vols. folio. This undertaking however proved his ruin; for he printed it with his own name, and thus offended cardinal Richelieu, who, after the example of cardinal Ximenes, was ambitious of eternising his name, by affixing it to such a noble copy of the Holy Scriptures. He also made it too dear for the English market; on which Dr. Walton undertook his polyglot Bible, which, being more commodious, reduced the price of M. le Jay's. After the death of his wife, M. le Jay took orders, was made dean of Vezelay in the Nivernois, and Louis XIV. gave him the post of counsellor of state. He died in 1675. JAZEL, n. s. A precious stone of an azure or blue color. JAZER, or JASER, in ancient geography, a Levitical city in the territory of the Amorites, beyond Jordan, ten miles west, or rather southwest, of Philadelphia, and fifteen miles from Esebon; and therefore situated between Philadelphia and Heshbon, on the east border of the tribe of Gad, supposed to be the Jazorem of Josephus. IBABA, one of the largest towns in Abyssinia, and the capital of the province of Maitsha. It is little inferior to Gondar in extent, and the country around is remarkably fertile. IBARRA, a fertile province of South America, in Quito, bounded east by the province of Sucumbios, and by the woods of the Indians; north by the province of Pastos; west by that of Esmeraldas; and south by that of Otavalo. It is twenty leagues in length from north-west to south-east, and, for the most part, of a hot climate. It abounds in excellent corn, and sugarGreat quantities of cotton and fruit are also grown. Its principal commerce consists in fine cotton stuffs. It is fertilised by many rivers. Those of chief importance are the Pisco, the Taguando, and the Blanco, which, being united, form the Mira. canes. IBARRA, the capital of the foregoing province, is situated on an extensive and delightful plain, watered on the east by the river Taguando, and west by Ajavi. The streets are wide and convenient, and the buildings of good construction. It has several convents and a monastery; and the suburbs are inhabited by Indians. Population 12,000. Forty-two miles north-east from Quito. IBBERVILLE, a river, or rather a natural canal, of West Florida, which in May, June, and July, when the Mississipi overflows and runs into it, forms a communication for vessels drawing three or four feet, from the Mississipi to the Gulf of Mexico east, through lakes Mauripas and Pontchartrain; but is dry all the rest of the year. IBERIA, the ancient name of Spain, so called from the river Iberus, now Ebro. IBERIA was also the name of an inland country of Asia, having Colchis and a part of Pontus on the west, Mount Caucasus on the north, Albania on the east, and Armenia Major on the south. It is now the western part of Georgia. The IBERIAN MOUNTAINS are the most extensive mountain range in Spain, and commence at the north of that country, west of the Ebro. They separate the two Castiles from Arragon, and extending on the shores of the Mediterranean, traverse, under different names, Valencia, Granada, and Murcia; terminating on the Mediterranean, in the promontories of Oropesa, Martino, Palos, and Gata. The Sierra de Oca, in the province of Burgos, forms part of this range. The highest point is the Cabeço de Maria, in the Sierra de Alcarraz, having an elevation of 7300 feet. Among other ascertained elevations are the peak of the Sierra Espadan, 4160; the Casueleda, in the Sierra of that name, 3300; and the peak of Penaglosa 2770 feet in height. IBERIS, sciatica cresses, or candy-tuft, a genus of the siliquosa order, and tetradynamia class of plants: COR. irregular; the two exterior petals larger than the interior ones; the silicula polyspermous, emarginated. There are eighteen species: 1. I. amara, the bitter candy-tuft, has branching stalks like the umbellata, which rise from eight to twelve inches high; small, spear-shaped, and slightly-indented leaves; and all the branches terminated by racemose bunches of white flowers in June and July. 2. I. semperflorens, the ever-flowering shrubby iberis, has low undershrubby stalks, very brauchy, growing to the height of eighteen inches, with white flowers in umbels at the ends of the branches, appearing at all times of the year. 3. I. sempervirens, the tree candy-tuft, has low undershrubby stalks, very branchy and bushy, rising to the height of ten or twelve inches, with white flowers in umbels at the ends of the branches, appearing great part of the summer. This and the last species are tender, and must be put in pots, to be sheltered from the winter frosts. They are easily propagated by slips or cuttings. 4. I. umbellata, the common candy-tuft, has herbaceous, short, round, and very branchy stalks of tufty growth, from about six to ten inches high; small spear-shaped leaves, the lower ones serrated, the upper entire; and all the stalks and branches terminated by umbellate clusters of flowers of different colors in the varieties. This species and the amara, No. 1, being hardy annuals, may be sowed in any common soil in March, till Midsummer, and will thus afford a succession of flowers from June to September. IBIS. See TANTALUS. IBN DOREID, or DOREIDI, a famous Arabic poet of the ninth century, was a native of Bassora, but, in consequence of a foreign invasion, resided twelve years with a relative at Oman, after which he returned to his native place. Some years after this he went to Fars, and was employed in the administration of the finances there. He is said to have been reduced to great indigence by his generosity, and retiring to Bagdad, when his patron was displaced, attracted the notice of the caliph Moctadez, who gave him a pension. He died at Bagdad A. D. 933. His works are numerous, comprising every species of poetical composition. An ode, entitled Alcassydeh Almacsoureh, has been commented on by a multitude of critics: and it has engaged the attention of modern orientalists. It was pub ished by Scheidius at Harderwick, in 1768; and by Haitsma, at Franeker, in 1773, 4to. with a Latin translation. IBN EL ALAM (Ali Ben al Hassan), a celebrated Arabian astronomer, the author of an astronomical table, containing the result of numerous observations made at Bagdad in the reign of Adadodawla: but this work is lost. After the death of Adadodawla he left his country on a pilgrimage, and died on his return, at Osaila, in 985. IBN KHILCAN (Schems-eddin Abou'l Abbas Ahmed), an Arabian historian, descended from the family of the Barmecides, was born at Arbel in 1211 he went early in life into Syria, and thence to Egypt: in 1261, after having filled the office of cadi at Cairo, he was promoted to the station of cadi of Damascus. He continued there till 1270, when we find him professor in one of the colleges at Cairo. In 1277 he was re-installed in his post at Damascus, soon after which he joined in the revolt of the governor of that city against the sultan. The attempt was unsuccessful, and Ibn Khilcan was condemned to death, but afterwards pardoned, and again restored to his office. He died at Damascus in 1282. His principal work is a biographical dictionary, entitled The Decease of eminent Personages, and the Lives of Contemporaries. An outline of it was published by M. B. Fred. Tydeman, at Leyden, in 1809, under the title of Specimen Philologicum Exhibens Conspectum operis Ibn Chalicani de vitis Illustrium Virorum, 4to. IEN YOUNIS (Ali Ben Abdalrahman), an illustrious Arabian astronomer, born of a noble family, A. D. 979. The caliph Azyz facilitated his studies in that science, and Ibn Younis soon justified the generosity of his patron. He carried on his researches in an observatory near Cairo; and embodied the result of his observations in a work called Zydj Ibn Younis, in which he corrected many of the errors of preceding astronomers. He was also skilled in music. His death took place A. D. 1008. IBRAHIM, sultan of the Turks, succeeded his brother Amurath, or Morad IV., in 1640, being then in his twenty-third year. He had been long kept a prisoner by Morad, who would have put him to death, had he not been prevented by his mother; and such was the state of his mind, that he refused admission to the great officers of the government when they came to announce his brother's death, and his own accession to the throne, nor could he be prevailed on to open the doors of his dungeon till the dead body of Morad was laid in his view. Ibrahim was ill fitted for the cares of a crown, and resigned the duties of his station to his ministers, contenting himself with trifling amusements and gross voluptuousness. One of the first events of his reign was the capture of Azof, the principal post of the Cossack pirates, who infested the Black Sea; by which measure their depredations were repressed, and the navigation rendered clear to Constantinople. An attempt was made upon the island of Candia, but it was not successful. The voluptuousness of Ibrahim was the cause of his death; he had violated the chastity of the beautiful daughter of the mufti, who resolved upon revenge, and took such means as to effect the end. He ordered the sultan to appear before aim, which he refused; he then declared him an infidel, and incapable of exercising the authority of government. The janissaries took the part of the head of the church, and he was almost immediately strangled. This was in the year 1649. He left several sons, of whom three successively filled the throne. IBRAHIM EFFENDI, a distinguished Turk in the seventeenth century, who was a member of the body of Ulema, or lawyers, and, being skilled in the Persian and Arabic languages, occupied several posts of importance at Constantinople. The gospel history, on examination, produced a conviction on his mind of the truth of Christianity, and he was baptised at Pera in 1671. Thence he retired to Venice, and was confirmed in the church of St. John the Baptist. Two years after he assumed the habit of St. Dominic, and the name of Paul Anthony Effendi. He left to the library of St. John and St. Paul the Four Evangelists, translated into Arabic, with the Psalms, Canticles, and other books of the Old Testament; and died in 1697, at the age of fifty-six. IBYCUS, a Greek lyric poet, of whose works there are only a few fragments remaining, flourished A. A. C. 550. It is said that he was assassinated by robbers; and that, dying, he called upon some cranes he saw flying to bear witness. Some time after one of the murderers, seeing some cranes, said to his companions, "There are the witnesses of Ibycus's death:' which being reported to the magistrates, the assassins were put to the torture, and, having confessed the fact, were hanged. Thence arose the proverb Ibyci Grues. ICA, a province of Peru, bounded east by Castro Vireyna and Lucanas, south-east and south by Cumana, and west by the Pacific Ocean. It is fifty leagues in length from north to south, and in extreme breadth twenty-four from east to west. It is of a hot temperature, especially towards the coast, where various desert tracks are found. But, in general, the province may be said to be fertile in fruits, grain, and pulse, particularly grapes, the vines yielding in many parts solely from the moisture they derive from the earth. The wines and brandies manufactured are carried to Lima, Panama, and Guayaquii, and the mountainous provinces of the Sierra. Olive plantations are also numerous. The produce is conveyed by means of asses, which abound here. The country is watered by several rivers. ICA, the capital of the above province, situated in a valley twenty-five miles south of Pisco, has several convents and a college, which formerly belonged to the Jesuits. A glass foundry is also established here. It carries on a brisk traffic in wine and brandy. It is 140 miles E.S. E. from Lima. ICE, n. s. & v. a. \ Saxon, r; Swed. is; ICE-HOUSE, n.s. Gothic, ise; Belgic, eyse. ICE LANDER, 1. s. Water, or other liquor, I'CICLE, n. s. made solid by cold; conI'CINESS, n. s. creted sugar to break the I'cx, adj. ice, is to make the first ICE, in physiology, a solid, transparent, and brittle body, formed of some fluid, particularly water, by means of cold. See articles CHEMIS TRY, COLD, FREEZING, FROST, and HEAT. opening to any attempt: ice, to cover with ice; to turn to ice; to cover with concreted sugar: ice-house, a place in which ice is deposited against the warm months: Icelander, an inhabitant of Iceland: icicle, a shoot of ice hanging from a pedicle: iciness, the state of generating ice; sensation of severe cold: icy, in a figurative sense, cold-hearted; free from passion; impene trable. Nowe hote for colde, now colde for hete again; Chaucer. Complaint of the Blacke Knight. Spenser. Shepheardes Calender. If You are no surer, no, Than is the coal of fire upon the ice, Or hailstone in the sun. Id. Id. Coriolanus. Galileo was the first that observed ice to be Id. Richard III. Thou wouldest have never learned The icy precepts of respect. Id. Timon. Thus have I broken the ice to invention, for the lively representation of floods and rivers necessary for our painters and poets. Peacham on Drawing. After he'd a while looked wise, At last broke silence and the ice. Hudibras. If distilled vinegar or aqua-fortis be poured into the powder of loadstone, the subsiding powder, dried, retains some magnetical virtue; but if the menstruum were forced to winter. From locks uncombed, and from the frozen beard, Long icicles depend, and cracking sounds are heard. Dryden. In thy fair brow there's such a legend writ Of chastity, as blinds the adult'rous eye: Not the mountain ice, Congealed to chrystal, is so frosty chaste If I should ask whether ice and water were two distinct species of things, I doubt not but I should be answered in the affirmative. Locke. The common dropstone consists principally of spar, and is frequently found in form of an icicle, hanging down from the tops and sides of grottos. Woodward's Natural History. Bear Britain's thunder and her cross display 'Tis here all meet! Pope. The shivering Icelander, and sun-burnt Moor. cold, as olive oil, and the essential oil of ani- Though it has been generally supposed that have undertaken to describe these crystals. M. Merian informs us, that they are stars with six radii; and his opinion is confirmed by observing the figure of frost on glass. M. Romé de L'Isle determines the form of the solid crystal to be an equilateral octahedron. M. Hassenfratz found it to be a prismatic hexahedron. On the 3d of January 1821 the late Dr. Clarke observed at Cambridge regular crystals of ice, many of which were more than an inch long. He exhibited them to several members of the University, and frequently in their presence measured the angles of the rhombic crystals, with the goniometer of Carangeau, which he found to be 120° and 60°. After a thaw took place, the crystals preserved in melting the same inclination of their planes. The above very interesting results confirm the anticipation of Dr. Brewster, who, from the optical structure of ice, referred it to the rhomboidal or pyramidal systems of professor Mohs. Ice forms generally on the surface of water; but this, too, like the crystallisation, may be varied by an alteration in the circumstances. In Germany, particularly in the northern parts, there are three kinds of ice. 1. That which forms on the surface. 2. That formed in the middle of the water, resembling nuclei or small hail. 3. The ground ice which is produced at the bottom, especially where there is any fibrous substance to which it may adhere. This is full of cells like a wasp's nest, but less regular, and frequently raises very heavy bodies from the bottom by means of its inferiority in specific gravity to the water in which it is formed. This ice differs from that continuous kind which is formed along the edge of rivers, and particularly in places where the water is quiet; it never forms in lakes, pools, or other stagnant water, and motion appears to be a condition essential to its existence. At first sight it might be taken for an aggregation of snow penetrated by water, swimming at the surface, rather than for ice; but a closer examination will not fail to discover its true characters. In fact it is formed of an assemblage of a multititude of small, thin, and rounded plates of ice, having a diameter of a few lines. They are individually transparent, but their aggregation presents at a distance the appearance of a semitransparent mass like wet snow. It is known that, before rivers begin to carry the ground-ice, the temperature of the air must have been for several days previous some degrees below zero; and it is observed, in general, that a cold wind, blowing in a direction contrary to the current of the river, is singularly favorable to the formation of this sort of ice. Plot, in his History of Oxfordshire, observes, that all the watermen, with whom he has had an opportunity of speaking on the subject, agree in thinking, that the rivers of the country always begin to freeze at the bottom. He describes the manner in which the small pieces of ice, called ice-meers, rise from the bottom to the surface, and mentions their frequently containing gravel or stones, which they have carried along with them. Hales confirms these observations; and says, that the watermen of the Thames assert, that, some days before that river is frozen at the surface, they feel the ice at the bottom with their poles, and that they see it rising to the surface. Mr. Streake relates, that, in February 1806, at Pillau, chains of iron, six feet in length, which had remained a long time lost at the bottom of the water, a cable thirty fathoms long, and stones weighing from three to six pounds, were raised to the surface, enclosed in a thick envelope of ice; and that an anchor, after having remained an hour in the water, was taken out covered with a layer of ice. The following explanation of this phenomenon is what M. Merian considers the most natural. If it be true, that, in winter, running water is first cooled at the surface, it is also true, that its constant agitation, especially when aided by a wind blowing in a direction contrary to that of the current, continually mixes the water of the surface and that of the bottom, notwithstanding the inconsiderable difference of their specific gravities. The temperature of the bottom and that of the surface, even in pretty deep rivers, does not present any remarkable difference, while the prominent bodies fixed at the bottom present points of attachment to the forming ice, much more advantageous than a constantly agitated surface; and it is well known what influence these points or nuclei have in general upon crystallisation. The water sufficiently cooled begins therefore to be converted into ice at the bottom, particularly in places where shelter is afforded by prominences from the impetuosity of the current. In many countries the warmth of the climate renders ice not only a desirable, but even a necessary article; so that it becomes an object of some consequence to discover a ready and cheap method of procuring it. ICEBERGS, large bodies of ice filling the valleys between the high mountains in northern latitudes. Among the most remarkable are those of the east coast of Spitzbergen; see GREENLAND, and SPITZBERGEN. They are seven in number, but at considerable distances from each other: each fills the valleys for tracts unknown, in a region totally inaccessible in the internal parts. The glaciers of Switzerland seem contemptible to these; but present often a similar front into some lower valley. The last exhibits over the sea a front 500 feet high, emulating the emerald in color; cataracts of melted snow precipitate down various parts, and black spiring mountains, streaked with white, bound the sides, and rise, crag above crag, as far as eye can reach in the back ground. At times immense fragments break off, and tumble into the water, with a most dreadful noise. Masses have been seen resembling a Gothic church, with arched windows and doors, and all the rich drapery of that style, composed of crystals of the richest sapphirine blue; tables with one or more feet; and often immense flat roofed temples, like those of Luxor on the Nile, supported by round transparent columns of cœrulean hue, float by the astonished spectator. These icebergs are the creation of ages, and receive annually additional height by the falling of snows and rain, which often instantly freezes, and repairs the loss occasioned by the influence of the melting sun. The following account of an excursion to the Seven Icebergs, in July 1818, is given by captain Scoresby. A strong north-westerly swell having for some hours been beating on the shore, had loosened a number of fragments attached to the iceberg, and various heaps of broken ice denoted recent shoots of the sea-ward edge. As we rowed,' says he, towards it, with a view of proceeding close to its base, I observed a few little pieces fall from the top; and, while my eye was fixed upon the place, an immense column, probably fifty feet square, and 159 feet high, began to leave the parent ice at the top, and, leaning majestically forward, with an accelerated velocity fell with an awful crash into the sea. The water into which it plunged was converted into an appearance of vapor or smoke, like that from a furious cannonading. The noise was equal to that of thunder, which it nearly resembled. The column which fell was nearly square, and in magnitude resembled a church. It broke into thousands of pieces. This iceberg was full of rents, as high as any of our people ascended upon it, extending in a direction perpendicularly downward, and dividing it into innumerable columns. The surface was very uneven, being furrowed and cracked all over. This roughness appeared to be occasioned by the melting of the snow, some streams of water being seen running over the surface; and others could still be heard pursuing their course through sub-glacial channels to the front of the iceberg, where, in transparent streams, or in small cascades, they fell into the sea. In some places chasms of several yards in width were seen, in others they were only a few inches or feet across. One of the sailors, who attempted to walk across the iceberg, imprudently stept into a narrow chasm filled up with snow to the general level. He instantly plunged up to his shoulders, and might, but for the sudden extension of his arms, have been buried in the gulf.' In the first ages of the Spitzbergen fishery, when the ships sometimes moored close to the shore, many serious disasters were occasioned by the fall of pieces of icebergs. One of the Russia Company's ships, which was on the whale-fishery in the year 1619, was driven on shore in Bell Sound, by ice setting in from the sea. The captain, with most of his crew and boats, was absent at the time of the accident; but, on the first intelligence, caused his boats to be hauled up on the ice, and proceeded on board to endeavour to get the ship off. After they had been using every endeavour for this purpose, during about an hour, a main piece of an adjoining ice-cliff came down, and almost overwhelmed the vessel and her crew in its ruins. The shock must have been tremendous. The ice which fell struck the ship so high and so forcibly, that it carried away the foremast, broke the main-mast, sprung the bowsprit, and flung the ship over with such violence, that a piece of ordnance was thrown overboard from under the half deck; and the captain and some of the crew were projected in the same way. The captain, notwithstanding his imminent danger, with fragments of ice flying in all directions, and the masts of the ship falling around him, escaped unhurt; but the mate, and two more of the crew, were killed, and many others were wounded. ICE-CREAM, cream coo,ed by ice. Take a sufficient quantity of cream, and when it is to be mixed with raspberry, or currant, or pine, a quarter part as much of the juice or jam as of the cream; after beating, and straining the mixture through a cloth, put it with a little juice of lemon into the mould, which is a pewter vessel, and varying in size and shape at pleasure; cover the mould, and place it in a pail about twothirds full of ice, into which two handfuls of salt have been thrown; turn the mould by the handhold with a quick motion to and fro, in the manner used for milling chocolate, for eight or ten minutes; then let it rest as long, and turn it again for the same time; and, having left it to stand half an hour, it is fit to be turned out of the mould, and to be sent to table. Lemon-juice and sugar, and the juices of various kinds of fruits, are frozen without cream; and when cream is used, it should be well mixed. ICE-HILL, a sort of structure common upon the Neva at Petersburgh, which affords a perpetual fund of amusement to the populace. It is constructed in the following manner:-A scaffolding is raised upon the river about thirty feet in height, with a landing place on the top, the ascent to which is by a ladder. From this summit a sloping plain of boards, about four yards broad and thirty long, descends to the superficies of the river; it is supported by strong poles gradually decreasing in height, and its sides are defended by a parapet of planks. Upon these boards are laid square masses of ice about four inches thick, which, being first smoothed with the axe and laid close to each other, are then sprinkled with water; by these means they coalesce, and, adhering to the boards, immediately form an inclined plain of pure ice. From the bottom of this plain the snow is cleared away for the length of 200 yards, and the breadth of four, upon the level bed of the river; and the sides of this course, as well as the sides and top of the scaffolding, are ornamented with firs and pines. Each person, being provided with a sledge, mounts the ladder; and, having attained the summit, he sets himself upon his sledge at the upper extremity of the inclined plain, down which he suffers it to glide with considerable rapidity, poising it as he goes down; when the velocity acquired by the descent carries it above 100 yards upon the level ice of the river. At the end of this course there is usually a similar ice-hill, nearly parallel to the former, which begins where the other ends; so that he immediately mounts again, and in the same manner glides down the other inclined plane of ice. This diversion he repeats as often as he pleases. These ice-hills exhibit a pleasing appearance upon the river, from the trees with which they are ornamented, as well as from the moving objects which at particular times of the day are descending without intermission. ICEHOUSE, a house in which ice is reposited against the warm months. The aspect of icehouses should be towards the east or south-east, for the advantage of the morning sun to expel the damp air, as that is more pernicious than |