been unfuccefsful. I have rescued many lines. the violations of temerity, and fecu ed many fce: s from the inroads of correction. Ia e adopted the Roman fentiment, that it is more ho: ourable to fave a citizen, than to kill an enemy, and have been more careful to protect than to attack.

I have preferved the common diftribution of the plays into acts, though I believe it to be in almost all the plays void of authority. Some of those which are divided in the later editions have no divifion in the first folio, and fome that are divided in the folio have no divifion in the preceding copies. The fettled mode of the theatre requires four intervals in the play, but few, if any, of our author's compofitions can be properly diftributed in that manner. An act is so much of the drama as paffes without intervention of time, or change of place. A paufe makes a new act. In every real, and therefore in every imitative action, the intervals may be more or fewer, the restriction of five acts being accidental and arbitrary. This Shakespeare knew, and this he practised; his plays were written, and at firft printed in one unbroken continuity, and ought now to be exhibited

with fhort pauses, interpofed as often as the scene is changed, or any confiderable time is required to país. This method would at once quell a thousand abfurdities.

In reftoring the author's works to their integrity, I have confidered the punctuation as wholly in my power; for what could be their care of colons and commas, who corrupted words and fentences. Whatever could be done by adjusting points, is therefore filently performed, in fome plays, with much diligence, in others with lefs; it is hard to keep a bufy eye fteadily fixed upon evanefcent atoms, or a dif curfive mind upon evanefcent truth.

The fame liberty has been taken with a few particles, or other words of flight effect. I have fometimes inferted or omitted them without notice. I have done that fometimes, which the other editors have done always, and which indeed the state of the text may fufficiently justify.

The greater part of readers, instead of blaming us for paffing trifles, will wonder that on mere trifles fo much labour is expended, with fuch importance of debate, and fuch folemnity of diction. To these I answer with confidence, that they are judging of an art which they do not understand; yet cannot much reproach them with their ignorance, nor promife that they would become in general, by learning criticism, more ufeful, happier, or wiser.

As

As I practifed conjecture more, I learned to truft it lefs; and after I had printed a few plays, refolved to infert none of my own readings in the text. Upon this caution I now congratulate myself, for every day encreases my doubt of my emendations.

Since I have confined my imagination to the margin, it must not be confidered as very reprehenfible, if I have fuffered it to play fome freaks in its own dominion. There is no danger in conjecture, if it be proposed as conjecture; and while the text remains uninjured, those changes may be fafely offered, which are not confidered even by him that offers them as neceffary or fafe.

If my readings are of little value, they have not been oftentatiously displayed or importunately obtruded. I could have written longer notes, for the art of writing notes is not of difficult attainment. The work is performed, firft by railing at the ftupidity, negligence, ignorance, and afinine tasteleffness of the former editors, and fhewing, from all that goes before and all that follows, the inelegance and abfurdity of the old reading; then by propofing fomething, which to fuperficial readers would seem fpecious, but which the editor rejects with indignation; then by producing the true reading, with a long paraphrase, and con cluding with loud acclamations on the discovery, and a fober wish for the advancement and profperity of genuine criticism.

All this may be done, and perhaps done fometimes without impropriety. But I have always fufpected

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that the reading is right, which requires many words to prove it wrong; and the emendation wrong, that cannot without fo much labour appear to be right. The juftness of a happy restoration ftrikes at once, and the moral precept may be well applied to criticifm, quod dubitas ne feceris.

To dread the fhore which he fees fpread with wrecks, is natural to the failor. I had before my eye, fo many critical adventures ended in mifcarriage, that caution was forced upon me. I encountered in every page wit struggling with its own fophiftry, and learning confufed by the multiplicity of its views. I was forced to cenfure thofe whom I admired, and could not but reflect, while I was difpoffeffing their emendations, how foon the fame fate might happen to my own, and how many of the readings which I have corrected may be by fome other editor defended and established.

Criticks I faw, that other's names efface,

And fix their own, with labour, in the place;
Their own, like others, foon their place refign'd,
Or difappear'd, and left the firft behind.

POPE.

That a conjectural critick fhould often be mistaken, cannot be wonderful, either to others or himself, if it be confidered, that in his art there is no system, no principal and axiomatical truth that regulates fubordinate pofitions. His chance of error is renewed at every attempt; an oblique view of the paffage, a flight misapprehenfion of a phrafe, a cafual inattention to the parts connected, is fufficient to make

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