Herbert.

To meet together where I lay, And all in sport to jeer at me. My children abroad are driven to disavow me, for fear of being jeered. Howel's England's Tears. Abstain from dissolute laughter, petu ant uncomely jests, loud talking and jeering, which are called indecencies, and incivilities. Taylor.

He jeeringly demandeth, whether the sonorous rays are refracted. Derham.

Midas, exposed to all the jeers,
Had lost his art, and kept his ears.

They tipt the forehead in a jeer,
As who should say she wants it here;
She
may be handsome, yonng, and rich;
But none will burn her for a witch.

Swift.

Id.

JEFFERSON (Thomas, esq.) late president of the United States. He was born April 2d, 1743, according to some accounts, in the county of Albemarle, Virginia, at Shadwell, a country seat which now belongs to his grandson, within a short distance of Monticello, and about half a mile distant from his Ravannah mills; but, according to others, in Chesterfield county. His family were amongst the earliest emigrants to Virginia; of which colony his grandfather, Thomas Jefferson was a native. His father Peter Jefferson, and colonel Fry, were commissioned to determine the boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina in the year 1747. Mr. Jefferson was educated in America: he received the highest honors at the college of William and Mary; and studied law under the celebrated George Wythe, late chancellor of Virginia. He applied himself closely to the study of geometry, geography, natural history, and astronomy; and he was devotedly attached to literature and the fine arts. When he came of age, in 1764, he was put into the nomination of justices of the county in which he lived; at the first election following he became one of its representatives in the legislature, and, before he had attained his twenty-fifth year, he was a distinguished member of the Virginia assembly, taking an active part in all the measures adopted in opposition to the English government. In 1775 he is said to have been the author of the Protest against the Propositions of lord North. From the assembly of Virginia he was sent to the old congress, which brought about the revolution, and was there distinguished by the warmth of his sentiments and the energy of his compositions. He was afterwards employed from 1777 to 1779 with Mr. Pendleton and Mr. Wythe in the revisal and reduction to a single code of the whole body of the English statutes, the acts of the Virginia assembly, and certain parts of the common law. In 1780 (succeeding Patrick Henry, the successor of lord Dunmore), he was elected governor of Virginia, an office which he held during the whole of the revolutionary war. Much difference of opinion occurred respecting his conduct as governor, at the time of the invasion of Virginia by Cornwallis

vernment.

In

and Arnold; but, as he received the thanks of his fellow-citizens, it must be presumed that by them, at least, it was deemed satisfactory. 1783 he was employed in drawing up a constitution for Virginia. He was nominated ambassador to Spain, but his destination was subsequently changed to France. There, obtaining the confidence of Vergennes and Calonne, he obtained many concessions in favor of American commerce. From France he came over to England, went back to Versailles, and returned to America in 1789, rendering to Mr. Jay, the minister to foreign affairs, a satisfactory account of his negociations. Shortly after his return he was appointed secretary of state to the new goSoon after the house of representatives directed him to form a plan for reducing the currency, weights, and measures, to one standard; and subsequently he was also employed to draw up a report respecting the fisheries. Early in 1794 he resigned his office as secretary of state, and retired to his seat at Monticello. From that period he was regarded as the chief of the opposition. After remaining some time in retirement he was, in 1797, called on to fill the vice-president's chair, under Mr. Adams, and, on the expiration of that gentleman's term, in 1801, elected his successor. In 1805 he was re-elected; and, in his first message to the senate and house of representatives, he developed his project of improvement in the public administration. In 1807, in consequence of the differences which arose between the governments of Great Britain and the United States, he called a meeting extraordinary of the congress, and submitted to them his plan for defending the country. To preserve the shipping and commerce of America from the cruisers of France and England, he laid an embargo on al. the ports of the United States, until the danger was over When his second term of presidentship had nearly expired he was solicited by the assembly of Pennsylvania to accept the office a third time. This, however, he resolutely refused, was succeeded by Mr. Maddison, and, like his friend Washington, retired to private life, in which he died 4th July, 1826. Mr. Jefferson in 1774 published A summary View of the Rights of British America. In 1781 appeared his Notes on Virginia. He has also written Memoirs on the Fossil Bones found in America. As an agriculturist he was active, and fond of experiment. He invented a new plough, or rather effected an improvement in the old one. At an early age Mr. Jefferson married the daughter of Mr. Wright, a barrister in Virginia. By her, who has been some years dead, he had four daughters, only one of whom, we believe, survives.

JEFFERSON, a county of Indiana, United States, bounded on the east by Switzerland county, on the south by the river Ohio, on the west by the county of Clark, and on the north by Indian lands. It contains excellent land, and is watered by several streams running into the Ohio.

JEFFERSON, another county of the United States, in Kentucky, bounded north and west by the Ohio River, south by Nelson county, and south-east and east by Shelby. Louisville, at the rapids of the Ohio, is the chief town.

JEFFERSON, a county of the United States, in Ohio, bounded on the north by Columbiana county, on the west by Harrison county, on the south by Belmont county, and on the east by the Ohio. The chief town is Steubenville.

JEFFERSON, a county of the United States, in East Tennessee. Dandridge, the chief town. JEFFERSON, a county of Georgia, erected in 1796 from the counties of Burke and Warren. JEFFERSON'S RIVER, one of the three branches into which the Missouri is divided, near its source, and so called in honor of the late president Jefferson, by captains Lewis and Clarke, in 1806. It abounds with beavers, by whose operations the channel is almost dammed up, and falls into the Missouri, 2848 miles from its mouth, in lat. 45° 22′ 34′′ N.

JEFFERSONIA, a genus of plants so named in honor of the late president of the United States. Class and order pentandria monogynia: CAL. below, composed of five short oval imbricated leaves; COR. monophyllous, funnel-shaped on the receptacle, sub-pentangular, bearing the filaments near the base, its margin hypocrateriform, divided into five round ducts nearly equal; style petiform, shorter than the petal, but longer than the stamens; stigma quadrifid; antheræ erect, linear, sagittated; fruit two univalved, carinated, polyspermous capsules, united at the base, opening on their tops and contiguous sides, having flat seeds, with a marginal wing. Only one species is as yet discovered, viz :

J. sempervirens. It is a shrub with round polished twining stems, which climb up on bushes and small trees; the petioles short, opposite; leaves oblong, narrow, entire, evergreen, acute; flowers axillary, yellow, having a sweet odor. The woods in Georgia are full of this delightful shrub, which is covered with blossoms for many months in the year.

JEFFREYS (Sir George), baron Wem, commonly called Judge Jeffreys, was the sixth son of John Jeffreys, esq., of Acton in Denbighshire; and was educated at Westminster; whence he removed to the Inner Temple, where he applied himself to the study of the law. He soon became recorder of London, and was next made solicitor to the duke of York; and in 1689 was knighted, and made chief justice of Chester. At length, resigning the recordership, he obtained the post of chief-justice of the King's-bench, and, soon after the accession of James II., the great seal. During the reign of king Charles II. he had shown himself a bitter enemy to those dissenting ministers, who, in that time of persecution, were tried by him; and was one of the greatest advisers and promoters of all the oppressions and arbitrary measures carried on in the reign of James II.; and his sanguinary and inhuman proceedings against Monmouth's adherents in the west will ever render his name infamous. See ENGLAND. Whenever the prisoner was of a different party, or he could please James by condemning him, instead of appearing, according to the duty of his office, as his counsel, he would scarcely allow him to speak for himself; but would load him with the grossest and most vulgar abuse, browbeating, insulting, and ridiculing the witnesses that spoke in his behalf;

and even threatening the jury with fines and imprisonment, if they made the least hestitation in bringing in the prisoner guilty. Yet it is said, that, when he was under no state influence, he could occasionally act uprightly. The mayor and aldermen of Bristol had been used to transport convicted criminals to the American plantations, and sell them for their own private emolument, privately threatening to hang petty thieves if they did not petition for transportation. This infamous trade, which had been carried on many years, coming to the knowledge of the lord chief-justice, he made the mayor stand at the bar in his scarlet and fur, with his guilty brethren the aldermen, and plead as common criminals. He then obliged them to give securities to answer informations; but the proceedings were stopped by the revolution. On the arrival of the prince of Orange, the lord chancellor, dreading the public resentment, disguised himself in a seaman's dress, in order to leave the kingdom; and was drinking in a cellar, when he was recognised by a scrivener, who gave notice that he was there; and the mob rushing in, seized him, and carried him before the lord mayor; who sent him with a strong guard to the lords of the council, by whom he was committed to the Tower, where he died April 18th, 1689.

JE'GGET, n. s. A kind of sausage.

JEHOVAH, or JAH, ¡, signifies the Being who is self-existent, and gives existence to others. The Jews had so great a veneration for this name that they left off the custom of pronouncing it, whereby its true pronunciation was forgotten. They call it tetragrammaton, or the name with four letters; and assert, that whoever knows the true pronunciation of it cannot fail to be heard by God.

JEHUD, or JOUD, mountains in the northwest part of Hindostan Proper, extending from Attock east, to Bember. They are part of the territory of the mountaineers, called Gickers, Gehkers, or Kakares. After Timur had passed the Indus, in 1398, the chiefs of these mountains came to make their submission to him; as Ambisares, the king of the same country, did to Alexander about 1730 years before.

JEJUNE', adj.

Lat. jejunus. Empty, JEJUNE NESS, n. s.) vacant; hungry; dry : deficient in matter; jejuneness, penury; po

JELLY is a form of food, or medicine, prepared from the juice of ripe fruits, boiled to a proper consistence with sugar; or the strong decoctions of the horns, bones, or extremities of animals, boiled to such a height as to be stiff and firm when cold, without the addition of sugar. The jellies of fruits are cooling, saponaceous, and acescent, and therefore are good in all disorders of the prima viæ, arising from alkalescent juices. Jellies made from animal substances are all alkalescent, and, therefore, good in all cases in which an acidity of the humors prevails: the alkalescent quality is, however, in a great measure taken off by the addition of lemon juice and sugar. A sort of jellies were formerly much in use, called compoun jellies; these had the restorative medicinal drugs added to them, but they are now seldom prescribed.

JELLY, OAT, a preparation of common oats, recommended by many of the German physicians in hectic disorders, to be taken with broth of snails or cray-fish. It is made by boiling a large quantity of oats, after the husk is taken off, with some hartshorn and currants, together with a leg of veal cut in pieces, and with the bones all broken. These are to be set over the fire with a large quantity of water, till the whole is reduced to a jelly; which, when strained and cold, will be very firm. A few spoonfuls are to be taken every morning, diluted with a basin of either of the above-mentioned broths, or any other warm liquor.

JEMAULABAD, formerly Narsinga Augady, a town and fortress of India, in the province of Canara. The fort, which has existed from time immemorial, was thoroughly repaired by Tippoo Sultan, and is built upon an immense rock, wholly inaccessible except by one narrow path; it may, indeed, be deemed impregnable. It yielded, however, to the British arms after a few days bombardment in 1799. Long. 75° 24′ E., lat. 13° N.

JEMME, EL, the ancient Tisdra, or Tisdrus, a town of Tunis, in Africa, distinguished by its splendid remains of antiquity. Here is a spacious and beautiful amphitheatre, which consisted originally of sixty-four arches, and four ranges of columns. The highest range is nearly fallen; and Mahomet Bey, during a revolt of the Arabs, lately caused four of the arches to be blown up, in order that it might not be converted into a fortress. In other respects this monument is entire. El Jemme also contains many altars with defaced inscriptions, columns and fragments, one of which is a naked trunk of a Venus, in the posture and dimensions of the Medicean. Ninety miles south of Tunis.

JENA, a small town of the interior of Germany, on the Saale, in the grand duchy of SaxeWeimar. It is surrounded on every side by hills of considerable elevation; and has above 5000 inhabitants, who derive their subsistence

chiefly from the university, the three yearly fairs, and some small manufactures of linen and hats. The only public building worth notice is the ducal castle, where a branch of the family of Weimar resides, and in which there is a good library, a museum, and cabinet of natural history. In the vicinity is the old castle of Kirchberg,

now in ruins.

Jena is most remarkable for its university, founded in 1558. It belongs to four proprietors, the grand duke having one-half, and the other half being shared between Saxe-Gotha, SaxeCoburg, and Saxe Meinungen. It has four faculties, viz. divinity, law, medicine, and philosophy, which are taught by eighteen regular and fifteen extraordinary professors: there are also private teachers in the town. The number of students varies considerably; in 1818 they did not exceed 600. Here are also two literary societies; one called the Latin Society, established in 1734; the other a Society for the investigation of the natural history of Germany: the members of both have distinguished themselves; and the literary journals of this place are in great repute in Germany. Another considerable institution at Jena is its court of appeal, which received a considerable extension of jurisdiction in 1816. It is forty-three miles south-west of Leipsic, and thirteen miles east by south of Weimar. For an account of the sanguinary battle of Jena, see PRUSSIA.

JENGHIZ, or JENGHIZ KHAN, khan or emperor of the Moguls, one of the most bloody conquerors that ever existed, was born in 1193, and began to reign when he was only thirteen years of age. He conquered Cathay, Corea, the greatest part of China, and almost all Asia. He destroyed about 14,000,000 of the human race, under pretence of extirpating superstition, and establishing the worship of one God. See MoGULS. He died A. D. 1237.

JENKIN (Robert), a learned English divine in the eighteenth century, who was educated at Cambridge, became master of St. John's College, and wrote several books much esteemed; viz. 1. An Historical examination of the authority of General Councils, 4to.; 2. The Reasonableness and Certainty of the Christian Religion, 2 vols. 8vo; 3. Defensio S. Augustini, written against M. Le Clerc; 4. A Translation from the French of the Life of Apollonius Tyanaus.

JENKINS (Sir Leoline), a learned civilian and able statesman of the eighteenth century, born in Glamorganshire about 1623. Being obnoxious to the parliament, during the civil war, he went abroad; but, returning on the Restoration, he was admitted an advocate in the court of the arches, and succeeded Dr. Exton as judge. When the queen-mother Henrietta died in 1669, at Paris, her whole estate, real and personal, was claimed by her nephew, Louis XIV.; upon which Dr. Jenkins's opinion being called for, and approved, he went to Paris, with three others, on a commission, and recovered her effects; for which he received the honor of knighthood. He officiated as one of the mediators at the treaty of Nimeguen; in which tedious negociation he was engaged about four years and a half; and

was afterwards made a privy counsellor and secretary of state. He died in 1685, and, as he never married, bequeathed his whole estate to charitable uses, and became so great a benefactor to Jesus College, Oxford, that he is generally looked on as the second founder. All his letters and papers were collected and printed in 1724, in 2 vols. folio.

JENKINSON (Charles), first earl of Liverpool, was the eldest son of colonel Jenkinson, the youngest son of Sir Robert Jenkinson, the second baronet of the family, which had been respectably settled at Walcot, near Charlbury, Oxon. for above a century. He was born in 1727, and educated at the Charter House, on the foundation whence he removed to University College, Oxford, and took his degree of M. A. there in 1752. The family was not at this time opulent and Mr. Jenkinson is said to have assisted himself considerably in early life by his literary talents. He printed Verses on the Death of Frederick, prince of Wales, which attracted some notice; and in 1756 published A Discourse on the Establishment of a Constitutional Force in England; this was succeeded by A Discourse on the Conduct of Great Britain in regard to Neutral Nations, during the present War, 1758. He was also a contributor to the early numbers of the Monthly Review. In 1761 he obtained a seat in parliament through the influence of lord Bute, and was made under-secretary of state. In 1766 he became a lord of the Admiralty, from which board he subsequently removed to that of the Treasury. In 1772 he was appointed vicetreasurer of Ireland, and soon after obtained the sinecure of the clerkship of the Pells. In 1778 he was secretary at war, and, on the dissolution of the administration of lord North, joined that portion of it which supported Mr. Pitt. He now became president of the board of trade, to which office he united in 1786 the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancaster. In the same year he was elevated to the peerage, by the title of baron Hawkesbury, of Hawkesbury, in the county of Gloucester; and in 1796 became earl of Liverpool. His death took place on the 7th of December, 1808. Lord Liverpool was thought to enjoy, in a particular manner, the favor and confidence of George III.; and, having early devoted his attention to politics, he became exceedingly conversant with the law of nations, and the principles and details of commerce. Besides the works above-mentioned he was the author of A Collection of Treatises from 1646 to 1673, 3 vols. 8vo., 1785; and A Treatise on the Coins of the Realm, in a Letter to the King, 1805.

JENNENS (Charles), generally known by the jocose appellation which his profusion gained him, of Solyman the Magnificent He was a native of Gopsal, in Leicestershire, and employed a large fortune, acquired by his family in trade at Birmingham, as well in the encouragement of literature as in the most unbounded hospitality, and in the keeping up of a princely establishment. The selection of the words for Handel's celebrated oratorio, the Messiah, is ascribed to him, and he had in contemplation a splendid edition of the works of Shakspeare. VOL. XI

JENNER (Edward), M. D., F. R.S., was the son of the Rev. Stephen Jenner, vicar of Berkeley, in Gloucestershire, where he was born, May 17th, 1749. He was apprenticed to Mr. Ludlow, a surgeon, at Cirencester, on leaving whom, he became a pupil of the celebrated John Hunter, at St. George's Hospital, and while there received an offer to go out with captain Cook in his first voyage; and another to accompany Mr. Warren Hastings to Bengal. These proposals were declined; and he chose to settle at Berkeley, where he studied natural history; and communicated to the Royal Society a paper on the habits of the cuckoo, which was inserted in their Transactions for 1788. Prior to this period he had been endeavouring to investigate the nature of cow-pox, from observing, that among the dairy people of Gloucestershire many resisted inoculation. On enquiry, he found that the cause of this lay uniformly in the patients' having been infected with another cutaneous disease, contracted from their cows. Mr. Jenner now proceeded in a course of experiments to ascertain whether the matter of the cow-pox, transmitted from one inoculated person to another, would prove a preventive of the small-pox. The result was confirmatory of his expectations, and in 1798, having previously taken his doctor's degree at Edinburgh, he published An Enquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Cow-pox, which was followed the next year by Farther Observations on the Variole Vaccine. The subject now became one of general interest, and honors and rewards crowded in upon the thor; the University of Oxford presented him with a medical degree by diploma; he was chosen a fellow of the royal and various literary societies; and he received the grant of £20,000 from parliament. After a career of successful practice at Cheltenham as a physician, and a life devoted to the benefit of mankind, Dr. Jenner died suddenly of an apoplectic stroke at Berkeley, January 25th, 1823. The emperor of Russia, when in this country in 1814, sought an interview with Dr. Jenner, treated him with great attention, and offered, it is said, to bestow a Russian order of nobility on him. He also visited the king of Prussia, marshal Blucher, and the cossack general count Platoff, the latter of whom said to him, Doctor, you have extinguished the most pestilental disorder that ever appeared on the banks of the Don.'