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Alsace, declared that such another victory would

ruin it.

JAMES (St.), EPISTLE OF, a canonical book of the New Testament, being the first of the catholic or general epistles; which are so called, as not being written to one but to several Christian churches. It is addressed partly to believing and partly to infidel Jews.

JAMES (St.), OF THE SWORD, San Jago del Espada, a military order in Spain, mstituted in 1170, by Ferdinand II. king of Leon and Gallicia, to stop the incursions of the Moors; three knights obliging themselves by a vow to secure the roads. A union was proposed and agreed to in 1170 between these and the canons of St. Eloy; and the order was confirmed by the pope in 1175. The highest dignity is that of grand master, which is held by the king of Spain. The knights are obliged to make proof of their descent from families that have been noble for four generations on both sides; they must also make it appear that these their ancestors have neither been Jews, Saracens, nor heretics; nor even called in question by the inquisition. The novices are obliged to serve six months in the galleys, and to live a month in a monastery. Formerly they took a vow of celibacy, but Alexander III. gave them permission to marry. They now make no vows but of poverty, obedience, and conjugal fidelity; to which, since 1652, they have added that of defending the immaculate conception of the holy virgin. Their habit is a white cloak, with a red cross on the breast. This is esteemed the most considerable of all the military orders in Spain; the king carefully preserves the office of grand master in his family, on account of the rich revenues and offices, whereof it gives him the disposal. The number of knights is much greater now than formerly, all the grandees choosing rather to be received into this than into the order of the golden fleece; insomuch as this gives them many considerable privileges in all the provinces of Spain, but especially in Catalonia.

JAMES RIVER, or the JAMES, or the Fluvanna, a large navigable river of Virginia, which rises on the west side of Jackson's Mountain, and, running a south-west course, under the name of Jackson's River, receives Carpenter Creek from the Allegany Mountains, after which it is named James River; thence, running south-east, it waters eight counties of Virginia, and at last falls into Chesapeake Bay near James Town. Its navigation is interrupted at Richmond by falls.

JAMES'S POWDER, a medicine prepared by Dr. R. James, of which the basis has been long known to chemists, though the particular receipt for making it lay concealed in chancery till made public by Dr. Monro, who gives the following copy of it: Take antimony, calcine it with a continued protracted heat, in a flat, unglazed, earthen vessel, adding to it from time to time a sufficient quantity of any animal oil and salt, well dephlegmated; then boil it in melted nitre for a considerable time, and separate the powder from the nitre by dissolving it in water.' Dr. Monro adds, that when the doctor first administered his powder, he used to join one grain of a mercurial preparation to thirty-eight grains of his

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antimonial powder; but in the latter part of his life he often declared that he had long laid aside the addition of the mercurial.' Dr. James, at the end of the receipt given into chancery, says the dose of these medicmes is uncertain; but in general thirty grains of the antimonial, and one grain of the mercurial, is a moderate dose." Of this medicine Dr. Monro says, 'Like other active preparations of antimony, it sometimes operates with great violence, even when given in small doses; at other times a large dose produces very little visible effects. I have seen three grains operate briskly, both upwards and downwards; and I was once called to a patient to whom Dr. James had himself given five grains of it, and it purged and vomited the lady for twenty-four hours, and in that time gave her between twenty and thirty stools; at other times I have seen a scruple produce little or no visible effect. So far as I have observed, I think that the dose of this powder to an adult, is from five to twenty grains; and that when it is administered, one ought to begin by giving small doses. Where patients are strong, and a free evacuation is wanted, this is a useful remedy: and it may be given, in small repeated doses, as an alterative in many cases; but where patients are weakly, and in low fevers, it often acts with too great violence; and I have myself seen instances, and have heard of others, where patients have been hurried to their graves by the use of this powder in a very short time.'

JAMESONE (George), an excellent painter, justly termed the Vandyck of Scotland, was the son of Andrew Jamesone, architect; and was born at Aberdeen in 1586. He studied under Rubens, at Antwerp; and, after his return, applied with indefatigable industry to portraits in oil, though be sometimes practised in miniature, and also in history and landscapes. His largest portraits were somewhat less than life. His excellence consists in delicacy and softness, with a clear and beautiful coloring; his shades not charged, but varnished, with little appearance of the pencil. When king Charles I. visited Scotland, in 1633, the magistrates of Edinburgh employed Jamesone to make drawings of the Scottish monarchs; with which the king was so pleased, that, enquiring for the painter, he sat to him, and rewarded him with a diamond ring from his own finger. Jamesone always drew himself with his hat on, either in imitation of his master Rubens, or on having been indulged in that liberty by the king when he sat to him. Many of Jameson's works are in both the colleges of Aberdeen; and he is said to have drawn the Sybils from living beauties in that city. Is best works are from 1630 to his death, which happened at Edinburgh in 1644.

JAMTLAND, a mountainous province of Sweden, near Norway, of an oval form, seventy miles long and sixty broad, annexed to Sweden by the treaty of Roschild, in 1658. It abounds with mines of copper, lead, salt-petre, alum, lapis ollarius, rock-crystals, &c. It is thinly peopled; but the east part is fertile in corn, &c.

JAMYN (Amadis), a celebrated French poet in the sixteenth century. He is esteemed the rival of Ronsard, who was his contemporary and

friend. He was secretary to Charles IX., and died about 1585. He wrote, 1. Poetical Works, 2 vols.; 2. Philosophical Discourses to Pasicharis and Rodanthe, with Seven Academical Discourses; 3. A Translation of the Iliad of Homer, begun by Hugh Sabel, and finished by Jamyn; with a translation into French verse of the three first books of the Odyssey.

JANE OF FLANDERS was the wife of John de Mountfort, a competitor for the dukedom of Brittany upon the death of John III. This duke, dying without issue, left his dominions to his niece Jane, wife of Charles de Blois, nephew to the king of France; but John Mountfort, brother to the late duke, though by a second marriage, claimed the duchy, and was received as successor by the people of Nantes. The greatest part of the nobility swore fealty to Charles de Blois. This dispute occasioned a civil war; in the course of which John was taken prisoner, and sent to Paris. This misfortune would have ruined his party, had not his interest been supported by the extraordinary abilities of his wife, Jane. Bold, daring, and intrepid, she fought like a warrior in the field; shrewd, sensible, and sagacious, she spoke like a politician in the council; and, endowed with the most amiable manners and winning address, she was able to move the minds of her subjects by the force of her eloquence, and mould them to her pleasure. She was at Rennes when she received the news of her husband's captivity; but that disaster served only to rouse her native courage and fortitude. She forthwith assembled the citizens; and, holding in her arms her infant son, recommended him to their care and protection in the most pathetic terms, as the male heir of their ancient dukes, who had always governed them with lenity and indulgence, and to whom they had ever professed the most zealous attachment. She declared herself willing to run all hazards with them in so just a cause; pointed out their resources in the alliance of England; earnestly beseeching them to make one vigorous effort against a usurper, who, being forced upon them by the intrigues of France, would, as a mark of his gratitude, sacrifice the liberties of Brittany to his protector. The people, moved by the affecting appearance, and animated by the noble conduct of the princess, vowed to live and die with her in defending the rights of her family; and their example was followed by almost all the Britons. The countess went from place to place, encouraging the garrisons of the several fortresses, and providing them with every thing necessary for their subsistence; after which she shut herself up with her son in Hennebon, where she resolved to wait for the succours which Edward III. had promised to send to her assistance. Charles de Blois, accompanied by the dukes of Burgundy and Bourbon, and many other noblemen, took the field with a numerous army, and, having reduced Rennes, laid siege to Hennebon, which was defended by the countess in person. This heroine repulsed the assailants in all their attacks with the most undaunted courage; and, observing one day that their whole army had left the camp to join in a general storm, she rushed forth at a postern gate, with 300 horse, set fire to

their tents and baggage, killed their sutlers and servants, and raised such a terror and consternation through all their quarters, that the enemy gave over their assault, and, getting betwixt her and the walls, endeavoured to cut off her retreat into the city. Thus intercepted, she put the spurs to her horse, and, without halting, galloped directly to Brest, which lay at the distance of two and twenty miles from the scene of action. There, being supplied with a body of 500 horse, she immediately returned, and, fighting her way through part of the French camp, was received into Hennebon, amidst the acclamations of the people. Soon after this the English succours appeared, and obliged the enemy to raise the siege.

JANEIRO, RIO DE, a jurisdiction of Brasil, in South America, seated between the Tropic of Capricorn and lat. 22° S. It is bounded on the north by Spirito Sancto, on the east and south by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west by the Minas Geraes. It is extremely fertile for a mountainous country, particularly in sugar, which is one of its chief exports. Besides the river Janeiro, twenty-seven other streams of inferior magnitude water this region and the plains are consequently clothed with the richest pastures. But indolence reigns triumphant: the population is very thin and badly clothed, badly fed, and sensible, as it would seem, of none of these advantages.

JANEIRO, RIO DE, a city of Brasil, and its capital, stands for the greater part on a plain on the west side of the bay close to the sea. An accumulation of hills of various elevations rise to the south. It extends about two miles from east to west, and its northern side is enclosed by five mountains, which merely leave a space for a single street between their base and the ocean. The houses are chiefly built of stone, and balconied, but consist only of one story. The ground-floors, which are not occupied as shops or stores, exhibit the gloomy aspect of closelylatticed windows and doors. In the upper part, also, wooden lattices are frequently introduced. The streets cross each other at right angles. The principal one runs north and south, and is the head of several more that stretch towards the west, and are crossed again by others parallel to the first. Most of the streets are narrow and badly paved. The open spaces denominated squares are very irregular, and meanly laid out. The palace square is the principal in point of buildings, and is about 150 yards long, and eighty wide. The royal residence occupies one side, while the convent of the Carmelites, and the senate-house, forms another. The square of Roceo is about 180 yards long, and 100 wide. The other principal public buildings are the mint, the armoury, the naval and military arsenals, and the custom-house. A neat theatre has also been built. The cathedral is a recent and tolerably respectable modern structure. Water is conveyed from the neighbouring hills by means of a noble aqueduct of a double tier of arches, from which it is conducted to various fountains.

Provisions are ill supplied to this capital: poultry, fish, and even beef are dear, and illattended to; and mutton is not often seen

Pork is the best meat, and the vegetables are fine; but living is said to be as dear as in London, without half its comforts.

The entrance to the port of Rio Janeiro is twenty-one leagues west of Cape Frio; it is known by some islands off it, viz. Redonda, two leagues and a half south by west of Santa Cruz fort. It is high, round, and rocky, with two rocky islets two leagues east of it, and four miles off shore is Razor Island, four leagues south of Santa Cruz fort. The entrance is also known by a remarkable break in the land, between two perpendicular and naked mountains of granite; that on the left is insulated, and has the exact form of a sugar loaf, the peak of which is 680 feet above the sea; that on the right is a mountain attached to the coast, which rises to the same height as the former, but with a gentle ascent to the summit. A small island lies in the entrance, and narrows the channel to threequarters of a mile; when through this narrow entrance, a beautiful basin opens of at least 100 miles in circumference, being thirty miles long, and ten to fourteen wide, with several small, but exuberantly fertile islands, covered with the most beautiful trees and shrubs. The shores of the basin rise in general abruptly to hills of moderate height, behind which are other ridges, mcreasing in elevation till their summits are lost in the clouds. There is reason to suppose that this vast basin was once a lake, separated from the sea by a narrow bank, the less solid parts of which have been worn away, leaving only the rocky bar which now crosses the entrance from two miles without Santa Cruz fort to the sugar loaf, with seven to ten fathoms water on it towards the east, while at its west extremity the rocks are above water. Both within and without this bar the depth is eighteen fathoms. All parts of the port afford anchorage to the most numerous fleets, and with the greatest facility of access and egress, by means of the sea and land breezes, which are regular. The entrance is defended by the forts of Santa Cruz and St. Lucia.

This is of course the chief mart of the Brasils, particularly of the mining districts. Troops of inules are constantly seen traversing the roads between these districts and this place; each carrying a burden of about 3 cwt. to the distance, perhaps, of 1500 or 2000 miles. Their homeward freight consists generally of salt or iron. The prosperity of Rio de Janeiro is marked by the rapid increase of its inhabitants, particularly since the residence of the court here. Mr. Mawe states the population, including the negroes, which are the most numerous class, at 100,000; Mr. Henderson, at 150,000.

JANEWAY (James), a dissenting clergyman of the seventeenth century, was born in Hertfordshire about the year 1636. He obtained a studentship at Christ Church, Oxford, but resigned his situation and all hopes of future preferment in 1662, for his refusal to comply with the test act. He now came to London, and was for several years pastor of a congregation at Rotherhithe. His works are, Heaven on Earth, and the Saints' Encouragement to Diligence, &c., 8vo.; A Token for Children, which has gone through several editions; A Legacy to

my Friends (printed after his decease); and several other devotional tracts, besides the life of his brother John Janeway. His death took place in 1674.

JAN'GLE, v. n. & n. s. Į Fr. jungler. To
JANGLER, n. s.
Saltercate; to quar-

rel; to bicker in words; to make an inharmonious sound: jangler, a quarrelsome, noisy, chattering fellow.

Jangling, as whan man speketh to moche before folk, and clappeth as a mille, and taketh no kepe what he sayth. Chaucer. The Persones Tale. Good wits will be jangling; but, gentles agree, This civil war of wits were much better used On Navarre and his book-men. Shakspeare.

Now see that noble and that sovereign reason, Like sweet bells jangled out of tune and harsh. Id. Hamlet.

There is no crrour which hath not some appearance of probability resembling truth, which when men, who study to be singular, find out, straining reason, they then publish to the world matter of contention and jangling. Raleigh.

Prior.

Ere Gothic forms were known in Greece, And in our verse cre monkish rhimes Had jangled their fantastic chimes. JANICULARIS, or JANICULUM, a hill of ancient Rome, added by Ancus Martius; the burial-place of Numa, and of Statius Cæcilius the poet: having the Tiber on the east and south; the fields on the west; and a part of the Vatican on the north. It was so called, either from an ancient city, or because it was a janua, or gate, whence they issued out and made excursions on the Tuscans. Virg. Val. Flaccus. It is now called Montorius, a corruption of Mons Aureus, from its sparkling sands. From this hill, on account of its height, is the most extensive prospect of Rome.

JANTZARY, n. s. A Turkish word, compounded of jengi, young, and cheri, a soldier; a young or raw soldier. One of the guards of the Turkish king.

His grand vizir, presuming to invest
The chief imperial city of the West,
With the first charge compelled in haste to rise;
The standards lost, and janizaries slain,
Render the hopes he gave his master vain.

Waller.

JANISSARIES, or JANIZARIES, an order of infantry in the Turkish armies, formerly reputed the grand seignior's foot-guards, but lately dissolved. The word genizers,' in the Turkish language signifies novi homines, or new troops. D'Herbelot tells us, that jenitcheri signifies a new band; and that the name was first given by Amurath I., who, choosing out one-fifth of his Greek Christian prisoners, and instructing them in the discipline of war and the doctrines of their religion, sent them to Hagi Bektasche (a person whose pretended piety rendered him extremely revered among the Turks), that he might confer his blessing on them, and at the same time give them some mark to distinguish them from the rest of the troops. Bektasche, after blessing them, cut off one of the sleeves of his fur gown, and put it on the head of the leader of this new militia; from which time (viz. A. D. 1361) they retained the name jenitcheri, and the fur cap. As, in the Turkish

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army, the European troops are distinguished from those of Asia; the janissaries were also distinguished into janissaries of Constantinople, and Damascus. Their dress consisted of a dolyman, or long gown, with short sleeves, which was given them annually by the grand seignior on the first day of Ramazan. They wore no turban, but a kind of cap which they called zarcola, and a long hood of the same stuff hanging on their shoulders. On solemn days they were adorned with feathers, which were stuck in a little case on the fore part of the bonnet. Their arms in Europe, in time of war, were a sabre, a carabine or musket, and a cartouchbox hanging on the left side. At Constantinople, in time of peace, they carried a long staff. In Asia, where powder and fire-arms are more uncommon, they carried a bow and arrows, with a poniard, which they called haniare. They were at first called jaja, that is, footmen, to distingu sh them from the other Turks, the troops whereof consisted mostly of cavalry. The number of janissaries was generally above 40,000; divided into 162 companies or chambers called odas, where they lived together at Constantinople as in a convent. They were of a superior rank to all other soldiers, and were also more arrogant and factious; and it was by them that the public tranquillity was oftenest disturbed. The government might therefore be said to be in the hands of the janissaries. They were employed to escort travellers, and especially ambassadors and persons of high rank on the road; in which cases they behaved with the utmost zeal and fidelity.

JANIZARIES, at Rome, are officers of the pope, called also participantes, on account of certain duties which they enjoy in the annates, bulls, or expeditions, being officers of the third bench or college of the Roman chancery. The first bench consists of writers, the second of abbreviators, and the third of janizaries, who are a kind of correctors and revisors of the pope's bulls.

JANOWITZ, a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Kaushim, famous for a battle in 1645 between the Swedes and the Imperialists, when the latter were defeated. It is forty-eight miles south-east of Prague. Long. 15° 38′ E., lat. 49° 45' N.

JANSEN, or JANSENIUS (Cornelius), D. D., bishop of Ypres, and professor of divinity, in the universities of Louvain and Douay, was one of the most learned divines of the seventeenth century, and founder of the sect of Jansenists. He was born in Holland of Catholic parents, and studied at Louvain. Being sent to transact some business of consequence relating to the university, into Spain, the Catholic king, viewing with a jealous eye the intriguing policy of France, engaged with him to write a book to expose the French as not good Catholics, as they formed alliances with Protestant states. Jansen performed this task in his Mars Gallicus; and was rewarded with the see of Ypres in 1635. He had, among other writings before this, maintained a controversy against the Protestants upon the subjects of grace and predestination; but his Augustinus was the principal labor of his life, on which he spent above twenty years. See JANSENISTS.

JANSENISTS, in church history, a sect of Roman Catholics in France, who followed the opinions of Jansenius, in relation to grace and predestination. In 1640 the universities of Louvain and Douay, and particularly F. Molina and F. Leonard Celsus, condemned the opinions of the Jesuits on grace and free-will. This having set the controversy on foot, Jansenius opposed to the doctrine of the Jesuits the sentiments of St. Augustine; and wrote a treatise on grace entitled Augustinus. This treatise was attacked by the Jesuits, who accused Jansenius of maintaining heretical opinions; and afterwards, in 1642, obtained of pope Urban VIII. a formal condemnation of Jansenius's treatise; when the partisans of Jansenius gave out that the bull was spurious, and composed by a person devoted to the Jesuits. After the death of Urban, Jansenism began to be more warmly controverted, and one published The Torch of St. Augustine; another found Snuffers for St. Augustine's torch, and father Veron found A gag for the Jansenists, &c. In 1650 sixty-eight bishops of France subscribed a letter to pope Innocent X. requesting an enquiry into and condemnation of the five following propositions, extracted from Jansenius's Augustinus:-1. Some of God's commandments are impossible to be observed by the righteous, even though they endeavour with all their power to accomplish them. 2. In the state of corrupted nature we are incapable of resisting inward grace. 3. Merit and demerit, in a state of corrupted nature, does not depend on a liberty which excludes necessity; but on a liberty which excludes constraint. 4. The Semi pelagians admitted the necessity of an inward. preventing grace for the performance of each. particular act, even for the beginning of faith; but they were heretics in maintaining that this grace was of such a nature, that the will of man was able either to resist or obey it. 5. It is Semipelagianism to say, that Jesus Christ died, or shed his blood for all mankind in general. In 1652 the pope appointed a congregation for examining into the dispute. Jansenius was condemned; and the bull of condemnation, published in 1653, filled all the pulpits in Paris with violent outcries against the heresy of the Jansenists. In 1656 pope Alexander VII. issued out another bull, in which he condemned the five propositions of Jansenius. At last Clement XI. put an end to the dispute by his constitution of July 17th, 1705; in which, after having recited the constitution of his predecessors in this affair, he declares,that in order to pay a proper obedience to the papal constitutions concerning the present quetion, it is necessary to receive them with a respectful silence.' The clergy of Paris, the same year, approved and accepted this bull, and none dared to oppose it. This is the famous bull Unigenitus, so called from its beginning with the words Unigenitus Dei Filius, &c., which occasioned so much confusion in France.

JANSENIUS (Cornelius), bishop of Ghent, was born at Hulst, in Flanders, in 1510. He distinguished himself at the council of Trent by his learning and modesty. He wrote a Harmony of the Gospels, and other works; and died at Ghent in 1576.

JANSSEN (Cornelius), called also Johnson, an eminent portrait-painter, born at Amsterdam. He resided in England for several years; where he was engaged in the service of king James I. and painted several excellent portraits of that monarch, his children, and the principal nobility. He had not the freedom of hand nor the grace of Vandyck; but, in other respects, he was accounted his equal, and in finishing superior. His paintings are easily distinguished by their smooth, clear, and delicate tints, and by a strong character of truth and nature. He generally painted on board; and, for the most part, his draperies are black; probably because the opposition of that tint made his flesh colors appear more beautifully bright, especially in his female figures. It is said, that he used a quantity of ultra-marine in the black colors, as well as in his carnations; which may be one great cause of their preserving their original lustre even to this day. He often painted in a small size in oil, and often copied his own works in His fame began to be obscured on the arrival of Vandyck in England; and, the civil war breaking out some time after, he returned to his own country, where his paintings were in the highest esteem. He died in 1685. JANSSENS (Abraham), an historical painter, was born at Antwerp in 1569. He was contemporary with Rubens, and, in many of the finest parts of the art, was accounted not inferior to him. He once challenged him to a competition, but Rubens modestly replied, that the world would certainly do them both justice. Sandrart assures us, that he not only gave a fine roundness and relief to his figures, but also such a warmth and clearness to the carnations, that they had all the look of real flesh; and his coloring was as durable as it was beautiful, retaining its original lustre for many years. His finest performance is a resurrection of Lazarus, in the cabinet of the elector Palatine, and is greatly

that manner.

admired.

JANSSENS (Victor Honorius), historical painter, was born at Brussels in 1664, and was a disciple of Volders, under whom he continued seven years. He afterwards went to Rome, where he studied the works of Raphael, designed after the antiques, and sketched the beautiful scenes around that city. His paintings rose in esteem, and the principal nobility of Rome employed him. He associated with Tempesta, the celebrated landscape painter, for several years, and painted the figures in the works of that great master as long as they resided together. He composed historical subjects, both in a small and a large size; but he found the demand for his small pictures so considerable, that he was induced to paint most frequently in that size. Returning to Brussels, his performances were as much admired there as they had been in Italy; and he adorned most of the churches and palices of Brussels with his compositions. His invention was fruitful; he designed correctly, his coloring is natural, his pencil free, and his heads beautiful and elegant. His large and small paintings, in correctness and taste, had equal merit, but the coloring of the former appears more raw and cold than that of the latter.

For small historical pictures, he was preferable to all the painters of his time.

JANTY, adj. Corrupted from Fr. gentil. Showy; fluttering.

This sort of woman is a janty slattern: she hangs on her cloths, plays her head, and varies her posture. Spectator.

JANUARIUS (St.), the patron saint of Naples, where his head is occasionally carried in procession, in order to stop the eruptions of Vesuvius. The liquefaction of his blood is a famous miracle at Naples. The saint suffered martyrdom about the end of the third century. When he was beheaded, a pious lady of Naples caught about an ounce of his blood, which, tradition says, has been carefully preserved in a bottle ever since, without having lost a single grain of its weight. This of itself, were it demonstrable, might be considered as a greater miracle than the circumstance on which the Neapolitans lay so much stress, viz. that the blood, which has congealed and acquired a solid form by age, is no sooner brought near the head of the saint, than, as a mark of veneration, it immediately liquefies. This experiment is made thrice a-year, and is considered by the Neapolitans as a miracle of the first magnitude. The substance in the bottle, which is exhibited for the blood of the saint, is supposed to be something naturally solid, but which melts with a small degree of heat. When first brought out of the cold chapel, it is in its solid state; but when brought before the saint by the priest, and rubbed between his warm hands, it melts. The head and blood of the saint are kept in a kind of press, with folding doors of silver, in the chapel of St. Januarius belonging to the cathedral church. The real head is probably not so fresh and well preserved as the blood. On that account it is not exposed to the eyes of the public; but is enclosed in a large silver bust, gilt and enriched with jewels of high value. The blood is kept in a small repository by itself. The chemical process for imitating this pretended miracle is by a solution of gold by the muriatic acid. Though this acid has no action on gold in its metallic state, yet if the metal is previously attenuated, or reduced to a calx, either by precipitation from aqua regia, or by calcination in inixture with calcinable metals, this acid will perfectly dissolve it, and keep it in solution. This solution is of a yellow color, gives a purple stain to the skin, bones, and other solid parts of animals, and strikes a red color with tin. In distillation the nitrous acid arises, and the muriatic acid remains combined with the gold in a blood-red mass, soluble in spirit of wine. If, towards the end of the distillation, the fire is hastily raised, part of the gold distils in a high saffron-colored liquor, and part sublimes into the neck of the retort, in clusters of long slender crystals of a deep red color, fusible in a small heat, deliquating in the air, and easily soluble in water. This red sublimate of gold being easily fusible by the heat of one's hand, is exhibited by the Neapolitan priests for St. Januarius's blood.

JANUARY, n. s. Lat. Januarius. The first month of the year, from Janus, to whom it was among the Romans consecrated.

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