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GENERAL

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INDEX

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SIX YEARS having elapsed since, following the example of other Joint Stock Companies-for what is NOTES AND QUERIES but a Joint Stock Company for the promotion of historical truth ?-we rendered to our subscribers an account of our stewardship, we have called in once more the assistance of our highly skilful literary accountant, and in the following pages submit to public inspection his balance sheet, which will, we trust, show most satisfactorily how great has been the gain to historical, biographical, literary, antiquarian, and philological knowledge in the last twelve volumes of NOTES AND QUERIES.

The late Lord Brougham, whose name can never be mentioned by us without grateful acknowledgment for many unsolicited acts of friendship, was once good enough to declare to us his opinion that "NOTES AND QUERIES was most useful, most valuable, and made ten times more so by its admirable Indexes." Lord Brougham was perfectly right. Intrinsically valuable as the contents of the many volumes of NOTES AND QUERIES must be for the information they contain, they would be comparatively useless but for the ready means which the Indexes afford of turning the information stored up in them to instant account. Without such Index they would form

"One glaring chaos and wild heap of wit." ~

But with such an Index as is here set before the reader, which well deserves Bayle's definition of an Index," the soul of a book," the huge confusion springs into regularity and order, and the curious masses of information are at once available to the student.

How vast and how varied these masses of information are, one little fact will serve to show. In the series of Indexes, of which the present is the third, there will be found nearly EIGHTY THOUSAND ARTICLES, many of them furnishing references to the best authorities on the special subjects to which they refer.

The FIRST SERIES of NOTES AND QUERIES,. in Twelve Volumes, was brought to a close at the end of 1855, by the issue of a GENERAL INDEX. Of the utility of this INDEX, The Times spoke as follows on June 28, 1856:

"The utility of such a volume, not only to men of letters, but to well-informed readers generally, is too obvious to require proof, more especially when it is remembered that many of these references (between 30,000 and 10,000) are to articles which themselves point out the best sources of information upon their respective subjects."

A SECOND SERIES of Twelve Volumes was completed at the end of 1861, by the publication of a similar GENERAL INDEX, of which The Times of November 8, 1862, remarks:

"It contains about 30,000 references to articles written by some of our best scholars upon every conceivable subject, from predestination to slea silk,' for in the pages of this Everybody's Common-place Book no subject comes amiss. It is a book which will be found most useful to those who possess NOTES AND QUERIES, and indispensable to the searchers after the curiosities of literature.'"

Of these Two INDEXES a few Copies may still be had, price 5s. and 5s. 6d. respectively.

W. G. SMITH, 43, Wellington Street, Strand, and by order of all Booksellers and Newsmen.

Printed by GEORGE ANDREW SPOTгISWOODE, at 5 New-street Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the County of Middlesex; and Published by WILLIAM GREIG SMITII, of 43 Wellington Street, Strand, in the said County.-Saturday, August 22, 1868.

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FRASER'S MAGAZINE FOR SEPTEMBER. BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE, FOR SEPTEM

price 2s. 6d.

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STANDARD SCHOOL BOOKS USED AT ETON, HARROW, WINCHESTER, AND RUGBY.

THE HISTORY of ROME, from the Earliest

Time to the Period of its Decline. By DR. MOMMSEN. Translated with the Author's sanction, and Additions by the REV. WILLIAM P. DICKSON, D D., Regius Professor of Biblical Criticism in the University of Glaszow. With an Introduction by DR. SCHMITZ. Crown 8vo. Vols. I. and II. 21s.; Vol. III. price 108. 6d.; Vol. IV. (in 2 Parts), 168.

DR. CURTIUS'S HISTORY OF GREECE. Translated by A. W. WARD. Fellow of St. Peter's College, Cambridge. Vol. I. Demy 8vo, 15s.

A NEW PHRASEOLOGICAL ENGLISHLATIN and LATIN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. By C. D. YONGE. Vol. I. English-Latin, 9s. 6d.; Vol. II. Latin-English, 78. 6d.; or the whole work complete, strongly bound in roan, price 158.

YONGE'S P. VIRGILII MARONIS BUCO-
LICA, GEORGICA, et ÆNEIS. Post 8vo, 4s. 6d.
SIR EDWARD CREASY'S FIFTEEN DE-

CISIVE BATTLES of the WORLD, from Marathon to Waterloo.
Sixteenth Edition, demy 8vo, with Plans, 10s. 6d.

SIR EDWARD CREASY'S RISE and PROTenth Edition,

GRESS of the ENGLISH CONSTITUTION.
post 8vo, price 78. 6d.

RICHARD BENTLEY, New Burlington Street.
Publisher in Ordinary to Her Majesty.

4TH S. No. 35.

BER, 1868. No. DCXXXV. Price 2s. 6d.

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The Picture Gallery of the Hermitage, St. Petersburg, by James Dafforne, illustrated; The Proposed Minister for the Fine Arts; Doré's Fables of La Fontaine, illustrated; Influence of certain Physical Conditions on the Origin and Development of Art. by Professor Ansted; The Royal Armory of England, by Rev. C. Boutell, M.A., illustrated; The Knights of the Middle Ages, by Rev. E. L. Cutts, illustrated; William Billingsley and the China Works founded by him, by L. Jewitt, F.S.A.; Picturesque Cottage. Garden, and Villa Architecture, by C. J. Richardson, illustrated; Art-Gossip and Notabilia, &c. &c. London and New York: VIRTUE & CO.

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Just published, Ed.

MEMORIAL of NELL GWYNNE, the Actress, and THOMAS OTWAY, the Dramatist. By WILLIAM HENRY HART, F.S.A.

London: J. R. SMITH, 36, Soho Square.

Fifth Edition, with Photographic Frontispiece, price 18.

HE SEARCH for a PUBLISHER; or, Counsels position, Printing, and Advertising; also, Specimens of Type, Illustrations, and Sizes of Paper. It is a complete Literary Guide for a Novice, and full of exact and trustworthy information.

"We wish we had seen such a book fifteen years ago, that's all. It is full of necessary information; and, if thoroughly digested, it will save some headaches, heartaches, and, perhaps, despicable as the consideration must be to the child of genius, quaffing nectar above the clouds, a few golden sovereigns, bearing the image and superscription of Victoria the First."-Christian Weekly News.

London: PROVOST & CO. (Successors to A. W. BENNETT),
5, Bishopsgate Without, E.C.

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NUMISMATIC BOOKS, CATALOGUE OF, just published, Gratis.

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ANCIENT ILLUMINATED MISSALS, and AN INTRODUCTION

MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS, CATALOGUE OF, just published,

Gratis.

NUMISMATIC ATLAS of the ROMAN EMPIRE, with 216 Portraits, copied from Coins, 8vo, cloth, 48. 6d. W. S. LINCOLN & SON, 462, New Oxford Street, London, W.C.

OR SALE, Twenty-one ORIGINAL SEALS of

WM. CARTWRIGHT, Severn Side, Bewdley.

Just published, price one shilling, the 110th Thousand of the

MORISONIANA; or, Family Adviser of the

British College of Health. By JAMES MORISON, the Hygeist. Comprising Origin of Life and true Cause of Diseases explained, forming a complete manual for individuals and families for everything that regards preserving them in health and curing their diseases. The whole tried and proved by the members of the British College of Health during the last forty-five years.

May be had at the British College of Health, Euston Road, London, and of all the Hygeian Agents for the sale of Morison's Vegetable Universal Medicines throughout the world. No vaccination, no bleeding, no poisons. Remember that the blood is the life, and that vaccine lymph is nothing but putridity leading to disease and death.

Whereas there are counterfeits of Morison's Vegetable Universal Medicines on the Continent, the public are hereby cautioned to purchase only of the accredited agents to the British College of Health, Euston Road, London.

THE SCIENTIFIC WONDER.

This Instrument has a clear magnifying power of 32,000 times, shows all kinds of Animalcula in Water, Circulation of the Blood, &c. &c., Adulteration of Food, Milk, &c., and is just the Microscope that every Surgeon, Dentist, Schoolmaster, Student, and Working Man should have.

It is pronounced by the Press (and all scientific men who have seen it), to be the best, cheapest, and most simple microscope ever invented.

It has twenty times the power of the Coddington or Stanhope Microscope, and is twice as good as the celebrated Rae Microscope (which has been awarded so many prize medals), as may be inferred from the following letter received from Mr. Rae himself:

"CARLISLE, DECEMBER 12th, 1867.

"To Mr. McCulloch, Philosophical Instrument Maker.

"Sir, Having seen some of your Diamond-Plate Lenses, I write to ask your terms for supplying me with the same per 20 gross, as I consider them superior to mine. Yours, &c.,

"RAE & CO., Opticians, Carlisle."

I beg to inform the public that I have no Agent anywhere, and all pretended Agents are impostors. The above instrument can only be had from me, in Birmingham. Those at a distance who care for instruction and amusement, can have it safe and free by sample post, with book of full instructions, on receipt of 32 Postage Stamps. Samples sent abroad 2 extra Stamps.

All persons wishing further particulars and testimonials, must send stamped and addressed envelop.

Address, A. McCULLOCH, Philosophical Instrument Maker, 18, Blucher Street, Birmingham.

to the OLD TESTAMENT, Critical, Historical, and Theological; containing a Discussion of the most important Questions belonging to the several Books. By SAMUEL DAVIDSON, D.D., LL.D. Each Volume may be had separately (price 148.) containing :-Vol. I. The Pentateuch, Books of Judges, Ruth and Samuel. Vol. II. Books of Kings, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, the Poetical Books, and a Dissertation on Prophecy. Vol. III. The Prophetical Books and Apocrypha, with a copious INDEX to the whole Work.

WILLIAMS & NORGATE, London and Edinburgh.

Published this day, the Seventeenth Thousand.

Square 8vo, printed on toned paper, elegant binding, 12s. 6d.;
morocco, 17. 18.

ANY THOUGHTS OF MANY MINDS. Being ings of the most Celebrated Authors. Compiled and analytically arranged by HENRY SOUTHGATE.

"The produce of years of research."--Examiner. "Destined to take a high place among books of this class." Notes and Queries. "A treasure to every reader who may be fortunate enough to possess it."-English Journal of Education.

"The accumulation of treasures truly wonderful."-Morning Herald. "This is a wondrous book."-Daily News.

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"Messrs. Gabriel are particularly successful in their system of Artificial Teeth, which they fix firmly in the mouth by means of an Elastic Gum without springs, painlessly, and without any operation."— Herald. "Invaluable to clergymen, public orators, and invalids." Court Journal.

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London: 56, Harley Street, W.
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QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:- The Battle of BrennevilleThe Song of Ally Croaker-Lists of M.P.s-Bishop Grosteste-Raymund Lully, 204.

REPLIES:-Bishop Percy, and his "Reliques," 205-Illustrations of Bishop Percy's Folio Manuscripts, No. II., 206Letter from Sir Thomas Fairfax, 207 Modern Invention of the Sanscrit Alphabet, 208-Hawaiian Alphabet, 209-Stanton Harcourt: Separation of Sexes in Worship, 210 The Comyns of Badenoch, Ib. St. Thomas-a Beckett and Syon Cope: the Copes of Waterford, &c., 211

Naked Legs at Court: Sir Thomas Lee-Swift Hessay

Whistling in your Fist-"De Imitatione Christi"-
Cleanliness "No Love Lost" - Greek Motto - Marc
Antony as Bacchus - Bummer, &c., 212.
Notes on Books, &c.

Notes.

THE FAIRFORD WINDOWS: ALBRECHT
DURER, ETC.

No artistic discovery for the past three hundred years has equalled in interest and importance the probable fact that the eight-and-twenty painted windows of Fairford church are the work of Albert Dürer. The thanks of the art-world are due to Mr. Holt for drawing attention to this in his able paper read before the British Archæological Association at their recent meeting at Cirencester.

According to Hearne, Vandyke "affirmed to Charles I. and others that many of the figures were so exquisitely well done that they could not be exceeded by the best pencil." Fosbrooke, in his Abstract of Records and MSS. respecting the County of Gloucester (1807), declared "that the glass exceeded in execution, and especially in brilliancy of tint, everything of the kind within his experience." Mr. Holt has well exploded the absurd theory respecting the origin of the glass, viz. that John Tame, a wealthy cloth manufacturer in the time of Henry VII., in October, 1492, took a ship on its way from some port in the Pays Bas, and bound to Rome, which had on board the glass of the Fairford windows, and that he rebuilt the church at Fairford to receive the glass which was fixed about 1500. Now John Tame did not purchase the manor till 1498, and as England was at

both with the Pope and the Pays Bas, John peace Tame would not have ventured on an act of piracy on a ship of the Flemings, and particularly if the glass belonged to the king's spiritual father, Pope Alexander VI. A set of windows constructed for a church in Rome would not fit an English perpendicular church. John Tame, probably therefofe wishing to decorate the church of his newlyacquired manor, sent to his Low Country agents to obtain a set of the best obtainable on the Continent. Mr. Helt thinks that the curious paintings discovered about fifteen years since, some of which were unfortunately scraped c were the work of the foreigners who came to put up the glass. In Dürer's pictures and engravings we find great attention paid to detail; this is the case in these designs. The lettering is in the identical character invented by him, and still known to printers as "Albert Dürer's alphabet." Now Mr. Holt goes so far as to say that the "Block Books" comprising the Biblia Pauperum, the Speculum Humana Salvationis, as well as the Nuremberg Chronicle and the Schatzbehalter, were designed by Dürer c. 1490-1500. Now Mr. Noel Humphreys, in his great work, The History of the Art of Printing, gives these works a much earlier date; and the same gentleman, in a letter to The Times (Aug. 17, 1868), points out that a wellknown copy of the first edition of the Biblia Pauperum, still in its original binding, contains a date which clearly proves that the work of the binder was performed between the years 1420 and 1430, and as Albert Dürer's father came to settle in Nuremberg as a young adventurer in 1455, he was not probably born in 1425 nor even in 1430. It is to be observed, also, that the first editions of the famous Biblia Pauperum were printed, on one side of the paper only, with a distempered ink, the impression being produced by rubbing at the back, which at once stamps them as the work of an epoch long anterior to Dürer. The latest edition of the book bears a printed date 1470, a year before Dürer's birth. As regards the Nuremberg Chronicle, it is possible that Dürer may have exercised his 'prentice hand on some of the illustrations, as the work did not appear till 1493. Mr. Holt gets out of the difficulty in assigning a later date to the Block Books, and points out that the form of the nimbi in these books and in the Fairford windows is unique, and never found elsewhere.

The name of Albert Durell appears in the first printed account of the windows by Sir Robert Atkyns in 1712. A vellum roll, tradition says, was placed in the church chest by John Tamer, but was lost when Atkyns wrote. In 1778 people came to the conclusion that Albert Durell must be Albert Dürer, but this was pooh-poohed by Bigland in 1791, and was not again asserted.

Everyone acquainted with Dürer's pictures and engravings is aware that that great master

nearly always placed his monogram in a conspicuous part of the design. Now the only approach to a monogram in the Fairford windows was a letter A on the sword of an Amalekite. Mr. T. Taylor, in a letter to The Times (Aug. 19) says that this is a monogram A. T., and that Dürer, at the time these windows were designed, wrote his name "Albrecht Thürer," and employed a punning allusion to the significance of the second factor, a representation of the two leaves of a double door. Both this and the monogram A. T. will be found in the cuts in the Nuremberg Chronicle, probably the work of Dürer.

We know from other sources that Dürer was a glass-painter. Lenoir, in his celebrated work on glass-painting, describes a series of twenty windows of his in the church of the Temple at Paris, destroyed during the Revolution. He also describes windows at Passy which shared the same ́fate, and a famous series occupying the windows of the monastery church at Hirschan, in Upper Bavaria, representing the principal events in the lives of the Virgin and the Saviour, which must have been very much the same as the Fairford windows, but destroyed by the French in the wars of the Palatinate in 1685.

I hope one of your Gloucestershire correspondents will examine the monogram and tell us its exact nature. I confess I can see no reason for altering the date of the Block Books, which has generally been received, but think the other evidence brought forward by Mr. Holt is sufficient to establish the Fairford windows as the handiwork of Albrecht Dürer.

Mr. Holt denounces the date upon Lord Spencer's "S. Christopher of 1423"-so implicitly be

lieved in to this moment to be the earliest known woodcut with a date-to be a forgery, and that the true date is 1493. He thinks that the forgery was effected by altering the "c" of the "xc" into an "x," by which simple process seventy years was forthwith added to its date; and he considers the "S. Christopher" in question was executed by Dürer at Colmar in 1493, on the occasion of his visit to the brothers of Martin Schön.

JOHN PIGGOT, JUN., F.S.A., F.G.S.

Though away from home and my books, yet happily I am within reach of The Times and Notes and Queries; and I have been so greatly interested in the discussion which has appeared in the former on the subject of Mr. Holt's views respecting the origin of the Fairford windows, that I hope to see the consideration of the many ancillary questions which seem likely to arise from it commenced in your journal. Mr. Holt's opinions that "printing preceded engraving," and that no engraving even of Playing Cards existed prior to 1440;-that 1423 upon Lord Spenser's

"St. Christopher" is a forgery, and that the date really should be 1493, the figure "9" having been ingeniously converted into "2"; and that no copy of the Biblia Pauperum can be proved to have been in existence prior to 1485; seem at first sight to be "pestilent heresies : they may possibly turn out to be "startling truths"; but as they have been advanced by a gentleman who tells us that he has made no less than five pious pilgrimages to Nuremberg, and devoted the leisure of ten years to unravelling the personal history of Albrecht Durer, they certainly deserve the patient examination of all who take an interest in the history of art in this country; and of that question which has I believe been already touched upon once or twice in N. & Q." — the literary and artistic relations which formerly existed between England and the Continent. On these grounds, and others too obvious to require insisting upon, I hope some of your able correspondents will give us the benefit of their learning and acquirements.

P.S. I venture to suggest the publication of a series of photographs of the windows, not too large, in aid of the fund for the preservation of these interesting remains.

F. S. A.

SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE'S WORKS.* list. Many of the works I have not seen, and in The chronological is the only order used in this that case I have generally put a reference to some Review or Magazine.

vol. of Dr. B.'s C. . . . relating to dissenters. By (1.) Remarks on some paragraphs in the 4th Joseph Priestley... [July] 1769, 8vo, 60, 1s.

Reprinted with notes in Dr. P.'s Works by Rutt, vol. xxii. p. 302.

"The paragraphs referred to contain the most injurious reflections on that part of the community to which I belong; but as they are altogether destitute of candour, so they are unsupported by truth."

Some one said that Dr. P. had the conceit to imagine they were personally levelled at him, but this he denies in his memoirs. Blackstone, in his reply, calls the above "a very angry pamphlet," and he proceeds to say: "The method which I have hitherto observed, with regard to the numerous strictures my Commentaries have excited, has been to neglect them entirely, if I thought them mistaken or trifling: but if founded on Justice, I have availed myself of the truths they imparted, and have endeavoured to correct my own mistakes in subsequent impressions of the book."

(1 a.) A reply to Dr. P.'s remarks on the 4th vol. . . . By the author of the Commentaries [Sept.] 1769, 8vo, 28, 6d.

Monthly Rev. xlii. 298. This reply was republished in an appendix to Sir W. B.'s Commentaries, Philadelphia, 1772, pp. 34-47.

* Continued from 4th S. ii, 124.

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