The withdrawing of the armament, acquired afterward that portion of glory to the British arms in Egypt, which they would have heaped on themselves of detestation in the eyes of the world, had they fired a gun against Cadiz. Beside the ramparts that surround the city, and protect the outer harbour, where merchant-ships anchor, there are considerable forts which protect the inner harbour, called the Caraccas; here the men-of-war and galleons lie defended by the forts of Matagorda, of St. Louis, and of the castle of Puntales; the former of which is on the northern side of the bay, and is distant from the city about three miles: this fort, and the latter (Punatles,) so effectually command the entrance to the dock-yard at the Caraccas, that no vessel can pass either of them without being exposed to destruction by their guns. The navigation to the harbours is difficult, and often dangerous; the approach is known at sea by the lofty mountains of Medina Sidonia, usually called, from their round appearance, the "Turk's Cap." At night, an excellent lighthouse is the guide at the extremity of a ledge of irregular small rocks, running at a considerable distance into the sea, where is a strong castle, called St. Se bastian's. The principal ledge is called the Porpoises, and a very dangerous rock is known by the name of the Diamond Rock, which do not leave but about a mile free navigation to the harbour; so that ships are often liable to the fire of fort St. Catharine, near Port St. Mary's, and of the bastions and the ramparts of Cadiz. The light-house was newly erected, and finished in the course of this year; it shews a brilliant revolving light every minute; and our pilot, on pointing to it, significantly shrugged his shoulders, saying, that an Englishman built it." In this castle are confined the French officers of the ships of war that surrendered here in the summer; they are almost insulated, and have no communication with any one but their guards and attendants; no person being permitted to converse with them out of curiosity. They were lately unusually outrageous, in consequence of seeing two English frigates enter the harbour with treasures from the American colonies; and they confidently talked of Buonaparte's ultimately subduing Spain, and of his subsequent invasion of England in twelve mouths!! 1 Cadiz, Dec. 5, 1809. side, while I am enjoying the warmth west. When the Levanter blows for land are now in bloom: the myrtle, height. These plants, which you culti- the 1 the fortifications, is appropriated to raising vegetables. This is on the narrow road leading to the continent, and extends about half a mile, in the midst of which is the public carriage-road, and on each side a foot-path, having white marble benches: this is called the Almeida, and is the usual promenade in the evenings, particularly on Sundays. It is delightfully situated for commanding the harbour and adjacent towns, and the skirts of the bold shore which here bounds the Atlantic; where the surge breaks with tremendous violence, defying the approach of boats over the nunerous sunken rocks and shoals. In the gardens are cauliflowers, lettu ces, pease, &c. in the highest perfection; we have celery and asparagus, but not very good; the former is small, and the latter tall and bitter. The soil is naturally sandy, and is watered by an ingenious contrivance. A well is dug to twenty or more feet, and brackish water is brought to the surface by means of a large wheel having several rims or grooves; around it are attached ropes, with buckets suspended from them; as the wheel revolves, one rope and a bucket descends while another is wound up, which empties itself into a reservoir, and then again descends: thus constantly supplying a quantity of water, with no other labour than that of an ass or a bullock to turn the machine. The scene is always more or less lively here, this road being the only one to and from Cadiz. We see the countrymen, and their loaded mules and asses in droves smoking their segars, and singing discordantly with the jingling of the animals bells "Long live Ferdinand VIIth."The Spanish don, mounted on his beautiful Andalusian horse, with flowing mane "pawing the ground, impatient of his course;" and the stately coach, drawn by four mules not more elegantly caparisoned than a common hackney-coach in the streets of London. There seems not to have been any improvement in the construction of car riages in Spain, since their first invention; they have no pretension to neatness or elegance, but are heavily and clumsily built, and badly ornamented. The coachman, the footman, and their liveries; the mules, their bells, and the harness; are all subjects of laughable attraction. In this case, as in most others in Spain, the want of cleanliness and neatness is too visible; we see a laced livery in tatters, the footman stuck up behind the carriage with his dirty locks flowing in no very graceful elegance on his shoulders, with or without a neckcloth; or, if he have one, perhaps it never was at the laundress's! The only good appendage to a carriage are the mules; they are generally beau tiful animals, from fourteen to fifteen hands and half high, very tractable and swift. Those used in post-coaches have a number of small bells fastened to the collar; their jingling causes the mule to travel with more cheerfulness; and are indispensable when in the woods and the almost impenetrable parts of the country, as a warning of their approach. The driver of a post-coach sits so low in front as to place his legs between the hinder ones of the mules; he commonly guides them with reins made of long grass into a rope; sometimes he is seen trotting on foot by the side of the mules, but this is a pace the roads seldom admit them to go. Besides the heavy post-coach, scarcely more commodious than our travelling taxed carts, (except from their form) here is a smaller vehicle called a Calesse, something like an old-fashioned one-horse chair; it will contain two persons, is drawn by one mule, and the driver or owner always accompanies it sitting on one of the arms, while he flogs the mule, and now and then overturns the ma chine. Post-houses are established on the great roads, as they are termed ; those are under the controul of the government; a regular table is formed of the expence per league to prevent impositions; but to have any thing like comfort when travel ling, it is necessary not only to take beds and bedding, but even provisions and wine, otherwise it is a chance if you meet with a mattress to recline on, and a few eggs and goat's milk for refreshment. delineation of country girls, swains, No. 2. A bas-relief, representing a Candelabrum. Fillets hang down from each side of the candelabrum. The use of bandelets was infinite among the ancients. The ornament of a rope of flowers, so commonly annexed to can delabra, refers to the Bacchanalian dances; and candelabra, with appen. dages of this nature, allude to festivities. See the plate in Montfaucon, v. iii. p. 2. b. 4, c. 2. Upon the bases of the candélabra of S. Agnes, at Rome, some doves, who are surrounding them with bandelets, issue from a ground of foliage. No. 3. Ditto, in the centre of which is a pilaster pedestul, supporting a case, the handles of which are composed of Griffins' heads. Several other mythological symbols are represented on this monument. Without affirming that Candelabra were never used for domestic purposes, it is certain, from ancient monuments, that they were In Da chiefly devoted to religious uses. No. 4. Bacchus received by Icarus, as before. No. 5. A funeral monument, &c. No. 6. In the flat early style of Gre cian sculpture. It represents Castor managing a horse. The flat early style of the sculpture is shown by knees very small, ancles wide. The mane of the horse is hogged. Though the head of Castor appears alone upon the coins of Bervte; though there are distinct figures of Pollux at the Villa Albani," the Capitol, and Farnesè palace; though in Maffei and Valliant, are the brothers together, each holding a horse; yet the separation of the Dioscuri is so very rare, that if the appropriation be proved to be accurate, which depends upon the bonnet, or bonnet and star, or helmet and flame, a circumstance which this writer forgot to notice, it is very singular. It is true, I believe, that there are some single Castors at Rome; that a Castor does occur singly in the Gaulish monu ments found in the cathedral at Paris; but Pollux followed next. The horse' is no exclusive test of Castor or Pollux. Funeral monuments are inferior in execution to other bas-reliefs, and if the appropriate symbol of the Cabires be wanting, the writer of this article is of opinion, that the horse, being common on funeral monuments as a designation of rank, perhaps (Archæol. xiii, 287), this is not Castor, but a funeral monument similar to that engraved Archeol. xil pl. xix. where we have a youth holding a horse, with likewise a hogged mane: similar figures occur on Roman funeral monuments. The Dioscuri are, in general at least, naked, or with only a chlamys floating from the shoulder; and the above Grecian figure, and the Gaulish Castor, is draped. Lastly, figures leading horses, though tunicked, occur (exclusive of Gemini) in the marble Calendarium, engr. in Boissard ii. pl. 140; but Pausanias mentions imitations of the Dioscuri by persons in tunicks. No. 7. Hercules securing the stag, which, at the command of Eurystheus, he had pursued a whole year in the forests of Arcadia. Notwithstanding Winckelmann's elaborate defence of the work. manship of animals by the ancients, this stag by no means conveys a favourable idea of it. Hercules catching the above stag, occurs upon the medallion of Prusa; but it should be remembered that a hind accompanies the Hercules of the Villa Borghesi, &c. in allusion to that which nursed Telephus, and not to the deer with golden horns and brazen feet. No. 8. Blank. No. 9. A bus-relief, in three comportments. (1.) The infant Jupiter, riding on the Amalthean goat. (2.) A Triton, seizing a bull by the horns. (3.) Two men carrying a hog to sacrifice. They carry him upon a pole, between their shoulders. Jupiter upon a goat is very common upon coins, in flattery, as Montfaucon observes, of the infant sons of the emperors, as appears by coins of Vale. rian the younger. A bull was the symbol of a river, and that accounts for the interference of the marine deity by seizing his horns. The strange method by which the hog is carried, may allude to some conveyance of him, as he is slung and bound, from drowning. The goat is the known symbol of Jupiter the Preserver; and this bas-relief is therefore probably votive, from some escape of drowning by inundation; the Triton seizing the horns of the bull, that is, conveying the water by the arms of the river, to the sea; and the hog being thus borne, in order to show the particular species of danger, and probably to be sacrificed afterwards. No. 10. A festoon of vine-branches, supported by the skulls of bulls. In the centre, above the festoon, is a mask of Bacchus. It has served as a decoration in the inside of a circular building. This monument may serve to illustrate No. 14. Ornament of a building. No. 15. The Centaur Nessus carrying off Dejanira. The lower part of the hind legs of the horse are bad and slender. The fore-legs and profile are very fine. This is not a common subject. The barbarous figure of the Centaur originated in Egypt; as appears by a monument in the Barbesini palace, and by another at Bologna. The Centaurs there have four horse's feet, but the Greeks made the fore-feet human. (See Stosch Cl. iii. n. 78.) We find four Centaurs with horse's ears in Gori, (Inser. Etrusc. i. pl. 27); and the Etruscan vases of Hamilton. Our knowledge of the marbles of Centaurs is recent; for Montfaucon gives none under the article; yet now they are not uncommon. No. 16. A cow drinking out of a circular vessel, whilst she suckles her calf. This representation occurs upon the coins of Apollonia, and Dyrrachium, both in Illyria: where the subject is Egyptian, it implies Athor, the sacred cow, or the Venus of that country: but, what certainty can be drawn from so general a representation? The Greek artists were fond of such subjects; witness the cow of Myron, and calf of Menachmus. See Plin. 34, 8. No. 17. Two terminal heads joined back to back: one of the bearded Bacchus, the other of Libera. The heads of Liber and Libera, that is, according to some antiquaries, of the male and female Bac chus, are seen upon the coins of the Cassica family: Varro, as quoted by Augustine de Cio. Dei, l. 6. c. 9, gives the true explication of these united heads, but it is of too indelicate a kind to be mentioned. Foucault, Maffei, Bo nanni, Canini, and Montfaucon, have published similar double heads of Bac chus, or rather (to speak more properly) Liber and Libera. The beard here does not appear to relate to the Indian Bacchus, but merely to denote the male from the female head, Bacchus and Ariadne OCCUT occur double-headed, but one by the side of the other, in Winckelmann (Art. i, 241. ed. Amst.); but Ariadne is here evidently distinguished from Libera. She wears the mitra, and Bacchus has no beard, only a crown and corymbus of ivy berries. A young and female head, crowned with ivy, or vine leaf, is commonly called an Ariadne; and Wincklemann supports this opinion by similar appropriations in Stosch; indeed, in the famous bas-relief in the Admiranda, the presumed Ariadne has a crown of vineleaves; but, notwithstanding, it is very far from being general, and in the monuments quoted, the female may be the goddess Libera, and the very bas-relief called Orgia, with a pretended Ariadne, refer instead to the Liberalia, different and still more licentious festivities in honour of Bacchus. See Aug.de Civ. Dei; 1.7. No. 18. Fortune. She has the modius on her head, carries a cornucopia, and has the helm on a globe. Count Caylus, upon the subject of a Fortune with the modius upon her head, says, (Rech. 5, 187), that it was a compliment of flattery to the emperors, in allusion to good and happy government; and that as the Romans did not introduce the modius before the reign of Hadrian, these Fortunes cannot be of an earlier fabric. The attributes of Fortune and Nemesis are so similar, that it is worth while to notice that the appearance of the cornucopia never, so far as I know, occurs in figures of Nemesis. The cornucopia shows, that she dispenses all worldly blessings; the helm and globe imply her government of the universe. No. 19. A terminal head of the bearded Bacchus. This god was one of the guardians of the highways, the Lares Viales of Plautos, and Dei Viaci of Varro, and this accounts for the terminal form, such statues being for the purpose, among others, of direction-posts. No. 21. A votive statue of a Man, who is carrying a round leathern bucket, suspended from his left arm. The head is covered with a conical bonnet, and a dol phin serves as a support to the figure. It is Ulysses: possibly carrying the wine to intoxicate Polyphemus. A conical bonnet, such as is still worn by the sailors in the Levant, and applied to Ulysses, from his voyages, always distinguishes this hero. (See Winckelm. Monum. n. 153). It is true, that Vulcan wears a similar bonnet, as do the Dioscuri (with a star), but the Dolphin appropriates it to Ulys ses, this fish being one of his distinctive characteristics, and the ensign on his shield. (Lycophr. Cassond. v. 658). In Stosch, is a regular series of gems, of which the subjects are the various adventures of Ulysses. The conical bonnet is sometimes ornamented with broad net work. No. 22. A Venus. It is fine. No. 23. An unknown head, supposed to be that of a Titan. It is highly anima ted, and is looking upwards, apparently in great agitution. It has clotted hair. I know not what connection there is between Typhou or Typhæus the Titan, and the Egyptian Typhon, further than that they are both parts of their mythology (Natalis, 644), though affirmed by others to be quite distinct. Apollodorus, (Bibl. i. c. 6), gives the Titans a terrific visage, and this is also a striking characteristic of the Egyptian Typhon, the god of evil. The learned may compare the dreadful aspect of the latter in the Florentine gems, (t. ii. pl. 41. n. 1). with this unknown head, and determine for themselves, whether it be a Typhon, or not. No. 24. A Faun. Very fine. No. 25. An elderly man holding a basket of fish, votive. The muscles are in wrinkles all over the upper parts, but not in the thighs. The legs are restored. Maffei, Bonanni, and Montfaucon, give No. 20. A bust of Heraclitus. No us marbles of men with baskets of fish. bust of Heraclitus is included in a list by This might be a man who sold fish in Mongez (Rec. d'Antiq. p. 6) of those the Forum, for such an old man, with a indisputably antiques. Fulvius Ursinus basket of fish, occurs in Apul. Metam. or Orsini, (Imag. Viror. illustr. Præf. 1. i. They were great extortioners, and P. 2,) says, that the heads of Aristophanes, might afford such a votive bas-relief, as Heraclitus, &c. do not belong to the a present to the temple of Esculapius. busts nor pedestals to which they have been appropriated: and adds, that forged inscriptions have occasioned the mistake. If this bust therefore be a genuine Heraclitus, it is exceedingly rare and valuable. MONTHLY MAG. No, 204. No. 26. A bust of Zeno. A fipe bust was found at Herculanum, (t. v. p. 67), with the name in Greek, but it is not known whether it is the founder of the sect of stoicks, or one of the two Zenos who followed Epicurus. 2 E No. |