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at which trade he laboured as a journeyman, until he taught himself bookbinding, by which he added to his humble income. In 1750 he opened a book-shop in Birmingham, to which he added a circulating library, and succeeded so well as to be enabled to embark in the paper business, in which, by industry and frugality, he arrived gradually at opulence. In 1791 his house in Birmingham, and villa near that town, were burnt by the rioters, for which he obtained but an inadequate remuneration. He died September 20th, 1815, at the advanced age of ninetytwo. The works of this acute and self-taught man are, The History of Birmingham, 8vo; Journey to London; History of the Court of Requests, and of the Hundred Court of Birmingham, a lively and ingenious work; History of Blackport; History of the Battle of Bosworth Field; History of Derby; Description of the Roman Wall; Remarks upon North Wales; Tour to Scarborough; Poems; Trip to Coatham, &c.

HUTTON (James), M. D., was born in Edinburgh in 1726. He was sent first to the high school of Edinburgh, and afterwards to the university, where he entered as a student of humanity. in November 1740. His friends wishing him, however, to follow business rather than science, he was placed as an apprentice to a writer to the signet; but he was afterwards allowed to exchange the profession of a writer for that of a physician. After attending the classes in the university of his native town, from 1744 to 1747, he repaired to Paris, where he pursued, with great ardor, the study of anatomy and chemistry. Having resided in that metropolis nearly two years, he returned by the way of the Low Countries, and took the degree of M.D. in September 1749. His thesis is entitled, De Sanguine et Circulatione in Microcosmo. Dr. Hutton did not, however, enter upon the practice of medicine. He cultivated his farm in Berwickshire till it ceased to have any attractions for him; and, in 1768, he took up his abode in Edinburgh, and from that time devoted his undivided attention to scientific pursuits. A good deal of his leisure, says Mr. Playfair, was now employed in the prosecution of chemical experiments. In one of these he first discovered an alkali in zeolite, or in a stony body. About this time he visited the salt-mines in Cheshire, and made those observations on the concentric circles marked on the roof of these mines, to which he has referred in his Theory of the Earth as affording a proof that the salt rock was .not formed from mere aqueous deposition. While at Edinburgh he read several papers to the Philosophical Society of that city, but which, from that society being soon after in corporated with the Royal Society, were never published, with the exception of a treatise On certain Natural Appearances of the Ground on the Hill of Arthur's Seat. The institution of the Royal Society of Edinburgh had the good effect of calling forth from Dr. Hutton the first sketch of a theory of the earth, the formation of which had been the great object of his life. Another paper from his pen, a Theory of Rain, appeared also in the first volume of the Edinburgh Transactions. He had long studied meteorology with

great attention; and this communication contains one of the few speculations in that branch of knowledge entitled to the name of theory. A more voluminous work from Dr. Hutton's pen made its appearance soon after, viz. An Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge, and of the Progress of Reason, from Sense to Science and Philosophy, in 3 vols. 4to. His activity was now called into exertion by an attack on his Theory of the Earth, made by Mr. Kirwan in the Memoirs of the Irish Academy. Before this period, though Dr. Hutton had been often urged by his friends to publish his entire work on the Theory of the Earth, he had continually put off the publication; but he now began the revisal of his MS., and resolved immediately to send it to the press. The work was accordingly published, in 2 vols. 8vo., in 1795; and contained, besides the treatise formerly given in the Edinburgh Transactions, a more detailed application of his principles to the explanation of appearances. He next began a work on the Elements of Agriculture, in the progress of which, however, he was seized with a violent fever; and, though he recovered from the immediate danger, it left him to emaciated and feeble, that he died about three months after, March, 1797.

HUXING, among fishermen, a particular method of catching pikes. For this purpose they take as large bladders as can be got; blow them up, and tie them close and strong; and at the mouth of each tie a line, longer or shorter according to the depth of the water. At the end of the line is fastened an armed hook, artfully baited; and thus they are put into the water with the advantage of the wind, that they may gently move up and down the pond. When a large pike has struck himself, it affords great entertainment to see him bounce about in the water with a bladder fastened to him; at last, when they perceive him almost spent, they take him up.

HUYGENS (Christian), one of the greatest mathematicians and astronomers of the seventeenth century, was the son of Constantine Huygens, lord of Zuylichem, who had served three successive princes of Orange in the quality of secretary. He was born at the Hague in 1629, and discovered from his infancy an extraordinary partiality for the mathematics; in which he soon made great progress, and perfected himself under the famous professor Schooten, at Leyden. In 1649 he went to Holstein and Denmark, in the retinue of Henry count of Nassau. He travelled into France and England; was, in 1663, chosen F. R.S; and, upon his return to France, M. Colbert settled a considerable pension upon him to engage him to fix at Paris; to which M. Huygens consented, and staid there from 1666 to 1681, where he was admitted a member of the Academy of Sciences; and daily added to the reputation of that society. He was the discoverer of Saturn's ring, and a third satellite belonging to that planet. He discovered the means of rendering clocks exact, by applying the pendulum, and rendering all its vibrations equal by the cycloid. He died at the Hague in 1695. He was the author of several excellent works. The principal of these are contained in

two collections; the first printed at Leyden in 1682; in 4to, entitled Opera Varia; and the second at Amsterdam in 1728, in 2 vols. 4to., entitled Opera Reliqua.

HUYNEN, or HUYNGEN, a town of Germany, in the late archbishopric of Cologne, now annexed to Prussia. It is twenty-five miles south of Cologne, and is included in the grand duchy of the Lower Rhine.

HUYSUM (Justus Van), an eminent painter, born at Amsterdam in 1659. He studied under Nicholas Berchem, and painted flowers, landscapes, and battles.

HUYSUM (John), a celebrated Dutch painter, whose subjects were flowers, fruit, and landscapes. He was born at Amsterdam in 1682, and was a disciple of Justus Van Huysum his father. He began at first to paint, not so much for the acquisition of money as of fame, and therefore did not aim at expedition, but at delicacy. Having first attentively studied the pictures of Mignon and other artists of distinction in his own style, he painted every thing after nature; and, was so exact, as to watch even the hour of the day in which his model appeared in its greatest perfection. His reputation finally rose to such a height, that he fixed immoderate prices on his works; so that none but princes, or those of princely fortunes, could become purchasers. Six of his paintings were sold at a public sale in Holland for prices almost incredible. One of them, a flower-piece, for 1450 guilders, a fruit piece for 1500, and the smaller pictures for 900. The vast sums which he thus received caused him to redouble his endeavours to exce!; no person was admitted into his room while he was painting; and his method of mixing the tints, and preserving the lustre of his colors, was an impenetrable secret. From the same principle, he would never take any scholars, except one lady, named Haverman; and he grew envious and jealous even of her merit. It is universally agreed that he has excelled all who ever painted fruit and flowers before him, both in the delicacy of his pencil and his manner of finishing. The greatest truth, united with the greatest brilliancy, and a velvet softness on the surface of his objects, are visible on every part of his compositions; and his touch looks like the pencil of nature. Those pictures which he painted on a clear ground are preferred as having greater lustre; yet there are some on a dark ground, in which appear rather more force and harmony. In grouping his flowers, he generally designed those which were brightest in the centre, and gradually decreased the force of color from the centre to the extremities. He also painted landscapes with great applause. He died in 1749, aged sixty-seven.

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HYACINTH, n. s. Į Fr. hyacinthe; Lat. HYACINTHINE, adj. ( hyacinthus ; Gr. varılog. A flower; the same with the lapis lyncurius of the ancients: hyacinthine, having the color of the hyacinth.

The Spartan mirtle, whence sweet gumb does flowe,

The purple hyacinthe, and fresh costmarie.

Spenser. Faerie Queene.
And hyacinthin locks
Round from his parted forelock manly hung
Clustering.
Milton's Paradise Lost.

Beds of hyacinth and roses,
Where young Adonis oft reposes.
Let these hyacinth boughs
Be his long, flowing hair,
And wave o'er his brows
As thou wavest in air.

Id. Comus.

Byron. The Deformed Transformed. Her hair in hyacinthine flow When left to roll its folds below; As midst her handmaids in the hall She stood superior to them all, Hath swept the marble where her feet Gleamed whiter than the mountain sleet. Id. The Giaour. HYACINTH, in botany. See CRINUM, HIYACINTHUS, and SCILLA.

HYACINTHIA, in antiquity, feasts held at Sparta, in honor of Apollo, and in commemoration of his favorite Ilyacinthus. They lasted three days; the first and third of which were employed in bewailing the death of Hyacinthus, and the second in feasting and rejoicing.

HYACINTHUS, hyacinth, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and hexandria class of plants; natural order tenth, coronaria: COR. campanulated, and there are three melliferous pores at the top of the germen. There are thirteen species; of which the most remarkable is 11. orientalis, the eastern hyacinth. Of this there are a great number of varieties, amounting to some hundreds. It has a large, purplish, bulbous root, sending up several narrow erect leaves, eight or ten inches long; the flower-stalk is upright, robust, and succulent, from ten to fifteen inches in height; adorned upward with many large funnel or bell-shaped flowers, swelling at the base, and cut half way into six parts; collected into a large pyramidal spike of different colors in the varieties; flowering in April or May. They are hardy, and will prosper any where, though the finer kinds require a little shelter during the winter, and may be propagated either by seeds or off-sets from the roots. The properties of a good oriental hyacinth are, a stem, perfectly upright, of moderate length, and so strong and well-proportioned that it will sus

tain the weight of the florets without bending; the florets should be large, swelling below, expanded above, and numerous, ten or fifteen at least, but are often twenty or thirty in number; and should be placed equally round the stem, the pedicles, on which they grow longer below than above, diminishing gradually in length upward, in such a manner as to represent a pyramid, and each pedicle sufficiently strong to support the florets without drooping. The curious in these plants take care never to plant the fine sorts two years together in the same bed of earth; for, by planting them every year in a fresh bed, the beauty of the flowers is greatly improved.

HYACINTHUS, the son of Amyclas king of Sparta, was beloved both by Apollo and Zephyrus. The youth showing most affection for the former, his rival grew jealous; and, to be revenged, one day, as Apollo was playing at the discus with Hyacinthus, Zephyrus turned the direction of a quoit, which Apollo had pitched, full upon the head of Hyacinthus, who fell down dead. Apollo then transformed him into a flower of the same name; and, as a farther token of respect, instituted the feasts of Hyacinthia. HY'ADES, n. s. Į Gr. vádec. A watery conHY'ADS, n. s. Sstellation.

Then sailors quartered heaven, and found a name For every fixed and every wandering star; The pleiads, hyads. Dryden's Georgicks.

HYADES, in astronomy, are seven stars in the bull's head, famous among the poets for the bringing of rain. Whence their name Yaong, from the Greek vev, 'to rain.' The principal of them is in the left eye, by the Arabs called Aldebaran.

HYADES, in the mythology, the daughters of Atlas and Pleione. Their brother Hyas being torn to pieces by a lioness, they wept for his death with such vehemence, that the gods, in compassion, translated them into heaven, and

placed them in the bull's forehead, where they continue to weep; this constellation being supposed to presage rain. Others represent the Hyades as the nurses of Bacchus; and the same with the Dodonides, who fearing the resentment of Juno, and flying from the cruelty of king Lycurgus, were translated by Jupiter into heaven.

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HYENA, in natural history, a species of the canis, with the tail straight and annulated; the hairs of the neck long and erect: ears naked: toes, four on each foot. It has six incisores, and two canine teeth in each jaw and between the tail and the anus a transverse orifice. This quadruped is almost as large as a wolf, excepting that its legs are not so long; the hair of it is rough, and its skin spotted with divers colors. Hyænas were formerly produced at Rome in the public games, and they have been represented on some medals on account of their rarity. It inhabits Asiatic Turkey, Syria, Persia, Barbary, and the Cape of Good Hope. It has no neck, but its head is fastened to the vertebræ of the back, so that it is forced to turn itself quite round, whenever it would look behind. It is very cruel and voracious; it drags dead bodies out of their graves, and carries them to its den. It also preys on herds and flocks, and has been

known to run off with live children. It is a solitary unsociable animal, living in caves. Several fossil remains of these animals have been lately found in Kirkdale, Yorkshire. See our article ENGLAND.

HYENIUS LAPIS, in natural history, a stone said to be found in the eyes of the hyæna. Pliny informs us, that those creatures were in old times hunted and destroyed for the sake of these stones, and that it was supposed they gave a man the gift of prophecy by being put under his tongue.

HY'ALINE, adj. Gr. váλivos. Glassy; crystalline; made glass; resembling glass.

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HYBLA, in ancient geography, a town on the east coast of Sicily, called also Hybla Parva, from the Megareans, who led thither a colony. Galeotis, and Megara; which last name it took In Strabo's time Megara was extinct, but the lent honey named from it. It was situated name Hybla remained on account of its excelbetween Syracuse and the Leontines. Galeota and Megarenses were the names of the people, who were of a prophetic spirit, being the de scendants of Galeus, the son of Apollo.

HYBLA MAJOR, in ancient geography, a town of Italy, in the tract lying between Mount Etna and the river Simæthus. In Pausanias's time it was desolate.

HYBLA MINOR, or HERE, an inland town of Sicily, situated between the rivers Oanus and Herminius; now called Ragusa.

HYBLÆI COLLES, small eminences at the springs of the Albus, near Hybla, famous for their variety of flowers, especially thyme; the honey gathered from which was by the ancients reckoned the best in the world, excepting that of Hymettus in Attica.

HYBRIDOUS, adj. Gr. üßpic; Lat. hybrida. Begotten between animals of different species.

Why such different species should not only mingle together, but also generate an animal, and yet that that hybridous production should not again generate, is to me a mystery. Ray.

HYBRISTICA, of Gr. vßpic, injury, in antiquity, a solemn feast held among the Greeks, with sacrifices and other ceremonies; at which the men attended in the apparel of women, and the women in that of men, to do honor to Venus in quality either of a god or goddess, or both. According to others, the hybristica was a feast celebrated at Argos, wherein the women, being dressed like men, insulted their husbands, and treated them with all marks of superiority, in memory of the Argian dames having anciently defended their country with singular courage against Cleomenes and Demaratus.

HYDARTHRUS, from Gr. vcwp, water, and apopov, a joint, in medicine, is more usually known by the name of white swelling, and is in this country but too common. Systematic writers have generally distinguished this disease into two kinds, viz. scrofulous and rheumatic. The scrofulous is, however, much more important and dangerous than the other kind, and ́is perhaps the most serious disorder of the bones to

which man is subject. It commonly commences with a violent pain in one part of the joint, generally the knee, and there appears from the beginning a uniform swelling of the whole surrounding integuments. Great tension generally prevails; but at first there is seldom any external change of color. From the commencement of the disease the motion of the joint is attended with exquisite pain, and the patient keeps it constantly in a relaxed posture, finding that the easiest. Hence, the tendons become extremely stiff and rigid, till at last the joints have the appearance of complete and real anchyloses. The swelling now begins to augment, till the joint has acquired three or four times its natural size; the cuticular veins become turgid and varicose; at the same time that the muscular substance of the limb below decays, though it frequently acquires an equality in size by becoming adematous; the pain becomes intolerable, especially when the person is warm in bed, or otherwise heated; abscesses form in different parts, which, either breaking of themselves, or, by being laid open, discharge considerable quantities of matter, but without any remarkable effect in reducing the size of the swellings. The bones are found to be carious, and pieces of them are frequently discharged. In the mean time, the health of the patient gradually declines, from the violence of the pain, and the absorption of matter into the system, which takes place in some degree from its first formation in the different abscesses; but which never appears so evidently till the different abscesses have been laid open; after which, a quick pulse, night sweats, and a weakening diarrhea, are sure to occur, which generally carry off the patient, if the member is not either amputated, or the disease cured some other way. See MEDICINE.

HYDATIDES, n. s. From cop. Little transparent bladders of water in any part; most common in dropsical persons, from a distension or rupture of the lympheducts.

All the water is contained in little bladders, adhering to the liver and peritoneum, known by the name of hydatides.

Wiseman.

HYDE (Edward), earl of Clarendon, and lord high chancellor of England, was descended from an ancient family in Cheshire, and born at Dinton near Hindon, in Wiltshire, in 1608. He was entered of Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where in 1625 he took the degree of A. B., and afterwards studied the law in the Middle Temple. In the parliament which began at Westminster, April 10th, 1640, he served for Wotton Basset Wiltshire. But, that parliament being soon after dissolved, he was chosen for Saltash in Cornwall, in the long parliament. His abilities were taken notice of, and he was employed in several committees to examine into grievances; but at last, being dissatisfied with the proceedings of the parliament, he retired to the king, and was made chancellor of the exchequer, a privy counsellor, and knight. Upon the decline of the king's cause he went to France, where, after the death of king Charles I., he was sworn of the privy council to Charles II. In 1649 he and jod Cottington were scnt ambassadors extraordinary nito Spain, and in 1557 he was consti

tuted lord high chancellor of England. In 1659 the duke of York became enamoured of Anne Hyde, the chancellor's eldest daughter, but carefully concealed the amour both from the king and chancellor. After the Restoration, however, he fulfilled his promise of marriage, and her father was chosen chanceller of the university of Oxford; soon after created baron Hindon, viscount Cornbury, and earl of Clarendon; and, on the death of Henry lord Falkland, was made lord lieutenant of Oxfordshire. In these important stations his principal aim was neither to abridge the king's prerogative, nor encroach upon the liberties of the people; he therefore refused to set aside the petition of right, nor would he endeavour again to raise the star-chamber or highcommission courts: and when he might have obtained for the king £2,000,000, for a standing revenue, he asked only £1,200,000, which he thought would still keep the king dependent upon his parliament. In this just conduct he is said to have been influenced by his father's dying advice. In 1662 he opposed a proposal for the king's marriage with the infanta of Portugal, and the sale of Dunkirk; and in the following year articles of impeachment for high treason were exhibited against him by the earl of Bristol; but they were rejected by the house of lords. In 1664 he opposed the war with Holland. In August, 1667, he was removed from his post of lord chancellor, and in November following impeached of high treason, and other crimes and misdemeanors, by the house of commons; upon which he retired into France, when a bill was passed for banishing him from the king's dominions. He now resided at Rouen in Normandy; and dying there, in 1674, his body was brought to England, and interred in Westminster Abbey. He wrote, 1. A History of the Rebellion, 3 vols. folio. 2. A Letter to the Duke of York, and another to the Duchess, upon their embracing the Romish religion. 3. An Answer to Hobbes's Leviathan. 4. A History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in Ireland, 8vo., and some other works. His character is thus panegyrised by Horace Walpole:-Sir Edward Hyde, who opposed an arbitrary court and embraced the party of an afflicted one, must be allowed to have acted conscientiously. A better proof was his behaviour on the Restoration, when the torrent of an infatuated nation entreated the king and his minister to be absolute. Had Clarendon sought nothing but power, his power had never ceased. A corrupted court, and a blinded populace, were less the causes of the chancellor's fall, than an ungrateful king, who could not pardon his lordship's having refused to accept for him the slavery of his country. Like justice herself, he held the balance between the necessary power of the supreme magistrate and the interests of the people. This never-dying obligation his contemporaries were taught to overlook and clamor against, till they removed the only man, who, if he could, would have corrected his master's evil government. Almost every virtue of a minister made his character venerable. As an historian, he seems more exceptionable. His majesty and eloquence, his power of painting characters, his knowledge of his subject, rank

him in the first class of writers; yet he has both great and little faults. Of the latter, his stories of ghosts and omens are not to be defended. His capital fault is his whole work being a labored justification of king Charles. If he relates faults, some palliating epithet always slides in; and he has the art of breaking his darkest shades with gleams of light, that take off all impression of horror. One may pronounce on my lord Clarendon, in his double capacity of statesman and historian, that he acted for liberty, but wrote for prerogative.'

HYDE (Thomas), D. D., professor of Arabic at Oxford, and one of the most learned writers of the seventeenth century, was born in 1636, and studied first at Cambridge, and afterwards at Oxford. Before he was eighteen years of age he was sent from Cambridge to London to assist Walton in the great work of the Polyglot Bible; and about that period undertook to transcribe the Persian Pentateuch out of the Hebrew characters, which archbishop Usher, who well knew the difficulty of the undertaking, pronounced to be an impossible task to a native Persian. He, however, succeeded in his task, and was made archdeacon of Gloucester, canon of Christ Church, head keeper of the Bodleian library, and professor of Hebrew and Arabic, in the university of Oxford. He was interpreter and secretary of the Oriental languages, during the reigns of Charles II., James II., and William III. Of all his learned works (the very catalogue of which, as observed by Anthony Wood, is a curiosity), his Religio Veterum Persarum is the most celebrated. Dr. Gregory Sharpe collected several of his pieces formerly printed, and republished them, with some additional dissertations, and his life prefixed, in 2 elegant vols. 4to. He died on the 18th of February, 1702. Among his other works is, A Latin Translation of Ulug Beig's Observations on the Longitude and Latitude of the fixed Stars.

HYDER ALY, or ALI, a celebrated Indian usurper, and for some time a formidable opponent of the British interest in the East Indies. He was the son of a killader, or governor of a fort, to the king of Mysore, and acquired his skill in military tactics in the French army. In 1753 he distinguished himself as their auxiliary at Trichinopoly. In 1763, being commander of the Mysore army, he dethroned his sovereign, and governed the kingdom under the title of regent. In the wars with the British, between 1767 and 1770, he displayed great spirit and abilities; but in 1771 he was totally defeated by the Mahrattas. During the peace that followed he greatly improved his army and revenues. In 1780 he made an irruption into the Carnatic, and cut to pieces a British detachment under colonel Baillie; but his victorious career was soon stopped by Sir Eyre Coote, who, with a force scarcely exceeding 7000 men, gained a complete victory over Hyder Ali at the head of 150,000, and defeated him six times successively afterwards, the last of which victories was obtained on the 7th of June 1782. Hyder died in December 1782.

HYDERABAD, Telingana, or Golconda, an extensive province of Ilindostan, situated chiefly

between the sixteenth and nineteenth degrees of northern latitude, and between the rivers Godavery and Kistna; but the name is now also applied to all the territories of the Nizam. It may be stated therefore to be bounded on the northeast by the territories of the Berar rajah, and on the north-west by those of the Poonah Mahrattas, on the west by the same power, and on the south and east by the British possessions; being about 350 miles in extreme length, and about 300 in breadth. It thus comprises the ancient provinces of Beder and Nandere, part of Dowlet or Aurungabad, part of Bejapore, and part of Berar; and is principally governed by zemindars, or granted in jagiers (fiefs) to the officers of government. The former are nearly independent. The whole of the land, except some portions set aside for charitable purposes and the estates of the nizam and his family, is thus in the hands of a few individuals; but it is fertile, and, if well managed, it would yield much more abundantly. Its commerce is very confined, the diamond mines hardly paying the expense of working; and the only other article being cotton, which is bartered for salt and European commodities. The chief towns are Hyderabad, Golconda, Warangole, Aurungabad, Beder, and Ellichpore. A considerable portion of the inhabitants are Mahommedans: the majority, however, are Hindoos; but the population is thin.

Hyderabad was once subject to the rajahs of Telingana and Bijanagur, but was conquered by the Mahommedans in the fifteenth century, and in the year 1512 was formed into a separate kingdom under the name of Golconda. Abdoolah Kuttub Shah, of the original dynasty, died in 1674, and was succeeded by his son in law Aboul Hussen, who, in the year 1687, was taken prisoner by Aurungzebe, and Golconda converted into one of the provinces of the Mogul empire, and, with the other five southern provinces, was formed into a viceroyalty, called the Soubadar of the Deccan. In 1719 a Mogul officer, named Cheen Khilij Khan, appointed to this government, had a very large army placed under his command to keep freebooters in awe; and this inspired him with the ambition of founding an independent kingdom. He for several years employed himself in getting possession of the strong holds; and, when summoned to Delhi, proceeded thither with so large a force as to overawe his

master.

He is also accused of having encouraged the Persian Nadir Shah to invade Hindostan in 1739; and having, after that event, been appointed vizier or prime minister, he left to Mohammed the emperor nothing but the name. For two years he governed at Delhi with absolute sway, during which period he appointed his son Ghazy ad Deen, his deputy; but, the Mahrattas having invaded the Deccan, he marched in 1741 to meet them with a numerous army. On his arrival at Arcot he found that country in total confusion; and not fewer than twenty petty chiefs assuming the title of rajah: the measures that he pursued, however, tranquillised the country; and he disposed of its different offices to his friends, without consulting the court of Delhi. made Aurungabad his capital, but died at Boor

He now

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