within twenty minutes, lay down their arms, he would attack them. An attack was accordingly made with such impetuosity, that the French were totally routed in less than half an hour, and driven into the market-place, where they endeavoured to make a stand. Their commander, exasperated at this change of affairs, endeavoured to wreak his vengeance on the captive governor, whom he obliged to stand by his side during the whole time of the conflict. This, however, was quickly over; the French were broken on all sides, the baron himself mortally wounded, and the next in command obliged to surrender himself and the whole party prisoners of war; the captive governor escaped without a wound. This last disaster put an end to all hopes of the French ministry of being able to reduce the island, and was indeed no small mortification to them; 800 troops having been landed at that time, of which not one escaped. During the late wars Jersey flourished, and was we believe never attacked.

JERSEY, NEW, one of the United States of North America, is bounded north by New York, east by the Hudson and the Atlantic, south by the Atlantic, and west by Delaware Bay and River, which separates it from the states of Delaware and Pennsylvania. It is 163 miles long, and fifty-two broad; containing 8320 square miles. Population, in 1790, 184,189; in 1800 211,149; and, in 1810, 245,592, of whom 10,851 were slaves, and 7843 free blacks. The number of militia, in 1817, amounted to 35,169.

Trenton is the seat of government. The other most considerable towns are Newark, New Brunswick, Elizabeth-town, Burlington, and Amboy. There are fourteen banks in this state; and the counties, number of townships, population, and chief towns, are thus exhibited :

The three northern counties, Sussex, Morris, and Bergen, are mountainous. The next four, Hunterdon, Somerset, Essex, and Middlesex, are agreeably diversified with hills and valleys. South Mountain, a great ridge of the Alleghany range, crosses the state in lat. 41° N., and the Kittatinny ridge crosses a little to the north of South Mountain. The greater part of the six southern counties is composed of the long range of level country, which commences at Sandy Hook, and lines the coast of the middle and southern states. Much of this range is nearly barren, producing only shrub oaks and yellow pines; but the rest of the state has a large proportion of good soil, excellent for grazing, and for the various purposes of agriculture. The productions are wheat, rye, maize, buck-wheat, potatoes, oats, and barley. Great numbers of cattle are raised in the mountainous parts for the markets of New York and Philadelphia. Large quantities of butter and cheese are also made. New Jersey is remarkable for an excellent breed of horses. The exports are flour, wheat, horses, cattle, hams, cyder, lumber, flax seed, leather, and iron. The greater part of the produce exported from this state passes through New York and Philadelphia.

Great quantities of leather are manufactured at the valuable tanneries of Trenton, Newark, and Elizabethtown. Large quantities of shoes are made at Newark. There is a glass-house in Gloucester county, and there are paper mills and nail manufactories in various parts of the state. But the most important manufacture is that of iron. In the county of Morris there are seven rich iron mines, two furnaces, two rolling and slitting mills, and about thirty forges. The annual produce of these works is about 540 tons of bar iron, 800 tons of pig, besides large quantities of hollow ware, sheet iron, and nail rods. There are also iron-works in the counties of Burlington, Gloucester, Sussex, &c. The annual produce in the whole state is computed at about 1200 tons of bar iron, 1200 tons of pig, and eighty tons of nails, exclusive of small articles.

Two colleges have been incorporated in this state, one at Princeton, and one at New Brunswick. The latter is not at present in operation. There are theological seminaries at Princeton and New Brunswick; and academies have been established at Amboy, Aniwell, Baskingridge, Bedminster, Bergen, Bloomfield, Bordentown, Bridgetown, Burlington, Camden, Elizabethtown. Flemington, Hackinsack, Morristown, New Brunswick, Newark, Newton, Salem, Springfield, Somerville, and Trenton. Most of these academies have but small funds, and five or six of them are not incorporated.

The most numerous denomination of Christians in New Jersey is the English Presbyterians, who have seventy-four churches, and fifty-nine clergymen. The Dutch Reformed have thirty-one churches, and twenty clergymen; the Baptists have thirty churches, and twenty-three, clergymen; the Episcopalians have twenty-four churches, and eleven clergymen; the Congregationalists have ninehurches, and five clergymen; the Friends have forty four meeting-houses. The Methodists are numerous; the number of communicants was stated, in 1811, at 6739.

The legislature is composed of a legislative council, and a house of assembly; the former consisting of thirteen members, one from each county, and the latter of thirty-five members, all chosen annually. The executive is composed of a governor chosen annually by a joint vote of both branches of the legislature, a vice-president chosen by the council, and a privy council, composed of three members of the legislative council. The annual elections are in October. New Jersey sends six representatives to con

gress.

JERSEY, n. s. From the island of Jersey, where much yarn is spun. Combed wool, and yarn made of combed wool.

JERVIS (John), earl of St. Vincent, a late distinguished naval commander, was descended of an ancient family in Staffordshire. His father, Swynfen Jervis esq., was auditor of Greenwich Hospital. Our admiral was born at Meaford Hall, January 9th, 1734 (old style). At the age of fourteen he was a midshipman on board the Gloucester, of fifty guns; and, in 1755, served as lieutenant under Sir C. Saunders, in the expedition againt Quebec. Soon after he was appointed as commander to the Experiment, and afterwards to the Albany sloop. In 1760 he obtained the rank of captain of the Foudroyant, and fought in the action between admiral Keppel and the French fleet in July 1778. In 1782 he engaged and took the Pegasé, of seventy-four guns and 700 men. Receiving a severe wound in the head from a splinter, he obtained the red riband as a reward for this gallant conduct.

In 1794 he had the command of a squadron equipped for the West Indies, and reduced Martinique, Guadaloupe, and St. Lucie; for which he received the thanks of parliament, and the freedom of the city of London. On the 14th of February 1797, however, he obtained his great victory. Being in command of the Mediterranean fleet of fifteen sail, he engaged and defeated twenty-seven Spanish ships of the line, the smallest carrying seventy-four guns, and seven of them mounting from 112 to 130 each. He was now raised to the English peerage, by the titles of baron Jervis and earl of St. Vincent. To this was added a pension of £3000 a year, and a gold medal from the king. In 1801 he became first lord of the admiralty; in which capacity he undertook and executed many salutary reforms in naval expenditure, but resigned his post in 1804. May, 1814, lord St. Vincent was appointed general of marines, and July 19th, 1821, admiral of the fleet. He died March 15th, 1823, in his eighty-ninth year, and a monument was voted by the house of commons to be erected to his memory in St. Paul's cathedral.

JERUSALEM, Heb. from 1 they shall see, and, Salem, Peace, a famous and ancient city, cap tal of Judea, now a province of Turkey in Asia. According to Manetho, an Egyptian historian, it was founded by the shepherds who invaded Egypt in an unknown period of antiquity. See EGYPT. According to Josephus, it was the capital of Melchisedek's kingdom, called

Salem in the book of Genesis: and the Arabians

assert, that it was built in honor of Melchisedek by twelve neighbouring kings. We know nothi of it with certainty, however, till the time

of king David, who took it from the Jebusites, and made it the capital of his kingdom, which it ever after continued to be. It was first taken in the days of Joash, by Hazael, king of Syria, who slew all the nobility, but did not destroy the city. It was afterwards taken by Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, who destroyed it, and carried away the inhabitants. Seventy years after it was rebuilt, by permission of Cyrus king of Persia, and it continued to be the capital of Judea (though frequently suffering much from the Grecian monarchs of Syria and Egypt), till the time of Vespasian emperor of Rome, by whose son Titus it was totally destroyed. See JEWS. It was, however, rebuilt by Adrian: and seemed likely to have recovered its former grandeur, being surrounded with walls, and adorned with several noble buildings; the Christians also being permitted to settle in it. But this was a short-lived change; for when the empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, visited this city, she found it in the most ruinous situation. Having formed a design of restoring it to its ancient lustre, she caused, with a great deal of cost and labor, all the rubbish that had been thrown upon those places where our Saviour had suffered, been buried, &c., to be removed. In doing this, they found the cross on which he died, as well as those of the two malefactors who suffered with him; and (as the writers of those times relate) discovered by a miracle that which had borne the Saviour of mankind. She then caused a magnificent church to be built, which enclosed as many of the scenes of our Saviour's sufferings as could conveniently be done, and adorned the city with several other buildings. The emperor Julian is said to have formed a design of rebuilding the temple of Jerusalem, and of restoring the Jewish worship, on purpose to give the lie to our Saviour's prophecy concerning the temple and city of Jerusalem; namely, that the temple should be totally destroyed, without one stone being left upon another: and that the city should be trodden down of the Gentiles till the times of the gentiles were fulfilled. In this attempt, however, according to the accounts of the Christian writers of that age, the emperor was frustrated by an earthquake and fiery eruption from the earth, which totally destroyed the work, consumed the materials which had been collected, and killed a great number of the work

men.

If

This event has been the subject of much dispute. Bishop Warburton published a treatise expressly on the truth of this fact, and collected testimonies in favor of it, from Ammianus Marcellinus, and Gregory of Nazianzen ; for which we shall refer our readers to the bishop and the original authors. But it is a matter of very little consequence, whether this event happened, with the circumstances related by these authors, and quoted by the bishop, or not. Julian did make any attempt to rebuild the temple, it is certain that something obstructed his attempt, because the temple was never rebuilt. If he made no such attempt, the prophecy of our Saviour still holds good; and it surely cannot detract from the merit of a prophecy, that nobody ever attempted to elude it, or prove it to be a falsehood. Jerusalem continued in the bands of the eastern emperors till the reign of the caliph

Omar, who reduced it under his subjection. The Saracens continued in possession of it till 1099, when it was taken by the Crusaders, They founded a new kingdom, of which Jerusalem was the capital, and Godfrey the first king. See GODFREY. The Christian kingdom of Jerusalem lasted eighty-eight years under nine kings, when it was taken by Saladin, sultan of Egypt in 1187. See EGYPT. In 1217 the Saracens were expelled by the Turks, who have ever since continued in possession of it. Jerusalen, in its most flourishing state, was divided into four parts, each enclosed with its own walls; viz. 1. The old city of Jebus, which stood on mount Zion, where the prophets dwelt, and where David built a magnificent castle and palace, which became the residence both of himself and successors; on which account it was emphatically called the city of David. 2. The lower city, called also the Daughter of Zion, being built after it; on which stood the two magnificent palaces which Solomon built for himself and his queen; that of the Maccabæan princes; and the stately amphitheatre built by Herod, capable of containing 80,000 spectators; the strong citadel built by Antiochus, to command and overtop the temple, but afterwards razed by Simon the Maccabee, who recovered the city from the Syrians; and lastly, a second citadel, built by Herod, upon a high and craggy rock, and called by him Antonia. 3. The new city, mostly inhabited by tradesmen, artificers, and merchants; and, 4, Mount Moriah, on which was built the famed temple of Solomon, described in 2 Kings vi. and vii.; and, since then, that rebuilt by the Jews on their return from Babylon, and afterwards built almost anew, and greatly adorned and enriched by Herod. Some idea of the magnificence of this temple may be had from the following considerations: 1. That there were no fewer than 164,300 men employed in the work: 2. That, notwithstanding this prodigious number of hands, it took up seven years in building: 3. That the height of this building was 120 cubits, or eighty two yards; and the courts round it about half as high: 4. That the front, on the east side, was sustained by ramparts of square stone, of vast bulk, and built up from the valley below; which last was 300 cubits high, and being added to that of the edifice amounted to 420 cubits; to which, if we add, 5, The height of the principal tower above all the rest, viz. sixty, it will bring it to 480 cubits, which, reckoning at two feet to a cubit, will amount to 960 feet; but, according to the length of that measure, as others reckon it, viz. at two feet and a half, it will amount to 1200 feet; a prodigious height from the ground, and such as might well make Josephus say, that the very design of it was sufficient to have turned the brain of any but Solomon. 6. These ramparts, which were raised in this manner, to fill up the prodigious chasm made by the deep valley below, and to make the area of a sufficient breadth and length for the edifice, were 1000 cubits in length at the bottom, and 800 at the top, and the breadth of them 100 more. 7. The huge buttresses which supported the ramparts were of the same height, square at the top, and fifty cubits broad, and jutted out 150 cubits at

the bottom. 8. The stones of which they were built were, according to Josephus, forty cubits long, twelve thick, and eight high, all of marble, and so exquisitely joined, that they seemed one continued piece, or rather polished rock. 9. According to the same Jewish historian, there were 1453 columns of Parian marble, and 2906 pilasters; of such thickness, that three men could hardly encircle them; with height and capitals proportionable, of the Corinthian order. But it is probable, that Josephus has given us these last two articles from the temple of Herod, there being nothing like them mentioned by the sacred historians, but a great deal about the prodigious cedars of Lebanon used in that noble edifice, the excellent workmanship of them adapted to their several ends; together with their gilding and other ornaments. At present Jerusalem is called by the Turks Cudsembaric, Coudsheriff, and Heleods, or the Holy City.

Dr. Clarke, on his recent visit to this spot, did not find it, as a whole, that picture of desolation which he had been prepared to expect. On reaching an eminence, to the north of the city, he observes, the sight burst upon us all. We had not been prepared for the grandeur of the spectacle which the city alone exhibited. Instead of a wretched and ruined town, by some described as the desolated remnant of Jerusalem, we beheld, as it were, a flourishing and stately metropolis, presenting a magnificent assemblage of domes, towers, palaces, churches, and monasteries; all of which, glittering in the sun's rays, shone with inconceivable splendor.' Ali Bey speaks of the streets as tolerably regular, straight, and well paved, several of them having foot-paths, but they are narrow and dull, and many of them on a descent. The houses are two or three stories high, with few windows and very small doors. Most of them are constructed of free-stone, and their fronts wholly without ornament; so that, in walking the streets, it does not require any great stretch of fancy to conceive one's self in the corridors of a vast prison. The population is estimated at 30,000, more than 20,000 of whom are said to be Christians, with about 7000 Mussulmans, besides Arabs, Turks, Jews, &c. Dr. Clarke says, 'in Jerusalem there are sects of every denomination, and perhaps of almost every religion upon the earth. As to those who call themselves Christians, in opposition to the Moslems, we found them divided into sects, with whose distinctions we were often unacquainted. It is said there are no Lutherans ; and if we add, that, under the name of Christianity, every degrading superstition and profane rite, equally remote from the enlightened tenets of the gospel and the dignity of human nature, are professed and tolerated, we shall afford a true picture of the state of society in this country.'

The edifice most resorted to by Christian pilgrims is that called the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. It was built, as already intimated, by the empress Helena, the mother of Constantine, and is a handsome structure, 300 feet long, and nearly 200 broad, professing to comprehend within these limits the scene of all the great events of the crucifixion, burial, and resurrection