larva is sixteen-footed, and rolling up the leaves 8. Tinea. Antennæ setaceous; four feelers, 9. Alucita. Antennæ setaceous; two feelers, that are divided as far as the middle; the inner division is very acute. 10. Pterophorus. Antennæ setaceous; two feelers, that are linear and naked; the tongue is excerted, membranaceous, and bifid; the wings are fan-shaped, divided down to the base, and generally subdivided as far as the middle; the larva is sixteen-footed, ovate, and hairy; the pupa is naked, and subulate at the tip. To describe the species would be impossible; but we shall mention a few. 1. P. alucita pentadactyla. The eyes of this species are black; the body is of a pale yellow. The wings are snow white, and the insect keeps them stretched asunder when at rest. The superior are divided in two, or rather appear composed of two stumps of birds' feathers united at the base. The inferior ones are likewise divided into three threads or bristles, which are furnished on both sides with fine fringes. The caterpillar is of a green color, dotted with black, and charged with a few hairs. It feeds upon grass, changes to a chrysalis about September, and appears a moth in August, frequenting woods. 2. P. attaca pavonia minor. The wings of this insect, says Barbut, are brown, undulated, and variegated, having some gray in the middle, and a margin one line broad; in its color yellowish-gray. The under part has more of the gray cast, but the extremities of the wings before the margin have a broad band of brown. The four wings, both above and beneath, have each a large eye, which eyes are black, encompassed with a dun-colored circle, and above that with a semicircle of white, then another of red, and lastly the eye is terminated by a whole circle of black. Across the middle of the eye is drawn transversely a small whitish line. The caterpillar is green, has sixteen feet with rose color tubercula, charged with long hairs terminated by a small knob; besides which it has dun-color or reddish rings. It is found upon fruit-trees. 3. P. noctua elinguis humuli. In this species the wings of the male are of a snowy white; of the female yellowish, with streaks of a deeper hue; the shoulders, abdomen, &c., in both sexes are deep yellow. The antennæ are pectinated and shorter than the thorax. The caterpillar feeds upon the roots of burdock, hops, &c., changes into a chrysalis in May, appears in the winged state in June, frequenting low marshy grounds where hops grow. 4. P. noctua pronuba spirilinguis. The thorax, head, antennæ, feet, and upper wings, are of a brown color, more or less dark, sometimes so deep as to be nearly black, but often of a bluish cast. The upper wings are moreover somewhat clouded, and have two black spots on the middle, the other towards the outward angle of the lower part of the wing. The under par ones are of a beautiful orange color, with a broad black band near the lower edge of the wing, of which it follows the direction. The caterpillar is smooth; to be found on several plants, but ticularly upon the thlaspi and some other cruciferous plants. It keeps in concealment during the day, and only feeds by night. Its metamorphosis is performed under ground, and some varieties of color are observable amongst these caterpillars; some being green, others brown; which latter yield males, the former females. 5. P. pentadactyla. Body and wings snowy; upper pair bifid, lower ones three parted. The larva of this species is sixteen-footed, hairy, green, with black dots, and a white dorsal line; the pupa is hairy, green, dotted with black. It appears in August. Its larva feeds on nettles. 6. P. hexadactyla. Wings cleft, cinereous, spotted with brown; all of them are six-parted This species is found on the lonicera xylosteum, or honey-suckle; it is a very elegant and beautiful insect, and often flies into the house in the evening; it makes its appearance in the month of September. It has been called by English collectors the twenty-plumed moth. PHALESIA, a town of Arcadia. Paus. 8. PHALANGIUM, in zoology, a genus of insects belonging to the order of aptera. They have eight feet, two eyes on the top of the head placed very near each other, and other two on the sides of the head: the feelers resemble legs, and the belly is round. There are nine species; we submit the following, viz. : P. opilis of Linnæus. Its body is roundish, of a dusky brown on the back, with a duskier spot of a rhomboidal figure near the middle of it. The belly is whitish; the legs are extremely long and slender. On the back part of the head there stands a little eminence, which has on it a kind of double crest, formed as it were of a number of minute spines; the eyes are smali and black, and are two in number. It is commonly called the shepherd spider. This species of spider multiplies singularly. They are great spinners. In autumn the stubble is quite covered with the threads of these spiders, by means of which they travel with ease, and ensnare their prey. However, those threads are thought rather to be the produce of a species of tick called autumnal weaver. A small degree of attention discovers an amazing multitude of those ticks almost imperceptible, and that is their work. The threads, when united, appear of a beautiful white, wave about in the air, and are known in the country by the name of virgin's threads. Some naturalists think that the threads floating in the air serve the insect as sails to waft it through the air, and as a net to entrap insects on the wing; for remnants of prey, say they, are discoverable in them. As to those parcels in which nothing is seen, they are only essays rejected by those travelling insects. The analogy between the phalangium and the crab, and the facility with which it parts with its legs to save the rest of the body, has raised a presumption that its legs might grow again as do those of the crabs and lobsters. PHALANGOSIS, in surgery, a tumor and relaxation of the eye-lids, often so great as to deform the eye, and considerably to impede vision. Sometimes the eye-lid when in this state subsides or sinks down, occasioned perhaps either by a palsy of the muscle which sustains and elevates the eye-lid, or else from a relaxation of the cutis above, from various causes. Sometimes an oedematous or aqueous tumor is formed on the eye-lids, so as almost entirely to exclude vision; but this last case should be distinguished from the other, and may be easily remedied by the use of internal and topical medicines, such as purges and diuretics given inwardly, and a compress dipped in warm spirit of wine and lime water. But in the paralytic or relaxed case, the use of cordial and nervous medicines must be proposed internally; and outwardly balsam of Peru and Hungary water are to be employed. If all these fail, the remaining method of cure is to extirpate a sufficient quantity of the relaxed cutis; and then, after healing up the wound, the remainder will be sufficiently shortened. PHALANNA, a town of Thessaly. Liv. 42. c. 54. PHALANTHUS, a Spartan, the son of Aracus, and leader of the Parthenii, who founded Tarentum, in Italy. He was shipwrecked on the coast, but was carried ashore by a dolphin. PHALANTHUS, a town and mountain of Arcadia. Paus. viii. 35. PHA'LANX, n.s. Fr. phalange; Lat. phalanr. A troop of closely embodied men. Here Titus found an extreme difficult piece of work. For this phalanx, being a great square battle of armed pikes, was not to be resisted by the Roman targetiers, as long as the phalanx itself held together Raleigh. undissolved. Far otherwise the inviolable saints, In cubic phalanx firm, advanced entire, Invulnerable, impenetrably armed. Milton. The Grecian phalanx, moveless as a tower, As ranks of veteran warriors in the field, Pollok. A tower of strength; in massy phalanx knit, And in embattled squadron rushing on, A sea of valour, dread, invincible. PRALANX, in Grecian antiquity, a square battalion of soldiers, with their shields joined, and pikes crossing each other, so that it was next to impossible to break it. The Macedonian phalanx is supposed to have had the advantage in valor and strength over the Roman legion. It consisted of 16,000 men, of whom 1000 marched abreast, and thus was sixteen men deep, each of whom carried a kind of pike twenty-three feet long. The soldiers stood so close that the pikes of the fifth rank reached their points beyond the front of the battle. The hindermost ranks leaned their pikes on the shoulders of those who went before them, and, locking them fast, pressed briskly against them when they made the charge; so that the first five ranks had the impetus of the whole phalanx, which was the reason why the shock was generally irresistible. But the word phalanx was also used for a party of twenty-eight, and several other numbers; and even sometimes for the whole body of foot. See LEGION. PHALANX is applied by anatomists to the three rows of small bones which form the fingers. PHALANX, in natural history, is a term which Dr. Woodward and some other writers of fossils have used to express an arrangement of the columns of that sort of fossil coralloid body found frequently in Wales, and called lithostrotion. In the great variety of specimens we find of this, some have the whole phalanx of columns cracked through, and others only a few of the external ones; but these cracks never remain empty, but are found filled up with a white spar, as the smaller cracks of stone usually are. This is not wonderful, as there is much spar in the composition of this fossil; and it is easily washed out of the general mass to fill up these cracks, and is then always found pure, and therefore of its natural color, white. The lithostration, or general congeries of these phalanges of columns, is commonly found immersed in a gray stone, and found on the tops of the rocky cliffs about Milford in Wales. It is usually erect, though somewhat inclining in some specimens, but never lies horizontal. It seems to have been all white at first, but to have been since gradually tinctured with the matter of the stone in which it lies. The single columns, which form each phalanx, are usually round or cylindric, though sometimes flatted and bent; some of them are also naturally of an angular figure; these, however, are not regular in the number of their angles, some consisting of three sides, some of five, and some of seven; some are hexangular also, but these are scarce. They are from five or six to sixteen inches in length; and the largest are nearly half an inch over, the least about a quarter of an inch; the greater number are very equal to one another in size; but, the sides of the columns being unequal, the same column measures of a different thickness when measured different ways; the phalanges or congeries of these are sometimes of a foot or more in diameter. The columns are often burst, as if they had been affected by external injuries; and it is evident that they were not formed before several other of the extraneous fossils; for there are found sometimes shells of sea fishes and entrochi immersed and oedded in the bodies of the columns. It appears plainly hence that when these bodies were washed out of the sea, and tossed about in the waters which then covered the tops of these cliffs, this elegant fossil, together with the stony bed in which it is contained, were so soft that those other bodies found entrance into their very substance, and they were formed as it were upon them. This fossil takes an elegant polish, and makes in that state a very beautiful appearance, being of the hardness of the common white marble, and carrying the elegant structure visible in the smallest lineaments. PHALARICA, in ancient warfare, was a javelin or long dart, of a particular construction, used by the inhabitants of Saguntum, when they so valiantly stood the siege of it. It was very thick, and had a sharp piece of iron, four feet PHALEREUS, a village and port of Athens; this last is neither large nor commodious, for which reason Themistocles put the Athenians on building the Piræus; both joined to Athens by long walls (Nepos). The Phalareus lay nearer the city (Pausanias). Demetrius Phalereus was of this place. See DEMETRIUS. long attached to it. It was used either as a weapon of close attack and defence, or as a firearm; being, in the latter case, wrapped up in tow and pitch, and, when set fire to, cast out of the balista against the enemy's wooden towers and other machines, for the purpose of consuming them. They were sent with so much force that they pierced through armed bodies of men. PHALARIS, a remarkable tyrant, born at Crete, where his ambitious designs occasioned his banishment; he took refuge in Agrigentum, a free city of Sicily, and there obtained the supreme power stratagem. What has chiefly contributed to preserve his name is his cruelty; in one act of which, however, he acted with strict justice. Perillus, a brass, founder at Athens, knowing his disposition, invented a new mode of torture. He made a brazen bull, hollow within, bigger than the life, with a door in the side to admit the victims; who being shut up in it, a fire was kindled under it. to roast them to death; and the throat was so contrived that their dying groans resembled the roaring of a bull. The artist brought it to the tyrant, in hopes of a great reward. Phalaris admired the invention, but ordered the inventor to be put into it, to make the first trial. The end of this detestable tyrant is differently related; but it is very generally believed, with Cicero, that he fell by the hands of the Agrigentines; and, as some suppose, at the instigation of Pythagoras. Ovid tells us that his tongue was cut out; and that he was then put into the brazen bull. He reigned, Eusebius says, twenty-eight years. PHALARIS, Canary grass, in botany, a genus of the trigynia order, belonging to the triandria class of plants: CAL. bivalved, carinated, and equal in length, containing the corolla. There are ten species, of which the most remarkable are, 1. P. arundinacea, the reed Canary grass; and 2. P. Canariensis, the manured Canary grass. These are both natives of Britain. The first grows by the road sides; and is frequently cultivated for the sake of the seeds, which are found to be the best food for the Canary and other small birds. The second grows on the banks of rivers. It is used for thatching ricks or cottages, and endures much longer than straw. In Scandinavia they mow it twice a-year, and their cattle eat it. There is a variety of this cultivated in our gardens with beautifully striped leaves. The stripes are generally green and white; but sometimes they have a purplish cast. This is commonly called painted lady grass, or ladies' tresses. PHALARIUM, a citadel of Syracuse, where Phalaris's bull was kept. PHALARUS, a river of Boeotia, running into the Cephisus. PHALERE, among the ancient Romans, were military rewards bestowed for some signal act of bravery. Authors do not agree whether the Phalera were a suit of rich trappings for a horse, or golden chains something like the torques, but so formed as to hang down to the breast and display a greater profusion of ornament. The last opinion prevails, but perhaps both are true. PHALERIA, a town of Thessaly. PHALERON, PHALERUM, names given the Phalereus Portus of Athens. See PHALEREUS. PHALEUCIAN VERSE, in ancient poetry, a kind of verse consisting of five feet; the first of which is a spondee, the second a dactyl, and the last three trochees. PHALEUCUS, a Roman poet, who invented the phaleucian verse. PHALLICA, festivals observed by the Egyp tians in honor of Osiris, the name is derived from paλlog, simulacrum ligneum membri virilis. See PHALLUS. PHALLOPHORI, persons who carried the phallus at the end of a long pole, at the festivals of the PHALLICA. See last article, and PHALLUS. They appeared among the Greeks, besmeared with the dregs of wine, covered with the skins of lambs, and wearing a crown of ivy. PHALLUS, the morel, in botany, a genus of the order of fungi, belonging to the cryptogamia class of plants. The fungus is reticulated above, and smooth below. There are two species. 1. P. esculentus, the esculent morel, is a native of Britain, growing in woods, groves, meadows, pastures, &c. The substance, when recent, is wax-like and friable; the color a whitish yellow, turning brownish in decay; the height of the whole fungus about four or five inches. The stalk is thick and clumsy, somewhat tuberous at the base, and hollow in the middle. The pileus is either round or conical; at a medium, about the size of an egg, often much larger; hollow within; its base united to the stalk; and its surface cellular, or latticed with irregular sinuses. The magnified seeds are oval. It is much esteemed at table both recent and dried, being commonly used as an ingredient to heighten the flavor of ragouts. We are informed by Gleditsch that morels are observed to grow in the woods of Germany in the greatest plenty in those places where charcoal has been made. Hence the good women who collect them to sell, receiving a hint how to encourage their growth, have been accustomed to make fires in certain places of the woods, with heath, broom, vaccinium, and other materials, in order to obtain a more plentiful crop. This strange method of cultivating morels being however sometimes attended with dreadful consequences, large woods having been set on fire and destroyed by it, the magistrate thought fit to interpose his authority, and the practice is now interdicted. 2. P. impudicus, stinking morel, or stinkhorn, is also a native of Britain, and found in woods and on banks. It arises from the earth under a veil or volva, shaped exactly like a hen's egg, and of the same color, having a long fibrous radicle at its base. This egg-like volva is composed of two coats or membranes, the space between which is full of a thick, viscid, transparent matter, which, when dry, glues the coats together, and shines like varnish. In the next stage of growth, the volva suddenly bursts into several lacerated permanent segments, from the centre of which arises an erect, white, cellular hollow stalk, about five or six inches high, and one thick, of a wax-like friable substance, and most fetid cadaverous smell, conical at each end, the base inserted in a white, concave, membranaceous turbinated cup, and the summit capped with a hollow, conical pileus, an inch long, having a reticulated cellular surface; its base detached from the stalk, and its summit umbilicated, the umbilicus sometimes perforated, and sometimes closed. The under side of this pileus is covered with a clear, viscid, gelatinous matter, similar to that found between the membranes of the volva; and under this viscid matter, concealed in reticulated receptacles, are found the seeds, which when magnified appear spherical. As soon as the volva bursts, the plant begins to diffuse its intolerable odors, which are so powerful and widely expanded, that the fungus may be readily discovered by the scent only, before it appears to the sight. At this time the viscid matter between the coats of the volva grows turbid and fuscous; and, when the plant attains its full maturity, the clear viscid substance in the pileus becomes gradually discolored, putrid, and extremely fetid, and soon afterwards turns blackish, and, together with the seeds and internal part of the pileus itself, melts away. The fetid smell then begins to remit, the fungus fades, and continues for a short time sapless and coriaceous, and at last becomes the food of worms. cadaverous scent of this fungus greatly allures the flies; which, lighting upon the pileus, are entrapped in the viscid matter, and perish. We are informed by Gleditsch, that the people in Thuringia call the unopened volve by the ridiculous name of ghosts and dæmon's eggs; and that they collect and dry them either in the smoke or open air, and, when reduced to powder, use them in a glass of spirits as an aphrodisiac. PHALLUS, among the Egyptians, was the emblem of fecundity. It was very fervently worshipped by women, especially by those who were barren. This custom was introduced among the Greeks, and festivals in honor of it were called phallica, or phaluca. See MYSTERIES. Among the Hindoos a similar emblem called lingam is used, and for similar purposes. See HINDOOS. PHALOS, a term sometimes applied to an ornament placed at the head of the casque of ancient warriors. The Greek λοφος, and the Latin words crista and juba, have each been applied to ornaments of this description. PHANEUS, a promontory of Chios, famous for its wines. Liv. xxxvi. c. 43. The Greece, who wrote a poem upon an unnatural crime, wherein he supposes that Orpheus was the first who practised it. Some fragments of his poems are extant. PHANODEMUS, an ancient Greek historian, who wrote on the antiquities of Attica PHANTASIA, the daughter of Nicarchus of Memphis, in Egypt. It has been said that she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, and another on the return of Ulysses to Ithaca, from which compositions Homer copied the greatest part of his Iliad and Odyssey, when he visited Memphis, where they were deposited. PHAN'TASM, n. s. PHANTAS MA, PHANTASTICAL, PHANTASTIC. Fr. phantasme, phantasie; Gr. φαντασμα, φαντασία. Vain ap pearance; something appearing only to the imagination. See FAN PHANTASM is also sometimes used in a synonymous sense with idea, or notion retained in the mind, of an external object. Locke, who uses this word frequently, tells us that he means the same thing by it as is commonly meant by species or phantasm. Gassendi, from whom Locke borrowed more than from any other author, says the same. The words species and phantasm are terms of art in the Peripatetic system, and from this we are to learn the meaning of them. PHANTASY, or FANCY, the imagination, sometimes called the second of the powers or faculties of the soul, by which the species of objects received by the external organs of sense are retained, recalled, further examined, and either compounded or divided. See IMAGINATION. Others define the phantasy to be that internal sense or power whereby the ideas of absent things are formed, and represented to the mind as if they were present. PHANTOM, n. s. Fr. phantome. A spectre; an apparition; visionary appearance. If he cannot help believing that such things he saw and heard, he may still have room to believe that what this airy phantom said is not absolutely to Atterbury. be relied on. Fonds, and vain! 4h them air. their stead Corper. mentioned in Scripture, viz. 1. PHARAOH, in whose time Abraham went down to Egypt, when Sarah, who passed only for Abraham's sister, was, by the command of Pharaoh, brought to his palace to become his wife. See ABRAHAM and SARAH. 2. PHARAOH, who reigned when Joseph arrived in Egypt. See JOSEPH and JACOB. 3. PHARAOH, who persecuted the Israelites, and published a decree that all the male children born of Hebrew women should be thrown into Asher, the father the Nile. 44, and Luke as, who received filled with an X. 4. PHARAOH, before whom Moses performed many miracles, and in whose sight Egypt was x young man of visited with ten dreadful plagues. Exod. viiThis Pharaoh having at last been compelled to send away the Hebrews, and to suffer them to conferring beauty. go out of Egypt, repented of the leave he had his body with it given, and pursued them at the head of his Natiful of men. The army with his chariots. But he was drowned in rately in love with the Red Sea, wherein he had rashly entered in Sappho threw herself the eagerness of his pursuit. Exod. xiv. Some he would not encou- historians give us the name of this Pharaoh : wid to have been killed Appion calls him Amasis; Eusebius calls him sed him with his wife. Chenchris; Usher calls him Amenophis. s a letter from Sappho as translated into Eng 5. PHARAOH, who gave protection to Hadad, son of the king of Edom, who gave him to wife the sister of his own queen, enriched him with lands, and brought up his son Genubah in his 1 Kings xi. 17-22. geography, a village bebia Petræa; or, according own court. Amontory situated between wwwwwtes and Elaniticus of the riage to Solomon (1 Kings iii. 1): having taken mael is said to have dwelt. Gezer, set it on fire, drove the Canaanites out of an, and in most interpreters; it, and gave it for a present to Solomon, in lieu agint and Vulgate. 6. PHARAOH, who gave his daughter in mar of a dowry for his daughter. 1 Kings ix. 16. , a commander of the SparAssisted Dionysius, tyrant of Syra- roboam in his dominions when he fled from Carthaginians.-Polyæn. 2. Solomon. He also declared war against Rehoancient geography, three towns, boam, besieged and took Jerusalem, carried of Achaia, in Peloponnesus, on away the king's treasures, and those of the house ety stadia from the sea, and 150 of God, particularly the golden bucklers that 7. PHARAOH, or Shishak, who entertained Je 2. In Crete (Pliny), a colony r of Messenia.-Stephanus. 3. There (Strabo, Ptolemy), or Phara Solomon had made. Some think he was the brother of Solomon's queen, and did this to avenge the neglect of his sister by Solomon. See a town of Messenia, on the Nedo EGYPT, SHISHAK, aand 1 Kings xiv. 25-29. the north side of the Sinus Messenorth-west of Abea; anciently read Homer (Pausanias, Statius), though Phare. AMOND, the first king of France. He to have reigned at Treves, and over a France, about A. D. 420, and to have ceeded by his son Clodio. See FRANCE. stitution of the famous Salique law is ly attributed to him. HARAN, or PARAN, the name of the wiles in the neighbourhood of Phara, adjoining Aadesh. Also a town of Arabia Petræa, on Gulf of Suez, formerly a bishop's see, but ow much decayed; forty miles north of Tor. PHARANITE, the natives of Phare.-Pto lemy. 8. PHARAOH, with whom Hezekiah made a league against Sennacherib, king of Assyria, A. M. 3290. See SENNACHERIB. He is probably the same whom Herodotus names Sethon, priest of Vulcan, who came to meet Sennacherib before Pelusium, and to whose assistance Vulcan was believed to have sent an army of rats, which gnawed the bow-strings and the thongs of the bucklers of Sennacherib's soldiers. See EGYPT. 9. PHARAOH NECHо, or Nechos, son of Psammiticus, who made war with Josiah, and subdued him. See 2 Chron. xxxv. 20-24. Herodotus also mentions this prince. See EGYPT and NECHO II. 10. PHARAOH HOPHRAH, who entered into an alliance with Zedekiah king of Judah, and attempted to assist him against Nebuchadnezzar |