Imagens das páginas
PDF
ePub

present in the testa of many orders of plants, and as constantly absent from the same part in other orders. But though not occurring in the testa of Leguminosa, the short prismatic crystals are surprisingly abundant in the calyces, leaves, bracts, pods, and liber of this order. In one inch of the midrib of a leaflet of clover, for example, he counts no less than 21,000 of the crystals. They are very diverse in form and size, but are commonly about 30 inch in diameter. They appear to be composed chiefly of oxalate of lime, and, occurring in such abundance in the leguminous plants most relished by ruminant and other animals, we may well admire one of the several sources by which nature, as now proved, has so plentifully provided this earth with the very provender on which many animals most greedily feed. And the necessity of lime in the animal economy, from invertebrates up to man himself, has long been known. The short prismatic crystals in leguminous plants commonly occur in chains or chaplets of cells, each cell containing in its centre a single crystal; and the chains are most abundant along the course of the fibro-vascular bundles of the leaves and legumes, but occur dotted throughout many membranous parts. These crystals are beautiful microscopic objects, and make very pleasing and instructive preparations, either dried or in glycerine. And as to the view which has often been entertained, that such crystals so regularly produced in organized cells, are merely excrementitious products or freaks of Nature of no relation to or value in the life and uses of the plant, the author concludes that such an opinion is utterly untenable.

PUCCINEA MALVACEARUM.-Can any of your readers explain the rapid diffusion of this and other micro-fungi? This puccinea first made its appearance during the last summer in the grounds of the Marquis of Westminster, at Clevedon, near Maiden. head. I afterwards received a specimen from Salisbury; and on my return to Devonshire, in August, found it plentifully on mallows in this neighbourhood, more than two hundred miles from the spot where it first appeared, and caused such destruction among the mallows and hollyhocks. We can understand how the spores of fungi usually abundant may float about in the air, biding their time to attack their favourite plant, but here our conjectures are at fault. Students of micro-fungi are now so numerous that if this species had occurred in Britain before, it could scarcely have failed to be recognized. Whence did it come, and how?-J. P. Belmont, Dartmouth.

THE DISCOVERY OF VERRUCARIA OCHROSTOMA.At the November meeting of the Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society, the honorary se. cretary, Mr. Wonfor, announced the receipt from Mr. G. Davies, for the Society's Herbarium, of that

very rare lichen Verrucaria ochrostoma, found this month by Mr. Davies in the Weald of Sussex. This lichen had been lost till now, not having been met with since Borrer first found it in 1850. It was also mentioned that Artomia spadicea, new to Sussex, was found by the same gentleman, December, 1872, in Ashdown Forest, near where Calicium septatum grows, and that he had found Lecanora Hageni with L. sophodes, var. lecideoides, near Cuckmere.

ADULTERATION OF PEPPER.-M. Bouchardat has communicated the result of his examinations of a large number of samples of ground pepper, as sold in France. He found that the most common adulterant was one prepared by drying and finely pulverizing the parenchyma of potatoes, left as a residue in the manufacture of starch. Among other adulterants were lentil flour, earthy matter, chalk, and linseed cake. A microscopical examination will always enable the observer to detect such adulterants present.

A NEW BEECH BLIGHT.-In Westphalia the beech-trees have been recently attacked by a new form of blight, which commences on the bark, and finally covers the tree with a snow-white down, to the ultimate destruction of the tree. Under the microscope, this blight is seen to consist of fine threads, among which there occurs a small insect apparently an undescribed species. The threads, which are secreted by the insect, are of wax, which has a melting-point of about 80 degrees, and the per-centage composition of which is, carbon 81-39, hydrogen 13:58, and oxygen 5:03. Both as regards its composition and melting-point, this new wax is very near that of Chinese wax.

ASPERITIES OR CALLOUS POINTS IN THE LEAVES OF BRYONIA ALBA.-At a late meeting of the East Kent Natura! History Society, Professor Gulliver gave a demonstration of the true nature of the roughness, hitherto but vaguely described by botanical writers, on the leaves of the Red Bryony. He showed that each of these callous points is 1-114th of an ineh in diameter, and made up of a congeries of smooth, shining, hyaline, rounded granules, having an average diameter of 1-666th of an inch; and that they are composed of carbonate of lime. Hence, he suggests that for them descriptive botany should in future substitute the words calcareous granules for the vague epithets heretofore used in botanical books.

FUNGOLOGICAL EXCURSIONS.-Late in October, the Woolhope Club made a fungological excursion, when four species new to Britain were discovered. These were Hygrophorus fornicatus, Agaricus icterinus, Clavaria curta, and C. rufa. After the fungus supper held at the close, papers were read by Mr. Plowright, of Norfolk; Mr. Broome, Mr. Renny, Mr. Phillips, and Dr. Bull, relating to fungology.

ZOOLOGY.

STENOCEPHALUS AGILIS.-The "works on Entomology" to which Mr. J. O. Harper (SCIENCEGOSSIP, No. 106, p. 228) has referred for an account of the "ovipositor saws" of this insect, are, judging from the one mentioned in the note to his paper, probably of no scientific value whatever. The structure of the rostrum and genital segments of the Hemiptera heteroptera is, of course, noticed in a general way by Westwood, in his admirable "Introduction;" and in the only work exclusively discussing the Bugs in this country, viz. "The British Hemiptera," by J. W. Douglas and J. Scott, published by the Ray Society (of which all naturalists should be members) in 1865, will be found a more recent and ample account of the structure referred to. The lancets of the rostrum are simply two of the four setæ representing the normal mandibles and maxillæ of insects, and which in all the Heteroptera are in cluded in the rostrum. The "ovipositor-saws" at the terminal segment of the abdomen, are simply the genital segments, which in the description of the genus Stenocephalus (as in the account of all other British genera) are, as to both male and female sexes, fully described by Douglas and Scott, "Brit. Hem.," p. 141. This structure, in one of the type forms of the order, is also well figured in outline at p. 1 of their work.-E. C. Rye.

[ocr errors]

HELIX OBVOLUTA.-In reply to Mr. C. Griffith's inquiry respecting Ilelix obroluta, I beg to say that the species has an extensive range on the Continent. Pfeiffer says ("Mon. Heliceorum," i. 413), “Habitat in Europa borcalis et mediæ terris plerisque." In his last edition (v. 423), he gives as the habitat "Europa media only. Jeffreys ("Brit. Conchology," i. 230) states that it occurs in France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy; and I posssess specimens from Hungary. Amongst other French localities, it is found in the Bois de Meudon, two or three miles south-west of Paris. Helix obvoluta, in fact, is only one of the many instances of species that are very abundant on the Continent and rare in the British islands. Clausilia Rolphii is a similar case, and every entomologist knows of many such in his branch; e.g. Carabus auratus, Calosoma sycophanta, &c.-C. P. Gloyne.

INDIAN INSECTS.-As my duties lead me to travel a good deal in the districts of western India, I have, of course, ample opportunity of obtaining specimens of insects, &c.; but, having no books of reference, am unable to say, as a rule, what are already known to naturalists and what not. The difficulty of preserving specimens in cabinets is almost insurmountable. I have had the work of two years destroyed in one week during the monsoon. I propose in future to send home my gatherings in small batches, and with this view would be

glad to correspond with any one interested in the subject, who would send me the names of the specimens and where described, or any works on the entomology of India, in return.-4. Stormont.

SNOW-BUNTINGS.-Perhaps it may be interesting to some of the readers of SCIENCE-GOSSIP to know that an extraordinary number of Snow-buntings (Emberiza nivalis) were taken the last week in November. One man caught 250 in a field of oatstubble near Brighton, some of which are very beautiful. To the lovers of the feathered tribe these birds will be very welcome. They are a good aviary bird; their food is canary-seed; they are very hardy, and soon become tame.-Chas. W. Rudd.

THE BREATHING OF FROGS.-Mr. W. Müller has been comparing the amount of oxygen consumed by two species of frog, the Green Edible Frog (Rana esculenta) and the ordinary Brown Frog (R. temporaria), in order to ascertain whether the amount consumed by the more voracious species was not the greater. From these experiments he has concluded that the Brown Frog consumes more oxygen than the Green Frog. When hungry they consume less oxygen, but there is still the same difference between the species. In winter time, under water, they consume the same amount of oxygen as when breathing air. Frogs frozen in ice for eight hours revertheless breathed at the normal rate after being released. The amount of oxygen consumed by the common mouse (Mus musculus) is twenty-four times as great as that of the frog.

SPONTANEOUS CHANGES IN EGGS.-M. Gazon, who has previously shown that the putrefaction of eggs corresponds with the development and multiplication of vibrios within them, has contributed the result of some further investigations on this subject. He thinks that these organisms might be easily introduced into the egg during its passage down the oviduct. Recent experiments confirm this opinion. M. Guyon examined the oviduct of a recently killed fowl, and found there both bacteria and spores of fungi.

GEOLOGY.

SUB-WEALDEN EXPLORATION.-At the November meeting of the Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society, Mr. Wonfor reported that Mr. H. Willett had sent him for examination the second specimen of Lingula ovalis, found at a depth of 291 feet, in the Sub-Wealden boring. It was believed they had reached the Kimmerage clay, and some even thought they were nearing the Paleozoic rocks.

SHELLS OF THE LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE LowLEVEL CLAY AND SANDS, BY T. MELLARD READE,

F.G.S.-This was the subject of a paper recently read before the Geological Society of London. The author commenced by explaining a section in a cutting at Booth-lane Station, in which most of the beds seen about Liverpool are typically represented. He then gave a list of the localities in which shells were found, and stated that in all forty-six species had been met with, distributed through the clay-beds, those found in the sand-seams being rare and generally fragmentary and rolled. The shells most commonly found entire are usually of small size, and of a form calculated to resist pressure, such as Turritella communis, Trophon clathratus, and Mangelia turricula. Fusus antiquus and Buccinum undatum are generally represented only by worn fragments of the Columella, and Cyprina islandica is always found in fragments. The author thought that the association of the various species distributed without order through the clays shows that they could not have lived together on the same bottom, but that they must have been to a great extent transported. He contended that the admixture of shells in the Boulder-clay was due to the tendency of the sea to throw up its contents on the beach; whence changing currents and floating ice might again remove them, and to the oscillations of the land bringing all the beds at one time or another within reach of marine erosive action. He maintained that it is in the distribution of land and sea at the period of deposition of the Lancashire deposits, and not in astronomical causes, that we must seek the explanation of the climate of that period, the conditions of which he endeavoured to explain by a consideration of the proportions of the species and the natural habitats of the shells found in the drifts.

GEOLOGY OF THE REDESDALE IRONSTONE DISTRICT. This is the subject of a valuable paper by G. A. Lebour, F.G.S., reprinted from the Transactions of the North of England Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers. The author describes the limits and physical features of the district, the stratigraphy, and the ironstone shale, as well as the "faults" traversing the strata. He also gives a detailed account of the various sections passed through at the different pits. A contour map of the ironstone district at Redesdale accompanies the paper, which is throughout of an important character.

MUD-CRATERS ON THE PERSIAN COAST.-At the last meeting of the Geological Society, Lieut. Stiffe read a paper on this subject. He stated that the coast of Mekran, extending from near the western frontier of India to the mouth of the Persian Gulf, was stated by the author to be a nearly rainless district, consisting of clay plains with precipitous tabular hills, the former veined here and there with crystalline gypsum, the latter

composed of clay capped and sometimes interstratified with coarse, friable, fossiliferous calcareous strata, from five to thirty feet thick, supposed to be of Miocene age, and all horizontal, or nearly so, except at the extreme cast and west, where the strata are inclined at an angle of from 40° to 60°. Along the coast there are no distinct traces of volcanic action, but on the north coast of the Persian Gulf a similar formation has been much disturbed by the protrusion of recent volcanic material; near Jâshak to the west there is a hot mineral spring, and near Karâchi there are springs of pure hot water. The author described the mode in which denudation is effected in this region by occasional heavy rains, and by the constant action of the sea upon the coast, and then noticed the occurrence, within a few miles of the shore, of numerous peculiar mud-craters, forming hills varying in height from 20 to 300 or 400 feet above the plain, of a regular conical form, with truncated tops, and the sides sloping at an angle of about 40°. The summits of these hills present a circular cup with a narrow border, filled with semifluid mud, which occasionally flows slowly over the margin of the crater. The author considered that the conical hills have been formed solely by these overflows. He believed that a small shoal occurring off the coast near Jâshak might be produced by one of these craters, and was inclined to ascribe their existence to hydrostatic pressure rather than to volcanic action, especially as by the concurrent testimony of several natives the discharge from the craters is greater during spring-tides. The thickness of the clay forming the plain is probably very considerable; it extends for some miles from the shore, sinking gradually to 20 or 30 fathoms, when there is a sudden and often precipitous descent to a depth of 300 or 400 fathoms. The author suggested that, since the deposition of the Miocene beds, the great submarine cliff may have been raised above the sea; that the land was then depressed to near its present level, causing the removal of the beds to the present coast-line, and that a further depression followed by upheaval gave origin to the inland cliffs. Evidence of the last depression is furnished by the presence of borings of lithodomous mollusca in the cliffs considerably above the present sca-level.

NOTES AND QUERIES. POLLEN-GRAIN.-In the botanical column of the October number, "R. H. N. B." asks as to the probable plant from which pollen-grain is derived of which he gives a figure, numbered 147. It appears to me that it may be a representation of the pollen of Passiflora cærulea, of which a good figure is given in " The Microscope," by Dr. Carpenter, figure 189; but that the figure is not perfectly delineated by your correspondent, or may have been examined by an inferior lens, or possibly not illuminated to the best advantage.-C. M. Major.

SCIRPUS PARVULUS.-In the exchange which you kindly inserted for me in a recent SCIENCEGOSSIP relative to the above plant, I stated that Arklow, co. Wicklow, was "the only British station at present existing," where it grew. That statement was erroneous, and I desire with your permission to correct it at once. The Hampshire station, is, I believe, extinct, but through the kindness of Mr. A. Bennett, I learn that Scirpus parvulus was discovered in 1869 near Poole harbour, Studland Bay, Dorset, by Mr. J. C. Mansell. I may add, that although I visited the Arklow station twice this autumn for specimens, only about ten plants were found in flower. Thousands occurred in the barren state.-Richard M. Barrington, Fassaroe, Bray.

CORN-CRAKE.-I fancy the birds whose decrease in England during the last few years Mr. Anderson and Mr. Warner call attention to, must have migrated to North Wales; for I really never heard so many crakes in any place, as I did near Beaumaris, a small town in the island of Anglesea, where I have been living for the last three years. I am sure there must have been a small colony of them in the field attached to a house I rented. The rasping noise of their cry often kept me awake a great portion of the night, and directly I had the grass cut they moved to other quarters, sufficiently near the house to be heard. I like the wild cry of the Plover and of various sea-birds, as they are borne away by the night wind over the sea, but the note of the corncrake, like the scraping of as late-pencil, puts one's teeth on edge.-Helen E. Watney.

WATER-RAT, OR VOLE (Arvicola amphibius).—One day in August last I noticed a large heap of freshly turned-up earth among growing potatoes in our garden, and thinking a mole to be the cause, a trap was procured, and next morning the culprit was secured. At the first glance I took it to be a common brown rat, but looking at it more closely found it was a water rat, and the man from whom the trap was procured declared that these aquatics burrow quite as much as the mole itself. This I do not dispute, seeing the effect of its industry around, but what I consider very strange, is the fact of this lover of water being located in a walled-in garden at_a great distance from its more congenial haunts. In Letter 28 of White's "Selborne" a somewhat similar instance is related, the rev. gentleman being apparently as much puzzled as myself to account for such a deviation from regular habits. In that case, the animal was turned up by the plough in a chalký field at a distance from water, and was snugly en sconced in an hybernaculum," well provisioned with potatoes.-W. H. Warner, Kingston, Abingdon.

[ocr errors]

DURATION OF BEE-HIVES.-In a mansion in Kent, recently renovated, it became necessary to disturb a colony of bees which had been known for thirty years to have inhabited the roof. A large quantity of honey was procured, and 40 lb. of comb were removed from between the rafters. Is it an unusual circumstance for bees to perpetuate themselves for such a length of time in the same locality? -A. L.

WASPS.-Some time ago, as I was returning home from a walk, I strolled into an unfrequented lane where I saw the following curious incident. In the middle of the roadway a large wasp seemed evidently engaged in some very important undertaking. Approaching carefully, I found it severing the head from the body of one of its own species. Unfortunately, my presence caused the insect to fly off

before it had completed the separation, leaving the sufferer, however, quite dead. I have heard that wasps make war on every other fly, and that even the spider himself dreads their approach, but I have neither heard nor read of anything like the above incident.-G. O. Howell.

MOUNTING MICROSCOPICAL MATERIAL.-Is there any one who will mount microscopical material sent to him? I have a great many lingual ribbons of mollusca collected in Jamaica, but unmounted, which, if mounted, would be very useful for exchanges.-C. P. G.

YOUNG MICE AND THEIR MOTHER.-On looking in a mousetrap I found a mouse with six young ones (apparently born in captivity). On examination it was discovered that all the young mice were headless, their heads having been, evidently, devoured by their hungry mother. Is it usual, when pressed by hunger (there being no bait left), for the old ones to devour the heads only of their offspring? When taken out of the trap the mouse was nearly dead.-E. S.

MOUNTING MOSSES, &c.-Could any of your correspondents inform me of the best way to mount the leaves of mosses, &c., for the microscope? It has been recommended to mount them between slips of glass, so that they can be moistened when it is wanted to examine them; but I find that if this is often done they ultimately decay. I have tried balsam, but without good results. Would the substance called coaguline answer the purpose?— H. W. J.

BRITISH SHREWS.-I think "J. W." will find that in the new edition of Professor Bell's "British Quadrupeds," now in the press, the "Oared Shrew" will be omitted, as it is now considered to be only a variety of the Water-shrew (Sorex fodicus). I have examined several intermediate varieties, and am of opinion that the S. ciliatus of Sowerby (S. remifer of Yarrell) is not a true species (the continental S. remifer), as believed by Mr. Yarrell.-T. S.

دو

[ocr errors]

LOCAL NAMES.-I had a collection of birds' eggs given me a short time since, and among them were two labelled "Feather-poke and Ground-lark." Both the eggs are abont the size of the Housesparrow's. The names are evidently local, but I cannot find either of them in Atkinson's "British Birds' Eggs," although it contains most local names. Perhaps some of your readers will inform me. 1 would, I think, form a very interesting volume if some one were to get the name of each bird, animal, or in fact anything of interest from each county, as almost every bird, &c. has a local name, which is very puzzling in other neighbourhoods.-Arthur Smyth.

MICROSCOPICAL QUERIES.-Will any of your readers inform me what are the best media for attaching ebonite cells to the glass slips? I have tried Kay's coaguline, cements, marine glue, &c., but do not find any of them trustworthy. Could you also inform me where I should be likely to procure a micro-lantern on hire for a night or two? I want a lantern suitable for exhibiting transparent microscopic slides on a screen.-Micro, Hull.

MOUNTING CRYSTALS.-A "Constant Reader " (p. 237) will find two very good articles on Microscopic Crystals in SCIENCE-GOSSIP for 1866, at page 33 (February), and page 125 (June).-A. §.

STRANGE COMPANIONS!-That a spider and a slug should choose a resting-place within an inch of each other seemed somewhat singular. Indeed, when I noted that the slug, which was about an inch in length, was reposing under the angle of a wall, close to the spider and its abode, I thought at first that, though the arachnid was much less in size, it had made a victim of the slimy individual. I believe instances have been frequently noticed where snails have returned again and again to the same spot after taking their excursions. So it was with this particular mollusk; for he was sometimes to be found "at home," at other times absent, during the few days I observed him. The close was tragical; the spider quitted her web, having attached thereto her bag of eggs, and a human enemy of slugs watched the return homewards of the spider's companion, and by the application of a well-adjusted pinch of salt, brought him to his mother earth-a slimy mass !-J. R. S. C.

CAGED BIRDS AND CATS.-It is noticeable that caged birds of the Finch tribe are very variously affected by the approach of a cat. Canaries are not, in most cases, particularly alarmed, unless a cat makes some demonstrations of attack; and I have known some canaries that will chirp, in a sort of friendly recognition, as a cat passes that they have been accustomed to. The goldfinch and the siskin, naturally timid birds, are more fearful of the feline race than are the linnet and chaffinch. But the bullfinch exhibits the most excessive and ludicrous alarm; the sight of a distant cat throws him into an agitation, and should one appear near at hand, the bird will continue peering about for a long time even after it has gone; still suspicious that its foe is lurking somewhere. It is probable this strong instinctive dread of a cat is connected with the natural habits of the bullfinch; the bird being partial to fruit, and frequently found in gardens and orchards, where its life is in danger from cats prowling about these places.-J. R. S. C.

EUPLECTELLA.-A friend of mine has a specimen of Euplectella speciosa, within which is some crustacean, what, I know not, but it measures quite 2 inches long, and has somewhat the appearance of a crayfish, minus the antennæ. How could the animal have found its way into the interior of the Euplectella, in which there is no opening or fracture of kind? The prisoner (of course long since dead) is detached, and rolls about in its cage, when the latter is moved. Altogether the matter has puzzled me as much as did the apple and the dumpling in the case of "good King George," and I shall be thankful for an explanation.-W. W. Spicer, Itchen Abbas.

any

your

PRAYING MANTIS.-A correspondent in September number asks for a description of the Mantis oratoria, or Praying Mantis. I have frequently seen it. Some years since a mantis nest was brought, amongst other curiosities, by one of our family, from the south of France. It was attached to a piece of quartz. For several weeks it remained forgotten in a drawer. It was early in the summer and the weather was unusually cold, and one day, when it was shown me, I remarked that if there were life in it, it would have little chance of developing without heat of sun or fire, and I forthwith placed it on the mantelpiece. It had not been there two hours, before we were startled to see a number of little creatures, about the size of the common gnat, but wingless, emerging from the folds of the nest, and for the next twenty

four hours they continued to hatch at intervals, until about fifty in all were born. On first gaining their liberty they were exceedingly active, and their antics were most curious, whilst they always preserved the praying attitude, as they fought or ran over one another, seeking no doubt for the food they could not find. We tried them with everything we could think of. likely to attract their baby appetites; but sugar, flowers, meat, insects, alike remained untasted, and we now saw that our vision of bringing up a young brood of praying mantises was doomed to disappointment, as one after another grew weak, shrivelled, and died. The nest, which is soft and covered with a thin horny substance, shows a series of scales or folds, and it is now little changed, excepting that it has shrunk a little in size.-Falmouth.

WHITE SPARROWS.-I observed in a recent impression remarks from "W. F. D." on the appearance of a sparrow "whose plumage is very nearly entirely white," &c. Although a sparrow with white feathers is doubtless a rara avis, yet they occur more frequently than is supposed. A few years ago, when living in Hampshire, there was a white sparrow that bred in the thatch of a barn close to my house. I shot it, and found it was of pure sparrow breed, but perfectly white; and there were afterwards in the same locality several others which were piebald; doubtlessly part of the progeny of the white one.-T. V. C.

STRANGE FREAK OF A SPARROW-HAWK.-I was out with my rod towards the fall of the year, whipping for trout on the higher part of one of the rivers that take their rise in the centre of Dartmoor. There was plenty of flood tumbling over the grey rocks in foamy cascades, and eddying swiftly past the sharp turns in its course; but the sun shone brightly; the water was clear, and the wind from the east, and whip as I would I could not do much with the fish. They sported to the surface but would not take home, jumping over the red palmer, and flicking the blue dun with their tails; at last, after sundry changes of my fly without satisfactory result, I reluctantly resorted to a worm, and had better luck, in spite of the clearness of the water. I had fished up to where a high bridge crossed the stream, and had struck my rod into the ground while I sat down for a short time against the buttress of the bridge. A worm was on the hook, and dangling by a short line in the air, when suddenly there was a rush from the other side of the bridge, and a hawk swiftly emerging from under the arch seized the worm and flew off to the full tether of the line, the jerk pulling the rod to the ground, and at the same time pulling the bait out of the mouth of the bird, which flew off in affright. I regretted he had not been hooked, as it would have been satisfactory to know whether he could have been held.-T. V. C.

HOW TO DESTROY ANTS.-In answer to your correspondent "E. B. F.," I have found that boiling water will invariably destroy a whole nest of ants. Of course hot water cannot be used if the ants have taken up their quarters in grass; but in any other locality, I have generally disturbed their nest and then placed a flowerpot downwards, on or in close vicinity to the nest. In a short time they will have reconstructed their home, and large numbers will have collected under the pot, when boiling water will soon put an end to their existence. Half a pint of petroleum and water in equal quantities will also completely extirpate them.A. P. Howes.

« AnteriorContinuar »