Er any wight his housel toke Than have I privileges large That maie of mochel thing discharge. Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose. And, certes, once a yere at the lest way it is lawful to be houseled, for sothely ones a yere all thinges in the erthe renoveten. Id. The Persones Tale. HOUSING, OF HOUSE-LINE, in the sea-language, a small line, formed of three fine strands or twists of hemp, smaller than rope yarn. It is chiefly used to seize blocks into their strops, to bind the corners of the sails, or to fasten the bottom of a sail to its bolt-rope, &c. See BOLT ROPE. HOUSING, among bricklayers, a brick which is warped, or cast crooked or hollow in burning. HOUSSA, or HAOUSSA, an extensive central kingdom of Africa, on the shores of the Niger, having a capital also of this name. It appears, from the accounts of Park and others, to be the most civilised of any of the native states of Africa; and the city is the great mart to the eastward of Tombuctoo, two days' journey to the north of the Niger. The African merchants speak of it as larger and more populous than Tombuctoo. The country is said to be an extensive region, comprehending various inferior states; particularly Cano, Guber, Daura, Cabi, Nyffe, and Noro. The inhabitants are negroes, but not quite black, and the most intelligent people in the interior of Africa. They have an extraordinary delight in dancing and singing. Their agricultural system is remarkably perfect. They manufacture also a great quantity of cotton cloths, with which they supply Fezzan; and can dye all colors except scarlet. According to Mr. Bowdich, Houssa is situated some days journey to the north of the branch or tributary of the Niger called the Gambaroo. HOU-TCHEOU, a city of China, in the province of Tche-kiang. It is a city of the first class, and is situated on a lake, from which it takes its name. The quantity of silk manufactured here is almost incredible. To give some idea of it, we shall only say, that the tribute paid by a city under its jurisdiction, named Tetsin-hiem, amounts to more than 500,000 ounces of silver. Its district contains seven cities, one of which is of the second,, and six of the third class. HOUTEVILLE (Claud Francis), a French author, born in 1689. He was secretary to the French Academy, and wrote a work entitled La Verité de la Religion Chretienne prouvée par les Faits. He died in 1743, aged fifty-four. HOUTHOVE, a town of France, in the department of Lys, and late province of Austrian Flanders; six miles north-west of Bruges. HOW, ado. HOWEVER, adv. Sax. hu; Belgic and Teut. wie, hoe. These several words are adversative conjunctions: they that stand more or less in opposition to each join sentences together other.'-Crabb. How, to what degree; in what manner; for what reason; by what means; in what state. It is used in a sense marking proportion; it is used also in exclamation and affirmation. Howbeit and howbe, nevertheless; notwithstanding: they are nearly obsolete. However, whatsoever manner or degree; at all events; nevertheless. Howsoever, relates entirely to How could the Dutch but be converted when The Apostles w were so many fishermen. Marvell. Consider into how many differing substances it may be analysed by the fire. Boyle. Our chief end is to be freed from all, if it may be, however, from the greatest evils; and to enjoy, if it may be, all good, however the chiefest. Tillotson. In your excuse your love does little say; Whence am I forced, and whither am I borne ? How, and with what reproach shall I return? Id. We examine the why and the how of things. L'Estrange. 'Tis much in our power how to live, but not at all how or when to die. Id. Its views are bounded on all sides by several ranges of mountains, which are however at so great a distance, that they leave a wonderful variety of b' autiful prospects. Addison on Italy. It is pleasant to see how the small territories of this little republick are cultivated to the best advantage. Id. I do not build my reasoning wholly on the case of persecution; however I do not exclude it. Atterbury. By how much they would diminish the present extent of the sea, so much they would impair the fertility, and fountains and rivers of the earth. Bentley. Few turn their thoughts to examine how those diseases in a state are bred, that hasten its end; which would, however, be a very useful enquiry. Swift. Fain would I sing what transport stormed his soul How the red current throbb'd his veins along, When, like Pelides, bold beyond controul, Without art graceful, without effort strong, Homer raised high to heaven the loud, the impetuous Beattie. song. HOWAKIL, a bay on the coast of Abyssinia, containing several islands, the principal of which, also called Howakil, has its eastern point in lat. 15° 1. Mr. Salt here found numerous portions of the opsian, or obsidian stone of the ancients, which he was told were more abundant up the country. He thinks it the bay which is noted for this mineral in the Periplus of the Erythrean Sea. HOWARD (Charles), an able statesman and experienced seaman, was the son of lord William Howard, baron of Effingham, and born in 1536. He served under his father, who was lord high admiral of England, till the accession of queen Elizabeth. In January, 1573, he succeeded his father in title and estate: after which he became chamberlain of the household; and in 1585 was made lord high admiral, when the Spaniards were sending their armada to conquer England. When he received intelligence of the approach of the Spanish fleet, he the first night left the port with six ships. The next morning, though he had only thirty sail, and those the smallest of the fleet, he attacked the Spanish navy; but first despatched his brother-in-law, Sir Edward Hobby, to the queen, to desire her to make the proper disposition of her land forces for the security of the coast, and to hasten as many ships as possible to his assistance. His valor was conspicu ously displayed in his repeated attacks of a superior enemy. The queen expressed her high sense of his merit, and granted him a pension for life. In 1596 he commanded the naval forces sent against Spain; and upon his return, in 1597, he was created earl of Nottingham. The next eminent service in which he was engaged ditate a new invasion. was in 1599, when the Spaniards seemed to meThe queen, however, drew together, in a fortnight's time, such a fleet, and army, as took away all appearance of success from her foreign and domestic foes; and she gave the earl the sole and supreme command of both the fleet and army, with the title of lord lieutenant general of all England, an office unknown in succeeding times. When age and infirmity had unfitted him for action he his life in retirement, till his decease; which resigned his office, and spent the remainder of happened in 1624, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. HOWARD (Henry), earl of Surry, a soldier and a poet, the son and grandson of two lords treasurers, dukes of Norfolk, was born about 1520, and educated in Windsor Castle, with young Fitzroy, earl of Richmond, natural son to king Henry VIII. Wood says, that he was for some time a student at Cardinal College, Oxford. In his youth he became enamoured of the fair Geraldine, whom his sonnets have immortalised; and whose superlative beauty he maintained, in the romantic spirit of the times, in various tournaments in the principal cities of Italy,' against all comers, whether Christians, Jews, Saracens, Turks, or cannibals,' and was victorious in them ail; as well as in one fought in 1540 at Westminster, against Sir John Dudley, Sir Thomas Seymour, and others. In 1542 he marched, under his father, against the Scots; but was, on his return, confined in Windsor Castle for eating flesh in Lent, contrary to the king's proclamation. In 1544, on the expedition to Boulogne, he was appointed field-marshal of the English army; and after taking that town, in 1546, made captain-general of the king's forces in France; but, attempting to intercept a convoy, he was defeated by the French, and soon after superseded in his command by the earl of Hertford. He married Frances, daughter of John, earl of Oxford; and, after her death, had the boldness to propose himself to the princess Mary. For this the Seyinours, rivals of the Norfolk family, and now in favor with the king, accused him of aspiring to the crown. Accordingly Surry and his father, the duke, were committed to the tower in December, 1546; and, on the 13th of January following, Surry was tried at Guildhall, and beheaded on Tower Hill on the 19th, nine days before the death of the king. The accusations brought against this amiable and innocent young nobleman on his trial, were so extremely ridiculous, that one is astonished how it was possible, even in the most despotic reign, to find a judge and jury so pusillanimously villanous as to carry on the farce of justice on the occasion. Walpole speaks of him as an almost classic author, the ornament of a boisterous, yet not unpolished court; a man, as Sir Walter Raleigh says, no less valiant than learned, and of excellent hopes.' His poems were published in 1557, 12mo.; and in 1565, 1574, 1585, and 1587, 8vo. HOWARD (John), esq., commonly characterised by the epithet of the philanthropist, was the son of an upholsterer in St. Paul's Church Yard. He was born at Hackney in 1726; and was put apprentice to a grocer in Watling Street. His father died in 1742, leaving only this son and a daughter, to both of whom he bequeathed handsome fortunes. His constitution being very weak, the remaining time of his apprenticeship was bought up, and he applied himself to the study of medicine and natural philosophy. Falling into a nervous fever, while he lodged with a widow lady, Mrs. Sarah Lardeau, he was nursed with so much care and attention, that he resolved to marry her out of gratitude. In vain did his friends expostulate with him upon the extravagance of such a proceeding, he being about twenty-eight and she about fifty-one years of age; nothing could alter his resolution, and they were privately married about 1752. She was possessed of a small fortune which he presented to her sister. His wife died November 10th, 1755, aged fifty-four, and about this time he was elected F. R.S. In 1756 he embarked in a Lisbon packet, to make the tour of Portugal, when the vessel was taken by a French pri vateer. Before we reached Brest,' says he in his Treatise on Prisons, p. 11, 'I suffered the extremity of thirst, not having for above forty hours one drop of water, nor hardly a morsel of food. In the castle at Brest I lay six nights upon straw; and observing how cruelly my countrymen were used there and at Morlaix, whither I was carried next, during the two months I was at Carhaix upon parole, I corresponded with the English prisoners at Brest, Morlaix, and Dinan; at the last of those towns were several of our ship's crew, and my servant. I had sufficient evidence of their being treated with such barbarity, that many hundreds had perished, and that thirty-six were buried in a hole at Dinan in one day. When I came to England, still on parole, I made known to the commissioners of sick and wounded seamen the sundry particulars, which gained their attention and thanks. Remonstrance was made to the French court; our sailors had redress; and those that were in the three prisons mentioned above were brought home in the first cartel ships. Perhaps,' adds Mr. Howard, what I suffered on this occasion increased my sympathy with the unhappy people whose case is the subject of this book.' He afterwards made the tour of Italy; and at his return settled at Brokenhurst, a pleasant villa in the New Forest, near Lymington, in Hampshire, having in 1758 married a daughter of Edward Leeds, esq., of Croxton, Cambridgeshire, king's serjeant. This lady died in 1765 in childbed, and after her death Mr. Howard left Lymington, and purchased an estate at Cardington, near Bedford. Being appointed, in 1773, sheriff of Bedfordshire, this office brought the distress of prisoners more immediately under his notice. He personally visited the county jail, where he observed such scenes of calamity as he had before no conception of. He inspected the prisons in some neighbouring counties, and, finding in them equal room for complaint, he determined to visit the principal prisons in England. The farther he proceeded the more shocking were the scenes he discovered, which induced him to exert himself to the utmost for a general reform in those places of confinement; considering it as of the highest importance, not only to the wretched objects themselves, but to the community at large. Upon this subject he was examined in the house of commons in March 1774, when he had the honor publicly to receive their thanks. This encouraged him to proceed. He revisited all the prisons in the kingdom, together with the principal houses of correction. In 1775 he enlarged his circuit by going into Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, where he found the same need of reformation. One of his principal objects was, to put a stop to the jail fever; which raged so dreadfully in many of the prisons as to render them to the last degree dangerous: a distemper by which more had been taken off than by the hands of the executioner; and which, in several instances, had been communicated from the prisoners into the courts of justice, and had proved fatal to the magistrates and judges, and to multitudes of persons who attended the trials, as well as to the families of discharged felons and debtors. Another end he proposed was, to procure the immediate release of prisoners, who upon trial were acquitted, but who often continued long to be unjustly detained for not being able to pay the accustomed fees. But the greatest object was, to introduce a thorough reform of morals into our prisons; where he had found the most flagrant vices to prevail in such a degree, that they were become seminaries of wickedness and villany, and the most formidable nuisances to the community, in consequence of the promisQuous intercourse of prisoners of both sexes, and of all ages and descriptions; whereby the young and less experienced were initiated, by old and hardened sinners, into all the arts of villany and the mysteries of iniquity. For the attainment of these great objects, Mr. Howard spared neither pains nor expense, and cheerfully exposed himself to much inconvenience and hazard; particularly from that malignant distemper, of which he saw many dying in the most loathsome dungeons, into which none who were not obliged, besides himself, would venture. 'I have been frequently,' says Mr. Howard, asked what precautions I use to preserve myself from infection in the prisons and hospitals which I visit. I here answer, next to the free goodness and mercy of the Author of my being, temperance and cleanliness are my preservatives. Trusting in Divine Providence, and believing myself in the way of my duty, I visit the most noxious cells; and, while thus employed, I fear no evil. I never enter an hospital or prison before breakfast; and, in an offensive room, I seldom draw my breath deeply.' His laudable endeavours he had the pleasure to see, in some instances, crowned with success; particularly in regard to the healthiness of prisons, some of which were rebuilt under his inspection. With a view to a more general and happy regulation, and the reformation of criminals, Mr. Howard resolved to visit other countries, in hopes of collecting some information which might be useful in his own. For this purpose he travelled into France, Flanders, Holland, Germany, Switzerland, Prussia, and Austria, and visited Copenhagen, Stockholm, Petersburg, Warsaw, and some cities in Portugal and Spain On his return, he published in 1777 The State of the Prisons in England and Wales, with Preliminary Observations, and an Account of some foreign Prisons, 4to. And in 1778 he took a third journey through the Prussian and Austrian dominions, and the free cities of Germany and Italy. The observations made in this tour were published in 1780 with remarks respecting the management of prisoners of war, and the hulks on the Thames. In 1781 he again revisited Holland, some cities in Germany, and the capitals of Denmark, Sweden, Russia, and Poland; and in 1783 some cities in Portugal and Spain, and returned through France, Flanders, and Holland. The substance of all these travels was afterwards thrown into one narrative, published in 1784. He also published a curious account of the Bastile, in 8vo. He next visited the lazarettos in France and Italy, to obtain information concerning the best methods to prevent the spreading of the plague. He then proceeded to Smyrna and Constantinople, where that most dreadful of human distempers prevailed, and, though he actually caught the plague, that merciful Providence,' as he remarks, which had hitherto preserved him, was pleased to extend his protection to him in this journey also, and to bring him home once more in safety. In his return he revisited the chief prisons and hospitals in the countries through which he passed, and afterwards went again to Scotland; and thence to Ireland, where he inspected the Protestant Charter Schools, in some of which he had observed shameful abuses, which he had reported to a committee of the Irish house of commons. At Dublin he was created LL. D. by the university. At Glasgow and Liverpool he was enrolled among their honorary members. Upon his return, having again inspected the prisons in England, and the bulks on the Thames, to see what alterations had been made, he published the result of his last laborious investigations, in An Account of the principal Lazarettos in Europe with various Papers relative to the Plague, together with further Observations on some foreign Prisons and Hospitals, and additional remarks on the present State of those in Great Britain and Ireland, with a great number of plates. He also published the Grand Duke of Tuscany's New Code of Criminal Law, with an English Translation. He concluded his Account of Lazarettos with announcing his intention again to quit his country, revisit Russia, Turkey &c., and extend his tour to the East. Accordingly, he set out in summer 1789 on this hazardous enterprise; the principal object of which was to administer James's Powder, a medicine in high repute in malignant fevers, under a strong persuasion that it would be equally efficacious in the plague. In this second tour in the East, having spent some time at Cherson, a Russian settlement on the Dnieper, he caught a malignant fever, in visiting the Russian hospital, which carried him off on the 20th of January, after an illness of about twelve days. He was buried, as he desired, in the garden of a villa, belonging to a French gentleman from whom he had received much kindness, by his faithful servant who had attended him in his former journeyings. While absent on his first tour to Turkey, &c., his character for active benevolence lad so much attracted the public attention, that a subscription was set on foot to erect a statue to his honor, and in no long space above £1500 were subscribed for that purpose. But in consequence of two letters from Mr. Howard himself to the subscribers (inserted in the Gentleman's Magazine) the design was laid aside. The testimony of public respect, which he refused when living, has however been conferred on his memory, and his monumental statue was one of the first placed in the cathedral of St. Paul's. And surely if the devotion of time, strength, fortune, and finally life, to the sole service of his fellow creatures merits a token of public esteem, it was deserved by one who (to adopt the expressive of Burke) visited all Europe and the East, roy the sumptuousness of palaces, the stateliness of temples; not to make accurate measurements of the remains of ancient grandeur, nor to form a scale of the curiosity of modern art; not to collect medals, or to collate MSS.; but to dive into the depth of dungeons; to plunge into the infection of hospitals; to survey the mansions of sorrow and of pain; to take the gauge and dimensions of misery, depression, and contempt; to remember the forgotten; to attend to the neglected; to visit the forsaken; and to compare and collate the distresses of all men in all countries. His plan is original; and it is as full of genius as it is of humanity. It is a voyage of discovery, a circumnavigation of charity; and already the benefit of his labor is felt more or less in every country.' HOWARD (Sir Robert), an English historian and poet of the seventeenth century. He was a younger son of Thomas earl of Berkshire, and educated at Magdalen College, Oxford. He suffered much during the civil war, but on the Restoration was knighted, and elected M. P. for Stockbridge, in Hants, in 1661. He was afterwards appointed auditor of the Exchequer; but, upon James II.'s accession, became a zealous friend to the Revolution. He wrote, 1. The History of the reigns of Edward II. and Richard II. in 8vo. 1690. 2. The History of Religion; 8vo. 1694 and some Poems and Plays. He also translated Statius's Achilles, and the fourth book of Virgil's Æneid, 8vo. 1660. He died about 1699. HOWDEN, a town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, 180 miles from London, on the north side of the Guse. It has a market on Saturday, and four fairs. Here was formerly a collegiate church of five prebendaries, erected in the sixteenth century; adjacent to which the bishops of Durham have a palace. One of them built a very tall steeple to the church, whither the inhabitants might retire in case of inundations; to which it is very liable from the great freshes that come down the Ouse sometimes at ebb. It is sixteen miles south-east of York, and twenty-three west of Hull. ye. HOW'DYE. Contracted from how do In what state is your health? A message of civility. I now write no letters but of plain business, or plain howd'ye's, to those few I am forced to correspond with. Pope. HOWE (John), a learned English nonconformist divine, born in 1630. He became minister of Great Torrington in Devonshire, and was appointed household chaplain to Cromwell; but finally offended him by preaching against the doctrine of particular faith. When Oliver died he continued chaplain to Richard; and, when Richard was deposed, he returned to Torrington, where he continued till the act of uniformity set him aside. He afterwards settled at Utrecht, until the declaration for liberty of conscience was published by king James II., under shelter of which he returned to London, where he died in 1705. He published a great number of sermons and religious works, which have been reprinted in 2 vols. folio. Howe (John), esq. an eminent English statesman and writer, was the brother of Sir Scroop Howe, and born in Nottinghamshire. He was M. P. for Cirencester in the convention parliament 1688-9, and was re-elected for that town or for Gloucestershire in the three last parliaments of king William III., and the three first of queen Anne. He was a zealous friend of the Revolution, and wrote a panegyric on king William, but afterwards opposed his measures, and it was chiefly owing to Mr. Howe, that, in 1699, the house agreed to allow half-pay to the disbanded officers. In 1702 he was made a member of the privy-council, vice-admiral of Gloucester, and paymaster-general of the guards; in which last he was succeeded by Mr Walpole in 1714. He died at his seat of Stowell in 1721. He was author of several poems. His son was created lord Chidworth. At Howe (Richard), earl Howe, a late brave English admiral, born in 1725. He entered the naval service very young, and when only twenty was appointed captain of the Baltimore sloop of war, in which he attacked and beat off two French frigates of thirty guns each. In this action he was dangerously wounded in the head; but recovering was made a post-captain in the Triton frigate. After this he obtained the command of the Dunkirk of sixty guns, when he took a French sixty-four gun ship, off the coast of Newfoundland. In 1757 he served under admiral Hawke on the French coast, and in 1758 was appointed commodore of a squadron with which he destroyed a great number of ships and magazines at St. Malo. In August 6th 1759 he took Cherbourg, and destroyed the basin. the unfortunate affair of St. Cas, he displayed equal courage and humanity, by saving the retreating soldiers at the risk of his life. By the death of his brother, in 1758, he became lord Howe, and soon after had a share in the glorious victory over Conflans; for which he received the thanks of king George II. In 1763 he was appointed first lord of the admiralty, and in 1765 treasurer of the navy. In 1770 he was made rear-admiral of the blue, and commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean. During the American war he commanded the fleet on that coast. In 1782 he was sent to the relief of Gibraltar, which he accomplished in sight of the enemy's fleet, which he in vain challenged to combat. In 1783 he was made first lord of the admiralty, and continued in that high station till 1788, when he was created an earl. In 1793 he commanded the channel fleet, and on June 1st, 1794, obtained a decisive victory over the most powerful fleet ever equipped by the French republic; for which he received the thanks of their majesties, who visited him on board of his ship at Spithead, when the king presented him with a magnificent sword, a gold chain and medal. He also received the thanks of both houses, and the freedom of the city of London. In 1795 he succeeded admiral Forbes as general of the marines, and in 1797 was made knight of the garter. He died in August 1799, aged seventy-four. HOWE'S ISLAND, or LORD HOWE'S ISLAND, a small island in the neighbourhood of New South Wales, discovered February 17th, 1788. South lat. 31° 36′ E., long. 159° 4′. It is of an arched figure, lying from north-west to south |