esen sometimes transfoms

that the

Live

Apprats healthy f to a

It is not uncommon to see these catertre fixed upon trees, as if they were sitting on their eggs, and it is afterwards discovered arve, which were within their bodies, span their threads, with which, as with coras, the catery ... Is are fastened down, and Plant-lice, the varve of the curculiones, and spider's ears, are also some times the crad, of the achneumon fly. Carcases of pantelice, word of motion, are often found on rose-toe drives; they are the habitation of a smni larva, wrion, after having eaten ap the destroys the springs and inward economy <f the plant-loase, performs its metamorphosis under Salter of the pellice which enfoids it, cor trives itself a small circular outlet, and salhes forth to open air. the woods, who dare attack spiders, run them through with their sting, tear them to pieces, and trus svenge the whole nation of flies of so for midable a foe: others, devitute of wings, and those are females, deposit their eggs in spiders'

entrals,

nests.

There are chneumons in

The Ichneumon of the bedequar, or sweet-briar sponge, and that of the rose-tree, perhaps only deposit their eggs in those places, because they find other insects on which they

feed.

ICHNOGRAPHY, n. s. Gr. ixvos and ypápu. The ground plot.

It will be more intelligible to have a draught of each front in a paper by itself, and also to have a draught of the ground-plot or ichnography of every Moron. story in a paper by itself.

ICHNOGRAPHY, in perspective, from tyvos, footstep, and yoapw, to write, is the view of any thing cut off by a plane parallel to the horizon, just at the base of it.

ICHNOGRAPHY, among painters, signifies a description of images or of ancient statues of marble and copper, of busts and semi-busts, of paintings in fresco, mosaic works, and ancient pieces

of miniature.

I'CHOR, n. s. ) Gr. ixop. A thin sanious I'CHOROUS, adj. watery fluid like serum: ichorous, a serous, sanious, undigested state of a wound or ulcer.

The lung-growth is imputed to a superficial sanious or ichorous exulceration. Harvey on Consumption.

TRY.

Ꭲ

Jack the P ne suis

IPENSER and

i stoglass,

at given by

lass, have greatly stituent matter and

AL delivered thyoqulla, fish-glue, or

both its conton. Nɔ artificial

beat is necessary to the production of isinglass, other is the matter lived for this purpose; for, as the continuity of its fibres would be destroyed by solution, the mass would become tavle in drying, and srap Shirt asunder, which is always the case with glue. but never with singlass. The latter, indeed, may be resolved into glue with bot' ng water: but its fibrous recomposition would be found impracticable afterwards, and a fil rous texture is one of the most distinguishing chara.teristics of genuine isinglass. A due cons.deration that an imperfect solution of singlass, called him by the brewers, possessed a liar property of clarifying malt liquors, indiced me to attempt its analysis in

cold subaci menstruums.

One ounce and a

half of good is.nglass, strepel a few days in a gallon of stale beer, was converted into good firing, of a remarkably thick consistence; the same quantity of glue, under similar treatment, yielded only a mucil inous liquor resembling diluted gun-water, which, instead of clarifying beer, increased both its tenacity and turbidness, and communicated other properties in no respect corresponding with those of genuine fining. If what is commercially termed long or short stapled ism-glass be steeped a few hours in fair cold water, the entwisted membranes will expand, and re-assume their original beautiful hue, and, by a dexterous address, may be perfectly unfolded.' The sounds, or air-bladders, of freshwater fish in general, are preferred for this purpose, as being the most transparent, flexible, delicate substances. These constitute the finest sorts of isinglass; those called book and ordinary staple are made of the intestines, and probably of the peritoneum of the fish. The belluga yields the greatest quantity, as being the largest and most plentiful fish in the Muscovy rivers; but the sounds of all fresh-water fish yield more or less fine isinglass, particularly the smaller sorts, found in prodigious quantities in the Caspian Sea, and several hundred miles beyond Astrakhan, in the Wolga, Yaik, Don, and even as far as Siberia, where it is called kle or kla by the natives, which implies a glutinous matter; it is the basis of the Russian glue, which is preferred to all other kinds for its strength. The

sounds, which yield the finer isinglass, consist of parallel lines, and are easily rent longitudinally; but the ordinary sorts are found composed of double membranes, whose fibres cross each other obliquely, resembling the coats of a bladder; hence the former are more readily pervaded and divided with subacid liquors; but the latter, through a peculiar kind of interwoven texture, are with great difficulty torn asunder, and long resist the power of the same menstruum; yet, when duly resolved, are found to act with equal energy in clarifying liquors. Isinglass receives its different shapes in the following manner: the parts of which it is composed, particularly the sounds, are taken from the fish while sweet and fresh, slit open, washed from their slimy sordes, divested of every thin membrane which envelopes the sound, and then exposed to stiffen a little in the air. In this state they are formed into rolls about the thickness of a finger, and in length according to the intended size of the staple; a thin membrane is generally selected for the centre of the roll, round which the rest are folded alternately, and about half an inch of each extremity of the roll is turned inwards. The due dimensions being thus obtained, the two ends of what is called short staple are pinned together with a small wooden peg; the middle of the roll is then pressed a little downwards, which gives it the resemblance of a heart shape; and thus it is laid on boards, or hung up to dry. The sounds which compose the long staple are longer than the former; but the operator lengthens this sort at pleasure by interfolding the ends of one or more pieces of the sound with each other. The extremities are fastened with a peg like the former; but the middle part of the roll is bent more considerably downwards; and, to preserve the shape of the three obtuse angles thus formed, a piece of round stick, about a quarter of an inch diameter, is fastened in each angle with small wooden pegs, in the same manner as the ends. In this state it is permitted to dry long enough to retain its form, when the pegs and sticks are taken out, and the drying completed; lastly, the pieces of isinglass are colligated in rows, by running packthread through the peg-holes, for convenience of package and exportation. The membranes of the book sort, being thick and refractory, will not admit a similar formation with the preceding; the pieces, therefore, after their sides are folded inwardly, are bent in the centre, in such a manner that the opposite sides resemble the cover of a book, whence the name; a peg, being thus run across the middle, fastens the sides together, and thus it is dried like the former. This sort is interleaved, and the pegs run across the ends, the better to prevent its unfolding. Cake isinglass is formed of the fragments of the staple sorts, put into a flat metalline pan, with a very little water, and heated just enough to make the parts cohere like a pancake when it is dried; but frequently it is overheated, and such pieces are useless in fining. Experience has taught the consumers to reject them. Isinglass is best made in summer, as frost gives it a disagreeable color, deprives it of weight, and impairs its gelatinous principles; its fashionable forms are unnecessary,

and frequently injurious to its native qualities. Isinglass is sometimes used in medicine; and may be given in a thin acrimonious state of the juices, in the same manner as the vegetable gums and mucilages, regard being had to their different disposition to putrescence. Women subject to the fluor albus take it dissolved in milk. See CHEMISTRY.

ICHTHYOLOGY, n. s. Fr. ichthyologie; Gr. ixovoλoyia, from ixous and Aéyw. The doctrine of the nature of fish.

Some there are, as camels and sheep, which carry no name in ichthyology. Browne's Vulgar Errours. ICHTHYOLOGY. See PISCES. ICHTHYOPH'AGY, n. s.

Gr. ἰχθὺς and payw. Diet of fish; the practice of eating fish. İCHTHYOPHAGI (from ιχθυς, fish and φαγείν to eat), nations who according to the fabulous accounts of Herodotus lived only upon fish. They had cattle, but made no use of them, excepting to feed their fish withal: they made their houses of large fish-bones, the ribs of whales serving them for their beams. The jaws of these animals served them for doors; and the mortars wherein they pounded their fish, and baked it in the sun, were nothing else but their vertebræ.

ICHTHYPERIA, in natural history, a name given by Hill to the bony palates and mouths of fishes, usually met with fossile, either in single pieces or fragments. They are of the same substance with the bufonita; and are of very various figures, some broad and short, others longer and slender; some very gibbose, and others plainly arched. They are likewise of various sizes, from the tenth of an inch to two inches long, and an inch in breadth.

ICKENILD STREET, an old Roman highway, so called from the Iceni, which extended from Yarmouth in Norfolk, the east part of the kingdom of the Iceni, to Barley in Hertfordshire, giving name in the way to several villages, as Ickworth, Icklingham, and Ickleton. From Barley to Royston it divides the counties of Cambridge and Hertford. From Ickleford it goes by Tring, crosses Bucks and Oxfordshire, passes the Thames at Goring, and extends to the west of England.

ICOLMKILL, or ICOLUMBKILL, a celebrated island of Scotland, and one of the Hebrides; called also I, Hy, Hii, and anciently Iona: famous for the monastery founded in it by St. Columba. These ruins are much dilapidated, but they are now preserved by a strong wall erected round the chief parts, at the expense of the Argyle family. The cathedral is thirty-eight yards long, and eight broad; the east window of which is a beautiful specimen of Gothic workmanship. In the middle stood a tower, three stories high, supported by four arches. Near the altar-place is a beautiful tomb of black marble, with the figure of the abbot Macfingone. On the north of the cathedral are some remains of the bishop's house, and on the south is a small neat chapel, in which are many curious tombs to the memory of the lords of the isles. Here is also an enclosed burying-ground, containing the tombs of forty-eight Scottish kings, four kings of Ireland, eight of Norway, and one of France, all buried

here from the supposed peculiar sanctity of the ground. Bede calls it Hi; but the proper name is I, which in the Gaelic signifies an island. The name lona is now quite lost, and it is always called I, except when the speaker would wish to lay an emphasis upon the word; it is then called Icolumkill. It lies in the Atlantic, and is separated from the west point of Ross by a narrow channel, called the Sound of I. It is about three miles long, and from half a mile to a mile in breadth. It is flat, consisting of heath, green pasture, rocks, and arable ground, very fertile.'

I'CON, n. s. Greek, covorλans, ICONOCLAST, n. s. εικών and κλάζω. Icon, ICONOLOGY, n. s. picture, or representation: iconoclast, a breaker of images: iconology, the doctrine of representation by a picture.

Some of our own nation, and many Netherlanders, whose names and icons are published, have deserved

good commendation.

Hakewill on Providence.

Boysardus, in his tract of divination, hath set forth the icons of these ten, yet added two others.

Browne's Vulgar Errors. ICONIUM, in ancient geography, the capital city of Lycaonia in Asia Minor, now called Cogni. St. Paul coming to Iconium (Acts xiii. 51; xiv. 1, &c.), in A. D. 45, converted many Jews and Gentiles there. But some incredulous Jews excited the Gentiles to rise against Paul and Barnabas, which obliged them to fly to the neighbouring cities. St. Paul undertook a second journey to Iconium, A. D. 51.

ICONOCLASTE, ICONOCLASTES, ICONOCLASTS, are titles which the church of Rome gives to all who reject the use of images. Not only the reformed, but some of the eastern churches, are called Iconoclastæ, and esteemed by them heretios, as opposing the worship of the images of God and the sainsts, and breaking their representations in churches. The opposition to images began in Greece under the emperor Bardanes, soon after the commencement of the eighth century, when the worship of them became common. But the tumults occasioned by it were quelled by a revolution, which, in 713, deprived Bardanes of the imperial throne. The dispute, however, broke out with redoubled fury under Leo the Isaurian, who issued out an edict, in 726, abrogating the worship of images. This edict occasioned a civil war, which broke out in the islands of the Archipelago, and ravaged a part of Asia, and afterwards reached Italy. The civil commotions in Italy were chiefly promoted by the Roman pontiffs, Gregory 1. and II. Leo was excommunicated, and his subjects in the Italian provinces, rising in arms, either massacred or banished all the emperor's officers. Leo however assembled a council at Constantinople in 730, which degraded Germanus, the bishop of that city, who was a patron of images; and ordered all the images to be publicly burnt. But the zeal of Gregory II. in favor of imageworship was surpassed by his successor Gregory III.; in consequence of which the Italian provinces were torn from the Grecian empire. Constantine Copronymus, in 754, convened a council at Constantinople, regarded by the Greeks as the seventh ecumenical council, which solemnly

condemned the worship and use of images; and his successor Leo IV. pursued the same measures, and enacted penal statutes to extirpate idolatry. Irene, who poisoned her husband Leo in 780, and usurped the throne during the minority of her son Constantine, summoned a council at Nice in Bithynia, in 786, called the second Nicene council, which restored the worship of images, and denounced severe punishments against those who maintained, that God was the only object of religious adoration. Charlemagne distinguished himself as a mediator in this con troversy: he ordered four books to be composed, refuting the arguments urged by the Nicene bishops to justify the worship of images; which he sent to pope Adrian in 700, to engage him to withdraw his approbation of the decrees of the last council of Nice. Adrian wrote an answer; and in 794 a council of 300 bishops, assembled by Charlemagne at Frankfort on the Maine, confirmed the opinion contained in the four books, and solemnly condemned the worship of images. In the Greek church, after the banishment of Irene, the controversy concerning images broke out anew, and was carried on by the contending parties, during half the ninth century, with various success. The emperor Nicephorus appears to have been an enemy to this worship; but his successor, Michael Curopalates, patronised and encouraged it. But the scene changed on the accession of Leo the Armenian, who assembled a council at Constantinople in 814, that abolished the decrees of the Nicene council. His suc cessor, Michael Balbus, disapproved the worship of images, and his son Theophilus treated the idolaters with great severity. However, the empress Theodora, after his death, and during the minority of her son, assembled a council at Constantinople in 842, which approved the decrees of the second Nicene council, and restored image-worship. The council held under Photius in 879, reckoned by the Greeks the eighth general council, also confirmed the Nicene decrees; upon which a festival was instituted by the Greeks, called the feast of orthodoxy. The council of Paris, assembled in 824 by Louis the Meek, allowed the use of images in churches, but prohibited rendering them religious worship. But, towards the conclusion of this century, the Gallican clergy began to pay a kind of religious homage to the images of saints, and their example was followed by the Germans and other nations. However, the Iconoclasta still had their adherents among the Latins; the most eminent of whom was Claudius, bishop of Turin, who, in 823, ordered all images, and even the cross, to be cast out of the churches, and burnt; and he wrote a treatise against the use and worship of them. The controversy was again revived by Leo bishop of Chalcedon, in the eleventh century, on the emperor Alexius's converting the silver images that adorned the churches into money, to supply the exigencies of the state. The bishop maintained that he had been guilty of sacrilege, and published a treatise to show that in these images there resided an inherent sanctity, and that the adoration of Christians ought to be extended to them. Alexius assembled a council at Constantinople, which determined, that the images of

Christ and the saints were to be honored only with a relative worship; and that invocation and worship were to be addressed to the saints only as the servants of Christ. In the western church the worship of images was opposed by several considerable parties, as the Petrobrussians, Albigenses, Waldenses, &c., till at length this idolatrous practice was entirely abolished in many parts of the Christian world by the Reformation.

ICONOGRAPHIA, or ICONOGRAPHY, from ELKOV, and ypapw, I describe. The description of images or ancient statues of marble and copper; also of busts and semi-busts, penates, paintings in fresco, mosaic works, and ancient pieces of miniature.

ICONOLATRÆ, or ICONOLATRES, from Eurov, and Xarpevw, I worship, or Iconoduli, those who worship images: a name which the Iconoclastæ give to those of the Romish communion on account of their adoring images. See ICONO

CLASTE.

ICOSAHEDRON, in geometry, a regular solid, consisting of twenty triangular pyramids, whose vertexes meet in the centre of a sphere supposed to circumscribe it; and therefore have their height and bases equal: wherefore the solidity of one of these pyramids multiplied by twenty, the number of bases, gives the solid contents of the icosahedron.

ICOSANDRIA, from root, twenty, and avne, a husband, the name of the twelfth class in Linnæus's sexual method, consisting of plants with hermaphrodite flowers, which are furnished with twenty or more stamina, inserted into the inner side of the calyx or petals. See BOTANY. ICTER'ICAL, n. s. Fr. icterique; Lat. icte Afflicted with the jaundice: a term applied to remedies for the cure of jaundice.

rus.

In the jaundice the choler is wanting, and the icterical have a great sourness, and gripes with windiness. Floyer.

ICTERUS, the jaundice. See MEDICINE. ICY CAPE, the most north-western head-land of North America, opposite to Cape North in Asia. The opening into Bhering's Straits runs between them.

IDA, in ancient geography, a mountain in the heart of Crete, the highest in the island; sixty stadia in compass; the nursing place of Jupiter. Also the name of the mountain of Mysia, or rather a chain of mountains, extending from Zeleia, on the south of the territory of Cyzicus, to Lectum, the utmost promontory of Troas, &c. It was covered with green wood, and the elevation of its top opened a fine extensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent countries; for which reason it was frequented by the gods during the Trojan war, according to Homer. The top was called Gangara, and celebrated by the poets for the judgment of Paris. See PARIS. IDALIUM, in ancient geography, a promontory on the east side of Cyprus, now called Capo di Griego; with a high rugged eminence rising over it, in the form of a table; sacred to Venus. The eminence was covered with a grove. IDE'A, n. s. Fr. idée; Gr. idea. Mental IDE'AL, adj. image: ideal, pertaining to IDEALLY, adv. mind; mental; intellectual; fanciful; not perceived by the senses.

How good, how fair,

Answering his great idea! Milton's Paradise Lost. A transmission is made materially from some parts, and ideally from every one. Browne's Vulgar Errours. Happy you that may to the saint, your only idea Although simply attired, your manly affection utter. Sidney.

If Chaucer by the best idea wrought,

The fairest nymph before his eyes he set. Dryden. Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or is the standing, that I call idea. immediate object of perception, thought, or underLocke.

There is a two-fold knowledge of material things; one real, when the thing, and real impression of things on our senses, is perceived; the other ideal, when the image or idea of a thing, absent in itself, is represented to and considered on the imagination.

idea.

Cheyne's Philosophical Principles.

The form under which these things appear to the mind, or the result of our apprehension, is called an Watts. Delightful task! to rear the tender thought, To teach the young idea how to shoot, To pour the fresh instruction o'er the mind, To breathe the enlivening spirit, and to fix The generous purpose, in the glowing breast. Thomson. Fr. identité; Lat. idem. Sameness, as opposed to diversity, whether ap

IDENTITY, n. s. IDENTICAL, adj. IDEN'TIC, adj.

plied to persons or things; comprising the saine idea.

Their majus is identical with magis.

The beard's the identick beard you knew, The same numerically true.

Hale.

Hudibras.

There is fallacy of equivocation from a society in name, inferring an identity in nature: by this fallacy was he deceived that drank aqua-fortis for strong Browne's Vulgar Errours.

water.

Those ridiculous identical propositions, that faith is faith, and rule is a rule, are first principles in this Controversy of the rule of faith, without which nothing

can be solidly concluded either about rule or faith. Tillotson's Sermons.

mined time and place, we compare it with self existConsidering any thing as existing, at any detering at another time, and thereon form the ideas of identity and diversity. Locke.

Certainly those actions must needs be regular, where there is an identity between the rule and the faculty.

South's Sermons.

By cutting off the sense at the end of every first line which must always rhime to the next following, is produced too frequent an identity in sound, and brings Prior.

every couplet to the point of an epigram. successive duration, as we clearly and distinctly perIf this pre-existent eternity is not compatible with a ceive that it is not, then it remains, that some being, though infinitely above our finite comprehensions, must have had an identical, invariable continuance from all eternity, which being is no other than God. Bentley's Sermons

IDES, n s. Fr. ides; Lat. idus. A term anciently used among the Romans, and still re

tained in the Romish kalendar. It is the 13th day of each month, except in the months of March, May, July and October, in which it is the 15th day, because in these four months it was six days before the nones, and in the others four days.

A soothsayer bids you beware of the ides of March. Shakspeare.

IDES, in the ancient Roman kalendar, the name given to the thirteenth day of the month, except in March, May, July, and October, in which it fell on the fifteenth. The origin of the word is contested. Some will have it formed from de, to see; because the.full moon was commonly seen on the days of the ides: others from dog, figure, from the image of the full moon then visible: others from the Hetrurian word iduo, i. e. I divide, because the ides divided the moon into two nearly equal parts. The ides came between the kalends and the nones; and, like them, were reckoned backwards. Thus they called the fourteenth day of March, May, July, and October, and the twelfth of the other monthis, pridie idus, or the day before the ides; the next preceding day they called the terta idus; the next quarta, and so on, reckoning always backwards till they came to the nones. This method of reckoning time is still retained in the chancery of Rome, and in the kalendar of the breviary. The ides of May were consecrated to Mercury: the ides of March were esteemed unhappy, after the murder of Cæsar on that day; the ides of August were consecrated to Diana, and were observed as a feast day by the slaves. On the ides of September, auguries were taken for appoint ing the magistrates, who formerly entered into their offices on the ides of May, afterwards on those of March.

IDES (Evert Ysbrant), a Russian traveller employed by Peter the Great, was a native of Gluckstadt in Holstein, and, entering into the service of the czar, was in 1692 sent on an embassy to China. After his return to Europe he published the Travels of Ysbrant Ides from Moscow to China, which were translated into English, and printed in 1 vol. 4to. in 1706. IDIOCRACY, Fr. idiocrase; Greek IDIOCRATICAL, adj. ίδιος, κρασις and

n. s.

IDIOSYNCRASY, n. s. SPeculiarity of constitution; peculiar temperament or disposition of body.

Whether quails, from any idiosyncrasy or peculiarity of constitution, do innocuously feed upon hellebore, or rather sometimes but medicinally use the same.

Browne's Vulgar Errours. The understanding also hath its idiosyncrasies, as well as other faculties. Glanville's Scepsis. IDIOCY, n. s. Fr. idiot; Latin idiota; IDIOT, n. s. Gr. Lowrid, Lerng, tur. ID'IOTISM, n. s. Idiot is a fool; a IDIOT'IC, adj. natural: an imbecile person without the powers of reason: idiocy want of understanding: idiotism, folly; mental imbecility; also peculiarity of expression; more properly called idiom: idiotic, foolish; weak; senseless; like an idiotic. This word is often used in a meaning inferior to its full import.

By idle boys and ideots vilified,

Who me and my calamities deride. Sandys.

Life is a tale,

Told by an ideot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Shakspeare. Macbeth. What else doth he herein, than by a kind of circumlocution tell his humble suppliants that he holds them ideots, or base wretches, not able to get relief?

Raleigh's Essays.

I stand not upon their idiocy in thinking that horses did eat their bits. Bacon.

Embryos and idiots, eremites and friars, White, black and grey, with all their trumpery.

Milton.

Scholars sometimes in common speech, or writing, in their native language, give terminations and idiotiams suitable to their native language unto words newly invented. Hule. Many idiots will believe that they see what they only hear.

Dennis.

IDIOCY, and Lunacy, in law, excuse from the guilt of crimes. See CRIME. For the rule of law,' says Blackstone, as to lunatics, which also may be easily adapted to idiots, is, that furiosus furore solum punitur. In criminal cases, therefore, idiots and lunatics are not chargeable for their own acts, if committed when under these incapacities; no, not even for treason itself.'

IDIOM, n.s. Fr. idiome; Gr. idiopa. IDIOMATICAL, adj. A mode of speaking peIDIOMATIC, adj. Sculiar to a language or dialect; the particular cast of a tongue; a phrase; phraseology.

He did Romanize our tongue, leaving the words translated as much Latin as he found them; wherein he followed their language, but did not comply with the idiom of ours. Dryden.

Some that with care true cloquence shall teach, And to just idioms fix our doubtful speech. Prior. Since phrases used in conversation contract meanness by passing through the mouths of the vulgar, a poet should guard himself against idiomatick ways of speaking. Spectator.

IDIOPATHY, n.s. Fr. idiopathie; Gr. tĉtog and a0os. A primary disease that neither depends on nor proceeds from another.

IDIOPATHY, in medicine, is opposed to sympathy. Thus, an epilepsy is idiopathic when it happens merely through some injury in the brain ; and sympathetic when it is the consequence of some other disorder.

IDIOT, or IDEOr, in law, denotes a fool from his birth. See IDIOCY and LUNACY. A person who has understanding enough to measure a yard of cloth, number twenty rightly, and tell the days of the week, &c., is not an idiot in the eye of the law. But a man who is born deaf, dumb, and blind, is considered by the law in the same state as an idiot. Indeed it is doubted, if ever such an unfortunate human being has existed. See ANATOMY.