out further help, a farmer, a baker, a cook, a carpenter, a smith, a potter, a brick-maker, a limeburner and builder, and, besides much else, a soldier and a sailor.

4. The most wealthy of the active nations are those which dwell in countries richly provided with fuel. No inventions have changed the entire world more than steam and gunpowder. We are what we are, largely because we are the ministers and masters of fire.

5. Every other animal is by nature fully equipped and caparisoned for its work: its tools are ready for use, and it is ready to use them. We have first to invent our tools, and then to fashion them, and then to learn how to handle them. Man's marvellous hand is no doubt in itself an exquisite instrument of art; but, after all, our hands are less adroit than those of the monkey, who has four, each equivalent to a right hand.

6. Our right hands would be nothing to us but for our wise heads; for we have to begin two steps. further back, in our industrial labours, than the meanest of the animals, who practise no such craft as that of tool-making, and serve no apprenticeship to any craft. Two-thirds at least of our industrial doings are thus preliminary. Before two rags can be sewed together, we require a needle, which embodies the inventiveness of a hundred ingenious brains; and a hand, which only a hundred failures have, in the lapse of years, taught to use the instrument with skill.

7. It is so with all the crafts, and they are in

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separably dependent on each other. The mason waits on the carpenter for his mallet, and the carpenter on the smith for his saw; the smith on the smelter for his iron, and the smelter on the miner for his ore. Each, moreover, needs the help of all the others; the carpenter the smith, as much as the smith the carpenter; and both the mason, as much as the mason both. This helplessness of the single craftsman is altogether peculiar to the human artist. The lower animals are all polyartists (Jacksof-all-trades), and never heard of such a doctrine as that of the division of labour.

8. The same bee, for example, markets, and bakes bee-bread, and manufactures sugar, and makes wax, and builds storehouses, and plans apartments, and nurses the royal infants, and waits upon the queen, and apprehends thieves, and smites to the death the enemies of the amazons.

9. Nor are there degrees of skill among the animal artists. The beavers pay no consulting fees to eminent beaver engineers experienced in hydraulics; the coral insects do not offer higher wages to skilled workmen at reef-building.

10. The industrialness, then, of man is carried out in a way quite peculiar to himself, and singularly illustrative of his combined weakness and greatness. The most helpless, physically, of animals, and yet the one with the greatest number of pressing appetites and desires, he has no working instincts to secure (at least after infancy) the gratification of his most pressing wants, and no tools which such instincts can work by.

11. He is compelled, therefore, to fall back upon the powers of his reason and understanding, and make his intellect serve him instead of a crowd of instinctive impulses, and his intellect-guided hand instead of an apparatus of tools. Before that hand, armed with the tools which it has fashioned, and that intellect, which marks man as made in the image of God, the instincts and weapons of the entire animal creation are as nothing. He reigns, by right of conquest, as indisputably as by right of inheritance, the king of this world.

DR. GEORGE WILSON, 12

def-i-ni-tion grat-i-fi-ca-tion in-vent-ive-ness

de-pen-dent

hy-draulics

phys-i-cal-ly

Notes and Meanings.

1 Defined, described.
Sol-i-ta-ry, only.
Frag-men-ta-ry def-i-ni-tion, im-
perfect description; tells only a
small part of what man can do.
Degraded, low or animal like.
Socket, hollow into which something
Sa-ga-cious, wise; clever. [is fitted.
Prim-i-tive, known from early times.
2 Kindled brand, burning wood.
Sceptre, staff of royalty.
Fer-til-ize, enrich; manure.

4 The ministers and masters of fire,
the makers and users of fire.

5 E-quipped' and ca-par-i-soned, pro-
vided and covered.
Ex-qui-site in-stru-ment, easily ad-
apted to a variety of uses.
A-droit', active; skilful.

E-quiv-a-lent, equal; of the same
value as.

6 In-dus-tri-al labours, daily work. Pre-lim-i-na-ry, preparatory, or first efforts.

pol-y-art-ists

pre-lim-i-na-ry

prim-i-tive

sa-ga-cious

scep-tre

In-vent-ive-ness, contriving power.
In-ge-ni-ous, clever.

7 Smelt-er, one who melts iron.
8 Ap-pre-hends', makes prisoners.
Am-a-zons, female fighting bees.
9 Con-sult-ing fees, money paid for
advice given.

Em-i-nent, famous.

Hy-drau-lics, working in or with

water.

In-tel-lect, mind; thought; reason. 11 In-stinc-tive impuls-es, those powers by which animals are guided, apparently independent of reason or of experience. In-tel-lect-guid-ed, mind-directed. Image of God. Genesis i. 27. 12 Dr. George Wilson (1818-1859), a professor in Edinburgh University, and director of the Industrial Museum of Scotland; a most successful lecturer on science. He wrote the Five Gateways of Knowledge.

Summary:-Man's superiority over all other animals is shown in a variety of ways. He is the only animal that can strike a light or kindle a fire. Once provided with this power he can work wonders. Animals come into the world with all the tools they need, and with a knowledge of their use. Man has his tools to make, and he has also to learn how to use them. Again: each animal does all the parts of any work in which it is engaged, while men are dependent one on another, and produce their best results by a division of labour.

Exercises :-1. What is meant by "Fire is a good servant, but a bad master"? Illustrate your explanation by stating some of the uses of fire, and also some of its dangers.

2. What is meant by "division of labour"? If you know how any kind of work or manufacture is carried on, describe it, and show how the labour is divided, and the value of the division of labour.

3. The Saxon prefix be placed before verbs signifies about, over, for-as, bethink, to think about; bedaub, to daub over; bespeak, to speak for. Make sentences containing bethink, bedaub, bespeak.

HOW THEY BROUGHT THE GOOD NEWS FROM GHENT TO AIX.

1. I sprang to the stirrup, and Joris, and he;

I galloped, Dirck galloped, we galloped all three : "Good speed!" cried the watch, as the gate-bolts undrew;

'Speed!" echoed the wall to us galloping through.
Behind shut the postern, the lights sank to rest,
And into the midnight we galloped abreast.

2. Not a word to each other; we kept the great pace Neck by neck, stride by stride, never changing our place :

I turned in my saddle and made its girths tight,
Then shortened each stirrup, and set the pique right,
Rebuckled the cheek-strap, chained slacker the bit ;
Nor galloped less steadily Roland a whit.

3. It was moonset at starting; but while we drew near Lokeren the cocks crew, and twilight dawned clear;

At Boom a great yellow star came out to see;
At Düffeld 'twas morning as plain as could be;
And from Mecheln church-steeple we heard the half-
chime,

So Joris broke silence with, "Yet there is time!"

4. At Aerschot up leaped of a sudden the sun,

And against him the cattle stood black every one,
To stare through the mist at us galloping past;
And I saw my stout galloper, Roland, at last,
With resolute shoulders, each butting away

The haze, as some bluff river headland its spray ;

5. And his low head and crest, just one sharp ear bent back

For my voice, and the other pricked out on his track; And one eye's black intelligence-ever that glance O'er its white edge at me, his own master, askance ! And the thick heavy spume-flakes which aye and anon His fierce lips shook upwards in galloping on.

6. By Hasselt Dirck groaned; and cried Joris, "Stay spur!

Your Roos galloped bravely, the fault's not in her, We'll remember at Aix;"-for one heard the quick wheeze

Of her chest, saw the stretched neck, and staggering knees,

And sunk tail, and horrible heave of the flank,

As down on her haunches she shuddered and sank.

7. So we were left galloping, Joris and I,

Past Looz and past Toñgres, no cloud in the sky;